See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low See also:

• LAT

Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)  , a territorial See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division (compartimento) of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, bounded N. by See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, W. by See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, S. by See also:

• LIGURIA

Liguria had been deemed sufficient when the roof was of See also:

• TIMBER

timber only, and E. by See also:

• LOMBARDY

Lombardy . Physically it may be briefly described and led to the development of the See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound or clustered See also:

• PIER (older forms per or Pere, from Med. Lat. pera; the word for piers out of water. For river piers, where a firm, watertight is of obscure origin, and the connexion with Fr. Pierre, Lat. stratum is found at a moderate depth below the river-bed, the pctr

pier. as the upper gathering-ground and valley of the See also:

• RIVER

river Po, To give extra support to the subordinate See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches of the See also:

• NAVE

nave enclosed on all sides except towards the Lombard ptain by the See also:

• ARCADE

arcade, semicircular shafts or pilasters were added, carried up vast semicircle of the Pennine, Graian, Cottian, Maritime and to the transverse and See also:

• DIAGONAL (Gr. &a, through, ywvia, a corner)

diagonal ribs of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main vault . In Ligurian See also:

• ALPS

Alps . In 1859 it was divided into the four provinces Romanesque See also:

• WORK

work the pier was generally square on See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan with of See also:

• ALESSANDRIA

Alessandria, See also:

• CUNEO (Fr. Coni)

Cuneo, See also:

• NOVARA

Novara and Torino (See also:

• TURIN

Turin) . It has an semicircular shafts attached, the angles of the pier being worked See also:

• AREA

area of 11,340 sq. m . The.See also:

• PEOPLE

people are chiefly engaged in agri- with smaller shafts . As the rings or orders of the nave arches culture—growing See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize and See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, chestnuts, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine and increased in number, additional shafts were added to carry See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp; in the reeling and throwing of See also:

• SILK

silk and in the manu- them, and the See also:

• PILASTER (Fr. pilastre, med. Lat. pilastrum, from pila, a pillar)

pilaster facing the nave had central and See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side shafts facture of See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, woollens and clothing; there are also rising to carry the transverse and diagonal ribs of the vault; this considerable manufactures at Turin, See also:

• SAVIGLIANO

Savigliano, &c . The development of the compound pier obtains throughout See also:

• EUROPE

Europe Piedmontese See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect has been rather strongly influenced by in all vaulted structures . In the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the piers See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief towns in the several provinces are as follows, become loftier and lighter, and in most important buildings a with their communal populations in 1901: Alessandria (72,109), See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of clustered columns, frequently of See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, are placed See also:

• ASTI (anc. Hasta)

Asti (39,251), Casale Monferrato (31,370), Novi Ligure (17,868)', side by side, sometimes set at intervals See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round a circular centre, See also:

• TORTONA (anc. Dertona)

Tortona (17,419), See also:

• ACQUI

Acqui (13,940), Valenza (10,956), Ovada and sometimes almost touching each other . These shafts are (10,284); See also:

• TOTAL

total of See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province 825,745, number of communes 343; often wholly detached from the central pier, though grouped Cuneo (26,879), See also:

• MONDOVI

Mondovi (18,982), See also:

• FOSSANO

Fossano (18,175), Savigliano round it, in which See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case they are almost always of Purbeck or (17,340), See also:

• SALUZZO

Saluzzo (16,028), Bra (15,821), See also:

• ALBA

Alba (13,637), Bethersden See also:

• MARBLES

marbles . In Decorated work the shafts on plan are Boves (10,137); total of province 670,504, number of See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn- very often placed round a square set See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle-See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise, or a See also:

• LOZENGE (from the Fr. losenge, or losange; the word also appears in Span. losanje, and Ital. losanga; perhaps derived from a word meaning a stone slab laid on a grave, which appears in forms such as Provencal lousa, Span. losa, the ultimate origin of whic

lozenge, munes 263; Novara (44,249), See also:

• VERCELLI (anc. Vercellae)

Vercelli (30,470), See also:

• BIELLA

Biella (19,267) the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long way down the nave; the centre or core itself is often Trino (12,138), Borgomanero (10,131); total of province 763,830; worked into hollows or other See also:

• MOULDINGS

mouldings, to show between the number of communes, 437; Turin (329,691), See also:

• PINEROLO

Pinerolo (18,039), shafts, and to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition .

In this and the See also:

• CARMAGNOLA
• CARMAGNOLA, FRANCESCO BUSSONE, COUNT OF (1390-1432)

Carmagnola (11,721), See also:

• IVREA (anc. Eporedia)

Ivrea (11,696), Moncalieri (11,467); total latter part of the previous See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style there is generally a See also:

• FILLET (through Fr. filet, from the med. Lat. filettum, diminutive of filum, a thread)

fillet on the of province 1,147,414; number of communes, 442 . The total See also:

• OUTER

outer part of the See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft, forming what has been called a " See also:

• KEEL

keel See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont was 2,738,814 in 1859, and in 1901 moulding " (q.v.) . They are also often tied together by bands, 3,407,493 . The large number of communes is noticeable, as formed of rings of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone and sometimes of See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal . About this in Lombardy, and points to a See also:

• VILLAGE

village See also:

• LIFE

life which, owing to greater period, too, these intermediate mouldings run up into and form insecurity and the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, is not to be found part of the See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch moulds, there being no See also:

• IMPOST (through the O. Fr. from Lat. impositum, a thing laid upon another; the modern French is impot)

impost . This arrange-in central and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Italy as a whole . There are numerous ment became much more frequent in the Perpendicular period; summer resorts in the Alpine valleys . The chief railway centres in fact it was almost universal, the commonest See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section being a are Turin, communicating with the Mont Cenis See also:

• LINE

line, and with lozenge set with the long side from the nave to the See also:

• AISLE (from Lat. ala, a wing)

aisle, and not the See also:

• RIVIERA

Riviera by the railway over the See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

Col di Tenda (in See also:

• PROCESS

process of towards the other arches, as in the Decorated period, with four construction), Novara, Vercelli, Asti, Alessandria, Novi . The shafts at the angles, between which were shallow mouldings, communications with Liguria are difficult owing to the approach one of which was in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general a wide hollow, sometimes with See also:

• WAVE

wave of the mountains to the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, and the existing lines from See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa moulds . The small columns at the jambs of doors and windows, to Turin and See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan are hardly sufficient to See also:

• COPE
• COPE (M.E. cape, cope, from Med. Lat. capa, cappa)
• COPE, EDWARD DRINKER (1840-1897)
• COPE, EDWARD MEREDITH (1818-1873)

cope with the See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic. and in arcades, and also those attached to piers or See also:

• STANDING

standing Piedmont in See also:

• ROMAN

Roman times until 49 B.C. formed a part of Gallia detached, are generally called " shafts " (q.v.) . Transpadana, and in See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus' division of Italy formed with The See also:

• TERM

term pier is sometimes applied to the solid parts of a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall what was later known as Lombardy the 11th region . It formed between windows or voids, and also to the isolated masses of part of the Lombard See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, and it was not till about A.D .

1000 See also:

• BRICKWORK

brickwork or See also:

• MASONRY

masonry to which See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates are hung . (R . P . S.) that the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy (q.v.) arose .