See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)  , a See also:

• COMMON

common name given to the domesticated See also:

• SWINE

swine of agricultural use . (For the See also:

• ZOOLOGY (from Gr. Nov, a living thing, and ?byos, theory)

zoology, see SWINE.) See also:

• BRITISH

British breeds of pigs are classified as See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and red . In some places, notably See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales and See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester, a remnant of a spotted breed lingers; and a large proportion of common pigs, often parti-coloured, are mongrels . The white breeds are liable to See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun-See also:

• SCALD

scald, and black pigs (like black men) are much better adapted than white to exposure in strong sunlight, conforming to the See also:

• RULE

rule that animals in the tropics have black skins . The Large Whites may have in the skin a few See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue spots which grow white See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair . The See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head is See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, See also:

• LIGHT

light in the jowl, and wide between the eyes, with long thin ears inclined slightly forward and fringed with long See also:

• FINE

fine hair . The See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck is long, but not coarse, the ribs are deep, the See also:

• LOIN (through O. Fr. loigne or logne, mod. lunge, from Lat. Iambus)

loin wide and level, the tail set high, and the legs straight and set well outside the carcase . The whole See also:

• BODY

body, including the back of the neck, is covered with straight silky hair, which denotes quality and lean See also:

• MEAT

meat . Pigs of this breed are very prolific, and they may be grown to enormous weights—over 11 cwt. alive . The See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Whites are built on a smaller See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale than the Large Whites . They are shorter in the heads and legs, and See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

fuller at the jowl, thicker and more compact in the body . The sows are quite as prolific as those of the Large White breed, and, as their produce matures earlier, they are much in demand for breeding porkers .

The Small White pigs are beautifully proportioned . The head and legs are very See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, and the body short, thick and wide; the jowl is heavy, the ears pricked, and the thin skin laden with long silky, wavy, but not See also:

• CURLY, JEAN NICOLAS (1774-1827)

curly, hair, whilst the tail is very fine . A deficiency of lean meat is a common characteristic of the breed, which is almost See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct . The above three breeds were designated See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire Whites, and are still so named at times . The Middle White, formed by See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the large and the small breeds, is not so symmetrical as the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent See also:

• STOCKS

stocks, and the type is not See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform . The See also:

• LINCOLNSHIRE

Lincolnshire Curly Coated or See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig is a See also:

• LOCAL

local breed of See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• SIZE

size and capacity for producing pork . It is very See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy and prolific, but somewhat coarse in the See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone . It has an abundance of long curly hair, a short See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face and a straight See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose, and the ears, not too long and heavy, fall over the face . It crosses well with the Large White, the Large Black and the See also:

• BERKSHIRE [abbreviated Berks, pronounced Berkshire]
• BERKSHIRE, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1587–1669)

Berkshire . The Large Black breed, which vies with the Large White breed for size, and is probably its See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior as a See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

bacon pig, has only since 1900 received See also:

• NATIONAL

national show-yard recognition; but there is ample See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that, with its characteristic whole black See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour with a mealy See also:

• HUE

hue, length, fine hair and lop See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear, the Large Black existed in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England for generations . It has been continuously and carefully bred in See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall, See also:

• DEVON, EARLS OF

Devon, See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex and See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk, and from these centres it has rapidly spread all over the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Large Blacks are exceedingly docile, and the ears, See also:

• HANGING

hanging well forward over the eyes, contribute materially to a quietness of See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit which • renders them peculiarly adapted to See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field grazing .

On See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of their hardiness and disposition to See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early maturity they have proved valuable for crossing purposes . The Large Black Pig Society was incorporated in 1899 . The Berkshire is a black pig with a pinkish skin, and a little white on the nose, forehead, pasterns, and tip to the tail . It has a moderately short head with heavy jowl, a deep, compact carcase, and wide, See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low and well-See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed See also:

• HIND

hind-quarters, with heavy hams . The skin carries an abundance of fine hair . The Berkshire is an early-maturity breed which has been somewhat inbred, and is not so hardy and prolific as most breeds . The boars See also:

• CROSS

cross well with common stock . It merits the most See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit in raising the quality of Irish pigs . In See also:

• AMERICA

America it is in the front See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank for See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers and quality as a See also:

• LARD (Fr. lard, from Lat. laridum, bacon fat, related to Gr. Naptvos fat, Napos dainty or sweet)

lard-hog . There it often grows to be a larger and finer See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal than it is in England . The Small Black or Black Suffolk was produced from the old Essex pig by crossing with the Neapolitan . It resembles the Small White, except that the skin is See also:

• COAL

coal-black in colour, and the coat of hair is not usually profuse .

The Small Black, more-over, is rather longer, and stands somewhat higher, whilst it yields more lean meat than the Small White . It matures early and is See also:

• QUICK

quick to fatten . The See also:

• TAMWORTH

Tamworth is one of the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest breeds of pigs . It is hardy, active and prolific, and nearly related to the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

boar . The colour is red or See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut, with at times darkish spots on the skin . The head, body and legs are long, and the ribs deep and See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat . Originally a local breed in the districts around the See also:

• STAFFORD
• STAFFORD, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Stafford-See also:

• SHIRE

shire See also:

• TOWN

town from which it takes its name, it is now extensively bred, and highly valued as a bacon pig . (W . FR . ; R . W.) In America nearly all the breeds may be classified as lard-hogs . Bacon-pigs fed on See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn degenerate into lard-hogs, run down in size and become too small in the bone and less prolific by inbreeding .

The See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland-See also:

• CHINA

China, the most popular breed in the See also:

• UNITED

United States, is thus degenerating . It is a black pig like the Berk-shire, but has short lop-ears, a more pointed, straight nose, a more compact body, and more white markings . It is a breed of mixed See also:

• BLOOD

blood, and is believed to have originated from the " Big China " pig—a large white hog with sandy spots, taken to See also:

• OHIO

Ohio in 1816, and blended with Irish graziers in 1839, and with a breed known as Bayfields, as well as with Berkshires . In See also:

• IOWA

Iowa the Berkshire is a combined lard and bacon pig in high favour . The See also:

• DUROC, GERAUD CHRISTOPHE MICHEL

Duroc See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey or Duroc, of a red or See also:

• CHERRY

cherry-red colour—not sandy or dark—is the most popular pig in See also:

• NEBRASKA

Nebraska and equal to any other in Iowa . It is a large prolific lard-hog, easily making 300 lb in eight months . It has gained rapidly in popularity since the beginning of this See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and is spreading to other centres . The See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester White, named from Chester See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania, is one of the four leading breeds of lard-hogs in America . It is of mixed origin and bears a strong See also:

• FAMILY

family resemblance to the Lincolnshire curly-coated pig . The early See also:

• ENGLISH

English ancestors, the breed of which is not on See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record in America, were most probably of See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln origin . The sow is a prolific breeder and See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• MOTHER

mother, weighing, when mature but not See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat, 450 lb—the boar averaging 600 lb, and barrows at six to eight months 350 lb . At See also:

• VERMONT

Vermont Station, in a 127 days' test, Chester Whites made an See also:

• AVERAGE

average gain of 1.36 lb and dressed 84.5% carcase, and they can gain fully 1 lb of live See also:

• WEIGHT

weight for 3 lb of See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain consumed.three times a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day and supplied with coal-ashes or a few handfuls of See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth .

Of the fatted live weight of a pig 83 % is See also:

• BUTCHER

butcher's carcase, and 91 % of the increase from See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo to zoo lb is carcase . From 3 tog lb of See also:

• MEAL

meal consumed results in an increase of I lb of live weight in a pig, which is the most economical meat producer on a See also:

• FARM

farm . Concentrated and digestible foods give best results, a pig has a small See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach . See also:

• FJORD, or FIORD

Fjord's Danish experiments show that for fattening pigs 1 lb of See also:

• RYE

rye- or See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley-meal is See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to 6 lb of skim-See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk or 12 lb of whey, and I lb of meal equivalent to 8 lb of marigolds or 4 lb of potatoes .