See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, See also:

• LAT

Lat. peregrinatio)  , a See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey undertaken, from religious motives, to some See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place reputed as sacred . These journeys See also:

• PLAY

play an important role in most pre-See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian and extra-Christian religions: in the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church their See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance See also:

• DATES

dates from the 3rd and 4th centuries . I . The See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

Pilgrimage in pre-Christian and non-Christian Religions . —To the Germanic religions the pilgrimage is unknown . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, it is an indigenous See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element, not only in the See also:

• CREEDS (Lat. credo, I believe), or CONFESSIONS OF FAITH

creeds of See also:

• ASIA

Asia, but in those of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient seats of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization on the Mediterranean . The fundamental conception is always that the Deity resides—or exercises a peculiarly powerful See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence—in some definite locality; and to this locality the devout repair, either in reverence of their See also:

• GOD

god, or in quest of his assistance and See also:

• BOUNTY (through O. Fr. bontet, from Lat. bonitas, goodness)

bounty . Thus, as the cult of a particular divinity spreads farther and farther, so the circle expands from which are See also:

• DRAWN

drawn those who visit his See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary . One of the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest homes of the pilgrimage is See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . There the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of devotees tends more especially to the See also:

• GANGES (GANGA)

Ganges the hallowed See also:

• RIVER

river of See also:

• HINDU

Hindu belief . On the Ganges lies See also:

• BENARES

Benares, the See also:

• HOLY

holy See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Brahminism: and to look on Benares, to visit its temples, and to be washed clean in the purifying river, is the yearning of every pious See also:

• INDIAN

Indian . Even See also:

• BUDDHISM

Buddhism—originally destitute of ceremonial—has adopted the pilgrimage; and the secondary tradition makes See also:

• BUDDHA

Buddha himself determine its goals: the place where he was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born, where he first preached, where the highest insight dawned on him, and where he sank into See also:

• NIRVANA

Nirvana .

The four ancient sacred resorts are Kapilavastu, Gaya, Benares and Kusinagara . In See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• ATARGATIS

Atargatis in See also:

• HIERAPOLIS

Hierapolis was an immemorial resort of pilgrims . In See also:

• PHOENICIA

Phoenicia, a similar significance was enjoyed by the See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine of See also:

• ASTARTE

Astarte, on the richly-watered source of the river See also:

• ADONIS

Adonis, till, as See also:

• LATE

late as the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century after See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ, it was destroyed by See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine the See also:

• GREAT

Great . In See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, the great See also:

• ANNUAL

annual and monthly festivals of the indigenous gods gave rise to all manner of religious expeditions . Even among the Israelites, the visitation of certain cult-centres prevailed from remote antiquity; but, when the restriction of Yahweh-See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship to See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem had doomed the old shrines, the Jewish pilgrimages were directed solely to the sanctuary on Mt Moria . Among the Greeks the See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit was no less deeply rooted . Just as the inhabitants of each See also:

• TOWN

town honoured their tutelar deity by See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn processions to his temple, so, at the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the Olympic See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games, the temple of See also:

• ZEUS

Zeus at See also:

• OLYMPIA

Olympia formed the See also:

• GOAL

goal of multitudes from every Hellenic See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . No less powerful was the attraction exercised by the shrines of the oracular I divinities, though the influx of pilgrims was not limited to certain days, but, See also:

• YEAR

year in and year out, a stream of private persons, or embassies from the city-states, came flowing to the temple of Zeus in See also:

• DODONA

Dodona or the shrine of See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo at See also:

• DELPHI (the Pytho of Homer and Herodotus; in Boeotian inscriptions BeA4oi, on coins Aa)tg5oi)

Delphi . The unification of the peoples of antiquity in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, and the resultant See also:

• AMALGAM

amalgam of religions, gave a powerful impetus to the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom . For, as See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West still met at the old sanctuaries of See also:

• GREECE

Greece, so—and yet more—Greece and See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome repaired to the temples of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern and eastern deities . In the shrine of See also:

• ISIS (Egyptian Ese)

Isis at See also:

• PHILAE

Philae, Europeans set up votive See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions on behalf of their kindred far away at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, and it may be surmised that even among the festival crowds at Jerusalem a few Greeks found place (See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John xii . 20) .

The pilgrimage, however, attained its See also:

• ZENITH (from the Arabic)

zenith under See also:

• ISLAM

Islam . For See also:

• MAHOMET (strictly MUHAMMAD, commonly also MOHAMMED)

Mahomet proclaimed it the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of every Mussulman, once at least in his See also:

• LIFE

life, to visit See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca; the result being that the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth-place of the See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

Prophet is now the religious centre of the whole See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• WORLD

world (see MAHOMMEDAN See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

RELIGION; See also:

• CARAVAN (more correctly Karwan)

CARAVAN; MECCA) . II . The Pilgrimage under See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity.—The pilgrimages of Christianity presuppose the existence of those of paganism; Orin but it would be an See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error to maintain that the former were a See also:

• DIRECT

direct development of the latter . For See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive Christianity was devoid of any point by which these journeys of devotion might naturally have been suggested . It was a religion without temples, without sanctuaries, and without ceremonial . The saying of the Johannine See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel—that God is to be adored neither in Jerusalem nor on See also:

• GERIZIM

Gerizim, but that His true worshipper must worship Him in spirit and in truth— is in See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony with the old Christian piety . And, accordingly, in the ancient Christian literature, we find no trace of a conception that the believer should visit a definite place in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to pay See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage to his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

Master . The See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of the Christian pilgrimage moved on other lines . See also:

• CICERO

Cicero finely observes that, in See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, the glorious See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture caused him less See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure than did the thought of the great men whose See also:

• WORK

work was done in its midst—" how here one had lived, and there fallen asleep; how here another had disputed, and there See also:

• LAY

lay buried " (De Legg. ii . 2) . This feeling was not weakened by the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of Christianity, in fact, we may say that it was appreciably strengthened .

Cicero had already compared the sites consecrated by the memory of some illustrious name with those hallowed by recollections of a loved one . But with the Christian, when his Redeemer was in question, both motives coincided: for there the greatest was also the dearest . In this devotion to the memory of Jesus, we find the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key to the origin of the Christian pilgrimage: the faithful repaired to those places which were invested with memories of their See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord's earthly life . And these journeys must certainly date from the 2nd century . For See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen (d . 254) mentions that in See also:

• BETHLEHEM
• BETHLEHEM (Heb. " House of Bread," or, according to a more questionable etymology, " of [the god] Lakhmu ")

Bethlehem the See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave was shown where Christ was born, and in it the manger in which See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary made the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of her See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child . The site must have been much visited See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long before this, since Origen remarks that it was See also:

• COMMON

common knowledge, even among the infidels, that there was the birthplace of that Jesus whom the Christians worshipped (Contr . Cels. i . 51) . But those who visited Bethlehem must certainly have visited Jerusalem and the places there, so See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in memorials of their Master . And the sympathy of Christendom soon led them beyond this immediate circle . The See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous author of the Cohortatio ad Graecos, a work of the 2nd century, visited the remnants of those cells, in which—so See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend relatedthe seventy interpreters laboured on their version of the Old Testament: nor, when he came to See also:

• CUMAE (Gr. Kb/.m)

Cumae in See also:

• CAMPANIA

Campania, did he fail to have shown him the old shrine of the Sibyl (See also:

• COH

Coh. ad Gr .

13 and 37) . Soon we begin to hear the names of the pilgrims . In the course of the 3rd century, as See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome relates, Firmilian, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Caesarea in See also:

• CAPPADOCIA

Cappadocia, travelled to See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine to view the sacred places (De Vir. See also:

• ILL

ill . 54); while, according to See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

Eusebius, a second bishop from Cappadocia, See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander by name, visited Jerusalem in order to pray and acquaint himself with the holy sites, and was there invited by the community to remain with them and assume the episcopate of the aged See also:

• NARCISSUS

Narcissus (Hist. eccl. vi . 11) . With regard to his own times—the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years of the 4th century—the same authority recounts that believers kept streaming to Palestine from all regions, there to offer their prayers at a cavern shown on the See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount of See also:

• OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

Olives (Demonstr. evang. vi . 18) . This statement, that the Christians of the 3rd and 4th centuries were in the habit of visiting Jerusalem for See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer, proves that the non-Christian conception of the religious pilgrimage had already entered the See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of Christian thought . That men travelled for purposes of prayer implies acceptance of the See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen theory of sanctuaries which it is an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of piety to visit . We may regret the fact, for it sullied the purity of primitive Christian thought . Nevertheless, it is clear that the development was inevitable . As soon as the non-Christian ideas of priests, sacrifices, houses of the god, and so forth, were naturalized in the Christianity of the 3rd century, it was but a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short step to the belief in holy places .

of See also:

• GETHSEMANE (Hebr. for " oil-press ")

Gethsemane and the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the See also:

• ASCENSION
• ASCENSION, FEAST OF THE

Ascension . It may seem surprising that there is no mention of Golgotha and the See also:

• SEPULCHRE, CANONS REGULAR OF THE HOLY
• SEPULCHRE, EASTER
• SEPULCHRE, THE HOLY

Sepulchre . But the visitation of these sites was rendered impossible to the Christians by the destruction of Jerusalem and the erection of the town of Aelia Capitolina . They had not forgotten them; but the See also:

• GRAVE

grave was concealed under a See also:

• MOUND

mound of See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth and stones —a profanation probably dating from the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of the city and See also:

• TITUS
• TITUS, FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS
• TITUS, THE EPISTLE TO

Titus's attack on the second See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall . On the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of this mound there stood, in the days of Eusebius, a sanctuary of See also:

• VENUS

Venus (Eus . Vit . Contt. iii . 26, 30) . The Sepulchre and the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill of the Crucifixion were lost to the Christian See also:

• PILGRIM

pilgrim; and, consequently, before the era of Constantine, the one holy site in the town of Jerusalem was the so-called See also:

• COENACULUM

Coenaculum, which received its name in later years . It lay See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the city, near the See also:

• OUTER

outer wall, and, if See also:

• EPIPHANIUS, SAINT (c. 315-402)

Epiphanius is to be believed, was already in existence when See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian (130–131) visited Jerusalem (De mens . 14) . It was regarded as the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, in which —according to the Acts of the Apostles (xii .

12 sqq.)—Mary, the See also:

• MOTHER

mother of John See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark, lived; and the belief was that there the Lord held the Last Supper, and that there the eleven assembled after the Ascension . It was there, also, that the scene of the Pentecostal effusion of the Spirit was laid (cf . Cyrill . Hierus . See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

Cat. xvi . 4) . The pilgrimage to Palestine received a powerful impetus from the erection of the memorial churches on the holy sites, under Constantine the Great, as described by Eusebius in his See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor (iii . 25 sqq.) . At the order of Constantine, the shrine of Venus above mentioned was destroyed, and the accumulated rubbish removed, till the ancient See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation was reached . There the cave was discovered in which See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph of Arimathea had laid the See also:

• BODY

body of Jesus; and above this cave and the Hill of the Crucifixion the imposing church of the Holy Sepulchre was built (A.D . 326–336) . The churches in Bethlehem and on the Mount of Olives were erected by See also:

• HELENA
• HELENA, ST (c. 247-c. 327)

Helena, the mother of Constantine, who herself undertook the pilgrimage to the Holy See also:

• LAND

Land .

These churches were then endowed with new sanctuaries of miraculous See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers; and See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of Christ were found in the shape of the See also:

• CROSS

Cross and the nails . Eusebius, the contemporary of Constantine, is silent on this point . To his continuators, on the other hand, it is an established fact that Helena brought all three crosses to See also:

• LIGHT

light, and ascertained the genuine Cross by the instrumentality of a See also:

• MIRACLE (Lat. miraculum, from mirari, to wonder)

miracle, in addition to discovering the nails of the Crucifixion (Rufin. i . 7; Socr . 1.17; See also:

• SOZOMEN

Sozomen. ii . 1; Theod. i . 17) . It is impossible to See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix the date at which the supposititious relics were introduced into the church of the Sepulchre: it is certain, however, that in the 5th century the Cross was there preserved with scrupulous reverence, and accounted the highest treasure of the sanctuary . After the 4th century, monks and nuns begin to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form no inconsiderable See also:

• PART

part of the pilgrimages—a fact which is especially See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest from the numerous notices to be found in Jerome, and the narratives of See also:

• THEODORET

Theodoret in the Historia religiosa . In fact, many were inclined to regard a journey to Jerusalem as the bounden duty of every See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk—an exaggerated view which led to energetic protests, especially from See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory of Nyssa, who composed a monograph on the pilgrimages (De its qui adeunt Hierosol.) . Jerome, like Gregory, insists on the point that See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in Jerusalem has in itself no religious value: it is not locality, but See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, that avails, and the See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates of See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

Heaven are as open in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain as in Jerusalem (Ep . 58, 3) .

These utterances, however, must not be misinterpreted . They are not directed against the pilgrimage in itself, nor even against the belief that prayer possesses See also:

• SPECIAL

special efficacy on sacred ground, but solely against the exaggerated developments of the See also:

• SYSTEM

system . The theologians of the 4th and 5th centuries were at one with the masses in recognizing the religious uses of the pilgrim-ages . Jerome in particular considered it an act of faith for a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man to offer his prayers where the feet of the Lord had stood, and the traces of the Birth, of the Cross, and of the See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

Passion were still to be seen (Ep . 47, 2) . We may gain some impression of the See also:

• MOOD

mood in which the pilgrims completed their journey, when we read how Paula, the friend of Jerome, expresses herself on her visit to the church of the Sepulchre: " As oft as we enter its precincts we see the Saviour laid in the See also:

• SHROUD (O. Eng. scrud, garment; cf. Icel. skrudh, in the secondary sense of rigging, allied with " shred," O. Eng. screade, a piece, strip)

shroud, and the See also:

• ANGEL

angel seated at the feet of the dead!" (Hieron . Ep . 46, 2) . She assured Jerome that, in the church of the Nativity at Bethlehem, she beheld, with the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye of faith, the Christ-child wrapped in swaddling clothes (Ep . 108, 10) . But with these thoughts, others of an entirely different See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp were frequently blended . Pilgrimages were conceived as means to ensure an See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to particular prayers .

So, for example, Eudocia, the wife of See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius II., vowed to undertake a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, if she should see her daughter married . (Socr . Hist. eccl. vii . 47) . And, closely as this approaches to See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan ideas, the distinction between paganism and Christianity is completely obliterated when we find the See also:

• HERMIT

hermit See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian and his companions travelling to See also:

• SINAI

Sinai in order to worship the Deity there See also:

• RESIDENT

resident (Theod . Hist. rel . 2) . With the number of the pilgrims the number of pilgrim-resorts also increased . Of Jerusalem alone Jerome relates that the places of prayer were so numerous that it was impossible to visit them all in one See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day (Ep . 46, 9) . In the Holy Land the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list was still longer: the natives were ready to show everything for which the foreigners inquired, and the pilgrim was eager to See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit everything . In her expedition to the East, the Paula mentioned above visited, among other places, Sarepta and Caesarea .

In the first-named place she was shown the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower of See also:

• ELIJAH (a Hebrew name meaning " Yah[weh] is God ")

Elijah; in the second, the house of See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius, that of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip, and finally the grave of the four virgins . At Bethlehem she saw, in addition to the church of the Nativity, the grave of See also:

• RACHEL (1821-1858)

Rachel; at See also:

• HEBRON (mod. Khulzl er-Rahman, i.e. " the friend of the Merciful One "—an allusion to Abraham)

Hebron the hut of Sarah, in which the swaddling clothes of See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac and the remains of See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham's See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak were on view (Hieron . Ep. ro8) . A similar picture is given in the Travels of the so-called Silvia Aquitana, who seems, in reality, to have been a See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• NUN (O. Eng. nunne, from Lat. nonnus, nonna, familiar terms for an old man or woman)

nun, named Etheria or Eucheria . She went as a pilgrim to Jerusalem (c . 380), and from there traversed the whole of Palestine, in order to visit every site which was consecrated by memories of the Lord's earthly life . Nor did she neglect the scenes of patriarchal See also:

• HISTORY

history . .Of greater antiquity is the concise See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his travels by an anonymouspilgrim, who, in A.D . 333, undertook the journey from See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux to Palestine . The Itinerary of the See also:

• AFRICAN

African Theodosius who visited the East between A.D . 520 and A.D . 530 is of later date (P .

Geyer, Itin. hierosol. saec. iv–viii.) . While pilgrim-resorts were thus filling the East, their See also:

• COUNTER

counter-parts began to emerge in the West . And here the starting-point is to be found in the veneration of martyrs . In the West . Care for the tombs of martyrs was sanctioned by immemorial custom of the Church; but, in this See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case also, a later See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age failed to preserve the primitive conception in its purity; and See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine himself was obliged to defend the usage of the Church from the imputation that it implied a transference of heathen ceremonial to the sphere of Christianity (Contr . See also:

• FAUST, or FAUSTUS

Faust. xx . 21) . The martyrs were the See also:

• LOCAL

local heroes of particular communities; but there were men whose life and See also:

• DEATH

death were of significance for the whole of Christendom—the apostles . Of these See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter and See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul had suffered martyrdom in Rome, and it was inevitable, from the nature of the case, that their See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves should soon become a resort, not only of See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans born, but of strangers also . True, the See also:

• PRESBYTER (Gr. apactObTepos, elder, the comparative of IrOo-Oas, an old man)

presbyter See also:

• CAIUS
• CAIUS [Anglice KEES, KEYS, etc.], JOHN (1510-1573)

Caius (c . 200) who first mentions the situation of the apostolic tombs on the Vatican and the road to See also:

• OSTIA

Ostia, and refers to the memorials there erected, has nothing to say of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign Christians journeying to Rome in order to visit them . And though Origen travelled to Rome, it was not to view the graves of dead men, but to establish relations with the living See also:

• FLOCK

flock (Euseb .

Hist. eccl. ii . 25, 7; vi . 14, ro); still, it is certain that the Roman cemeteries were visited by numerous pilgrims even in the 3rd century: for the earliest graffiti in the papal See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt of the Coemeterium Callisti must date from this period (De See also:

• ROSSI, LUIGI DE
• ROSSI, PELLEGRINO LUIGI EDOARDO, COUNT (1787-1848)

Rossi, See also:

• ROMA

Roma softer. i . 253 sqq.; Kraus, Rom . Sott . 148 sqq.) . And if the tombs of the popes were thus visited, so much more must this hold of the tombs of the apostles . After these, the most frequented resort at Rome in the 4th century was the grave of See also:

• HIPPOLYTUS
• HIPPOLYTUS, THE CANONS OF

Hippolytus . The poet See also:

• PRUDENTIUS, AURELIUS CLEMENS (348-c. 410)

Prudentius describes how, on the day, of the See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

martyr's death, an innumerable multitude of pilgrims flocked See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the site . Even on See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary days arrivals and departures were almost incessant—foreigners being everywhere seen mingled with the native Latins . They poured See also:

• BALSAM (from Gr. f &X raµov, through Lat. balsamum, contracted by popular use to O. Fr. basme, mod. Fr. bdme; Eng. balm)

balsam on the sepulchre of the See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint, washed it with their tears, and covered it with their kisses, in the belief that they were thus assuring themselves of his intercession or testifying their gratitude for his assistance . Prudentius says of himself, that whenever he was sick in soul or body, and prayed there, he found help and returned in cheerfulness: for God had vouchsafed His saint the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to answer all entreaties (Perist. xi .

175 sqq.) . See also:

• PAULINUS (d. 644)
• PAULINUS, GAIUS SUETONIUS (1st century A.D.)

Paulinus of See also:

• NOLA

Nola (d . 431) concurs—his custom being to visit Ostia each year, and Rome on the apostolic anniversaries (Ep . 20, 2; 45, 1) . Next to Rome the most popular religious resort was the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of See also:

• FELIX
• FELIX, ANTONIUS
• FELIX, LIA (1830– )

Felix of Nola (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August . Ep . 78, 3); while in See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul the grave of St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin at See also:

• TOURS

Tours See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew pilgrims from all quarters (Paul . Nol . Ep . 17, 4) . See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa possessed no sanctuary to compete with these; but we learn from Sulpicius See also:

• SEVERUS
• SEVERUS, SULPICIUS (c. 363–c. 425)

Severus (c . 400) that the tomb of See also:

• CYPRIAN, SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus, called THASCIUS] (c. 200–258)

Cyprian seems to have been visited even by a Gaul (See also:

• DIAL

Dial. i .

3) . The See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive that drew the pilgrims to the graves of the See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints is to be found in the conviction, expressed by Prudentius, that there divine succour was certain; and hence came the belief in a never-ending See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of miracles there performed (cf., e.g . Ennod . Ticin . See also:

• LIB

Lib. See also:

• PRO

pro syn. p . 315) . Doubt was unknown . St Augustine observes that, though Africa was full of martyrs' tombs, no miracle had been wrought at them so far as his knowledge extended . This, however, did not See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead him to doubt the truth of those reported by others—a fact that is somewhat surprising when we reflect that the phenomenon caused him much disquiet and perplexity . Who, he asks, can See also:

• FATHOM

fathom the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of God in ordaining that this should happen at one place and not at another ? And eventually he acquiesces in the conclusion that God, who gives every man his individual See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift at pleasure, has not willed that the same powers should have efficacy at every sepulchre of the saints (Ep . 78, 3) .

IV . The Pilgrimage in the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Ages.—The See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval Church adopted the custom of the pilgrimage from the ancient Church . The See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Germanic and See also:

• ROMANCE

Romance nations did precisely as the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and Romans had done before them, and the motives of these devotional journeys—now much more difficult of See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution in the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general decay of the great world-system of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce—remained much the same . They were undertaken to the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of God (Pip p . Cap . 754-755, c . 4), for purposes of prayer (See also:

• ANN

Ann . Hild . 992), or in quest of assistance, especially See also:

• HEALTH

health (Vita Galli,ii.37; Vita Liudg. iii. io) . But the old causes were reinforced by others of at least equal potency . The medieval Church was even more profoundly convinced than its predecessor that the miraculous power of Deity attached to the bodies of saints and their relics . But the younger nations—See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, See also:

• ENGLISH

English and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German—were scantily endowed with saints; while, on the other hand, the belief obtained that the home-countries of Christianity, especially Rome and Jerusalem, possessed an inexhaustible See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of these sanctified bodies .

Pilgrimages were consequently undertaken with the intention of securing relics . At first it was enough to acquire some See also:

• OBJECT

object which had enjoyed at least a mediate connexion with the hallowed See also:

• CORPSE (Lat. corpus, the body)

corpse . Gregory of Tours (d . 594) mentions one of his deacons who made a pilgrim-age into the East, in order to collect relics of the See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental saints; and, on his return, visited the grave of the bishop Nicetius (St Nizier, d . 573) in See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, where he still further increased his See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store . His testimony showed how relics came to be distributed among the populace: one enthusiast took a little See also:

• WAX

wax dropped from the See also:

• TAPER (probably of Celtic origin, cf. Irish tapar, Welsh tampr, taper, torch)

taper; another, a portion of the dust which lay on the grave; a third, a See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread from the See also:

• CLOTH

cloth covering the See also:

• SARCOPHAGUS (Gr. vapsorg yos, literally " flesh-eating," from vapt, flesh, ¢ayeiv, to eat)

sarcophagus; and he himself plucked the See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers which visitors had planted above the tomb . Such were the memorials with which he returned; but the universal belief was that something of the miraculous virtue of the saint had passed into these See also:

• OBJECTS

objects (Vit. pair . 8, 6) . Before long, however, these humble trophies failed to content the pilgrims, and they began to devote their efforts to acquiring the actual bodies, or portions of them —frequently by honest means, still oftener by trickery . One of the most attractive See also:

• WORKS

works of early medievalism—See also:

• EINHARD (c. 770–840)

Einhard's little See also:

• BOOK

book, Translatio Marcellini et Petri—gives a vivid description of the methods by which the bodies of the two saints were acquired and transported from Rome to Seligenstadt on the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

Main . Far more important consequences, however, resulted from the fact that the medieval mind associated the pilgrimage with the forgiveness of sins . This conception of the pilgrimage, as a means of expiation or a source of See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon for wrong, was foreign to the ancient Church .

It is quite in accordance with the keener consciousness of See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin, which prevailed in the middle ages, that the expiatory pilgrimage took its place See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side with the pilgrimage to the See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of God . The pilgrimage became an act of obedience; and, in the books of See also:

• PENANCE (Old Fr. penance, fr. Lat. poenitentia, penitence)

penance (Poenitentialia) which date from the early middle ages, it is enjoined—whether for a definite period (e.g . Poen . Valicell. i. c . 19; Theod . Cant. i . 2, 16) or for life (Poen . Cummeani, vii . 12, Casin . 24)—as an expiation for many of the more serious sins, especially See also:

• MURDER

murder or the less venial forms of unchastity . The place to be visited was not specified; but the pilgrim, who was See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound by an open See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of his bishop to disclose himself as a pentitent, lay under the See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation, wherever he went, to repair to the churches and—more especially—the tombs of the saints, and there offer his prayers . On occasion, a See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain or See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring was fastened about his body, that his See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition might be obvious to all; and soon all manner of fables gained currency: how, here or there, the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron had sprung apart by a miracle, in token that the sinner was thereby absolved by God .

For instance, the Vita Liudgeri recounts the history of a fratricide who was condemned to this form of pilgrimage by See also:

• JONAS, JUSTUS (1493–1555)

Jonas, bishop of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE