PINEROLO  [PIGNEROLI, a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and episcopal see of See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• TURIN

Turin . Pop . (1901), 12,608 (See also:

• TOWN

town); 18,039 (See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune) . It is built on a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill-See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side just above the valleys of the Chisone and the Lemina, at a height of 1234 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, 24 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail S.W. of Turin . The railway goes on to Torre Pellice; and See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam tramways run from Pinerolo to Perosa, and to See also:

• CAVOUR (anc. Caburrum or Forum Vibii)
• CAVOUR, CAMILLO BENSO, COUNT (1810–18.61)

Cavour and See also:

• SALUZZO

Saluzzo . Till 1696 it was strongly fortified with a citadel on See also:

• SANTA

Santa Brigida, a See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle on S . Maurizio, and city walls constructed by See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas I. of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy . It has a See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral (St See also:

• DONATUS, AELIUS

Donatus), the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the princes of Acaia and other buildings of some See also:

• INTEREST

interest . See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

Cotton, See also:

• SILK

silk, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool and See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp are among the See also:

• LOCAL

local manufactures . Pinerolo was bestowed on the bishops of Turin by See also:

• OTTO

Otto III. in 996; but in 1078 the countess See also:

• ADELAIDE
• ADELAIDE (Ger. Adelheid) (931-999)

Adelaide made it over to the See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of Santa Maria, in whose See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession it remained till 1159 . Thomas I. of Savoy captured the castle in 1188, and in 1246 the commune formally recognized the supremacy of Savoy . Passing in 1295 into the hands of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip, son of Thomas III., Pinerolo became his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence and See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, a distinction which it retained under Amadeus VIII. of Savoy .

See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I. of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France obtained possession of the town in his descent into Italy, but See also:

• EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL

Emmanuel Philibert received it back from See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III. in 1574 . A second occupation by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French occurred under See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

• RICHELIEU, ARMAND EMMANUEL SOPHIE SEPTEMANIE DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS

Richelieu; the French See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language was imposed on the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, See also:

• GREAT

great fortifications were constructed, and the fortress (Pignerol) was used as a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison for such men as See also:

• FOUQUET (or FOUCQUET), NICOLAS (1615-168o)

Fouquet, De Caumont and the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man with the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron See also:

• MASK (Fr. masque, apparently from med. Lat. mascus, masca, spectre, through Ital. maschera, Span. mascara)

Mask (see IRON MASK) . See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor Amadeus bombarded the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in 1693, and ultimately compelled See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV. to relinquish his hold on it; but before the withdrawal of the French troops the defences were demolished . In 1748 the town was made a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop's see . See also:

• PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

PIN-EYED, a botanical See also:

• TERM

term for See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers which occur in two forms, one of which shows the stigma at the mouth of the corolla. as in the See also:

• PRIMROSE

primrose; the term is contrasted with thrum-eyed . PING-PONG, or TABLE-See also:

• TENNIS (sometimes called royal tennis, and, in America, court tennis)

TENNIS, a See also:

• MINIATURE

miniature variety of See also:

• LAWN

lawn-tennis played on a table, which may be of any See also:

• SIZE

size not less than 51 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long by 3 ft. broad . Various attempts were made to adapt lawn-tennis to the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, but the real popularity of the See also:

• GAME

game began when, near the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, celluloid balls were introduced, and the game was called ping-pong from the See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound of the balls as they were struck by the racket or rebounded from the table . In 1900 the See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball was improved and made heavier, and for the next two years ping-pong enjoyed a popularity never before attained by a game in so See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, not only in Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain but in France, the See also:

• BRITISH

British Colonies and See also:

• AMERICA

America . Two leagues were formed, the " Table-Tennis Association " and the " Ping-Pong Association," whose See also:

• LAWS

laws were practically identical . The See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• TOURNAMENT, or TOURNEY (Fr. tournement, tournoi, Med. Lat. torneamentum, from tourner, to turn)

tournament table is 9 ft. long by 5 ft. broad, and the See also:

• NET

net is a little less than 7 in. high . The balls, which are of hollow celluloid, are about 4 in. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter . The racket has a blade, shaped like a lawn-tennis racket, about 6 in. long and a handle long enough to grasp comfortably, all in one piece .

Rackets are made either wholly of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood covered with vellum, See also:

• CORK
• CORK (perhaps through Sp. corcha from Lat. cortex, bark, but possibly connected with quercus, oak)
• CORK, RICHARD BOYLE

cork, See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper or See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber, or of See also:

• LIGHT

light frames covered with vellum or some other material . The table was at first marked out in courts, but is now See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain . It should be unpolished and stained . In serving, a player must stand directly behind his end of the table and use an underhand See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion only . The ball must clear the net and strike the table anywhere on the other side . The game is then continued until the ball misses the table or fails to pass over the net . Only one service is allowed, except in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of a let . The scoring is the same as in lawn-tennis . See Ping-Pong, by See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold See also:

• PARKER, JOHN HENRY (1806-1884)
• PARKER, JOSEPH (183o-1902)
• PARKER, MARTIN (c. 1600-c. 1656)
• PARKER, MATTHEW (1504-1575)
• PARKER, SAMUEL (164o-1688)
• PARKER, SIR GILBERT (1862— )
• PARKER, SIR HYDE, BART
• PARKER, THEODORE (1810-186o)

Parker (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1902) ; Table Tennis, by A . See also:

• SINCLAIR
• SINCLAIR, SIR JOHN, BART

Sinclair (London, 1902) .