See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

PINE (See also:

• LAT

Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)  , a name given by the ancients to some of the resinous See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone-bearing trees to which it is now applied, and, as limited by See also:

• MODERN

modern botanists, the designation of a large genus of true conifers, differing from the firs in their hard woody cone-scales being thickened at the See also:

• APEX

apex, and in their slender See also:

• NEEDLE (O. Eng. ncedl; the word appears in various forms in Teutonic languages, Ger. Nadel, Dutch naal, the root being ne-, to sew, cf. Ger. nahen, and probably Lat. nere, to spin, Gr. vi)ats, spinning)

needle-shaped leaves growing from a membranous sheath, either in pairs or from three to five together—each tuft representing an abortive See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch, springing from the axil of a partially See also:

• DECIDUOUS (from Lat. decidere, to fall down)

deciduous See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale-See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf, the See also:

• BASE

base of which remains closely adherent to the See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem . The numerous male catkins are generally arranged in dense whorls around the bases of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young shoots; the anther-scales, surmounted by a See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest-like appendage, See also:

• SHED

shed their abundant See also:

• POLLEN, AUGUST (or, as he afterwards called himself, ADOLF) LUDWIG (1794-1855)

pollen by See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal slits; the two ovules at the base of the inner See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of each fertile cone-scale develop into a pair of winged seeds, which drop from the opening scales when mature—as in the allied genera . The pines are widely distributed over the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north temperate See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone, in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern portions chiefly confined to the mountains, along which, in Central See also:

• AMERICA

America, a few are found within the tropic; in more See also:

• NORTHERN

northern regions they frequently See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form extensive forests, sometimes hardly mingled with other trees . Their soft, straight-grained, resinous and often durable See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood gives to many kinds a high economic value, and some are among. the most esteemed of See also:

• TIMBER

timber trees . Of the two-leaved See also:

• SPECIES

species, P. sylvestris, the See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine of northern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, may be taken as a type . When growing in perfection it is one of the finest of the See also:

• GROUP

group, and perhaps the most picturesque of See also:

• FOREST

forest trees; attaining a height of from 70 to 120 ft., it is of conical growth when young, but in maturity acquires a spreading See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar or See also:

• MUSHROOM

mushroom-like See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top, with a straight See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk of from 2 to 4 ft. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter at the base, and gnarled See also:

• TWISTED

twisted boughs, densely clothed at the extremities with See also:

• GLAUCOUS (Gr. yAavK6s, bright, gleaming)

glaucous See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green foliage, which contrasts strongly with the fiery red-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown bark . The leaves are rather See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, curved, and often twisted; the male catkins, in dense cyluidrical whorls, fill the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air of the forest with their See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur-like pollen in May or See also:

• JUNE

June, and fecundate the See also:

• PURPLE

purple See also:

• FEMALE

female See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, which, at first sessile and erect, then become recurved on a lengthening stalk; the ovate cones, about the length of the leaves, do not reach maturity until the autumn of the following See also:

• YEAR

year, and the seeds are seldom scattered until the third See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring; the cone-scales terminate in a pyramidal a, Male See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower and young cones; b, male catkin; c, d, See also:

• OUTER

outer and inner side of anther-scale . recurved point, well marked in the green See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state and in some varieties in the mature cone, but in others scarcely projecting . P. sylvestris is found, in greater or less abundance, from the hills of Finmark and the plains of See also:

• BOTHNIA, GULF OF

Bothnia to the mountains of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and even the higher forest-slopes of See also:

• ETNA
• ETNA (Gr. AZ-rvn, from aZOw, burn; Lat. Aetna)

Etna, while in See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

longitude its range extends from the shores of the North See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea to See also:

• KAMCHATKA

Kamchatka . Nowhere more abundant than in the Scandinavian See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula, this See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree is the true See also:

• FIR

fir (See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur, fura) of the old Norsemen, and still retains the name among their descendants in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, though botanically now classed as a pine . It grows vigorously in See also:

• LAP

Lap-See also:

• LAND

land on the See also:

• LOWER

lower ground, and is found even at an See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of 700 ft., while in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway it occurs up to 3000 ft., though the See also:

• GREAT

great forests from which " Norway pine " timber is chiefly derived are on the comparatively lower slopes of the south-eastern dales: in the highest situations it dwindles to a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• BUSH

bush . It furnishes the yellow See also:

• DEAL

deal of the Baltic and Norway .

In See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, both on the mountains and the sandy plains, See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods of " kiefer" are frequent and widely spread, while vast forests in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia and See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland are chiefly composed of this species; in many northern habitats it is associated with the spruce and See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

birch . In See also:

• ASIA

Asia it abounds in See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia and on the mountains of the See also:

• AMUR
• AMUR (known also as the Sakhalin-ula)

Amur region; on the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• ALPS

Alps it occurs at a height of 5600 ft., and on the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees it is found at still higher elevations; on the northern side of Etna it is said to grow at above 7000 ft . In Britain natural forests of Scotch fir of any extent are only now found in the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

Highlands, chiefly on the declivities of the See also:

• GRAMPIANS, THE

Grampians . In former ages the tree covered, a large portion of the more northern See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island, as well as of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland; the numerous trunks found everywhere in the mosses and See also:

• PEAT (possibly connected with Med. Lat. petia, pecia, piece, ultimately of Celtic origin; cf. O. Celt. pet, O. Ir. pit, Welsh peth, portion)

peat-bogs of the northern counties of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England attest its abundance there in prehistoric times; and in the remoter See also:

• POST

post-Glacial See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch its range was probably vastly more extended . The tree is not at See also:

• PRESENT

present indigenous in southern Britain, but when planted in suitable ground multiplies rapidly by the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind-sown seeds; on many of the sandy See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

moors and See also:

• COMMONS

commons natural pine woods of large extent have been thus formed during the last fifty years . The Scotch fir is a very variable tree, and certain varieties have acquired a higher reputation for the qualities of their timber than others; among those most prized by foresters is the one called the See also:

• BRAEMAR

Braemar pine, the remaining fragments of the great wood in the Braemar See also:

• DISTRICT

district being chiefly composed of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind; it is mainly distinguished by its shorter and more glaucous leaves and ovoid cones with See also:

• BLUNT, JOHN HENRY (1823–1884)
• BLUNT, JOHN JAMES (1794–1855)
• BLUNT, WILFRID SCAWEN (184o— )

blunt recurved spines, and especially by the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal growth of its ultimately drooping boughs; of all varieties this is the most picturesque . On the European See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent the See also:

• HAGENAU

Hagenau pine of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia is esteemed for the straightness and See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good quality of its timber . The See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart-wood of the finer kinds of Scotch fir is of a deep brownish-red See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, abounding in the See also:

• RESIN (through O.Fr. resine, modern reline, from Lat. resina, prcbably Latinized from Greek Pirivrt, resin)

resin to which its durability is probably due . For all indoor and most outdoor purposes it is as lasting as See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, and for See also:

• SHIP

ship planking is perhaps little inferior; from its lightness and See also:

• ELASTICITY

elasticity it is well adapted for the construction of yachts and other small fast-sailing See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft, and is said to be the best of all wood for masts and large spars; its See also:

• WEIGHT

weight varies from 30 to 40 lb the cubic See also:

• FOOT

foot . The See also:

• SAP

sap-wood is more perishable, but it is useful for fences, casks and a variety of other purposes; soaking in See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime-See also:

• WATER

water renders it more lasting; great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of young pines are annually cut for railway sleepers, See also:

• MINING

mining timber and numerous agricultural applications; large quantities are consumed for wood-See also:

• PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentu;n, a floor beaten or rammed hard, from pavire, to beat)

pavement . The quality of the timber a, Fertile flower of mature cone; b, winged See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed; c, fertile catkin (or cone); d, scale and bract; e, inner side of scale . depends greatly on the See also:

• SOIL

soil and position in which the trees are grovm: the dry slopes of granitic or gneissic mountains, or the deep well-drained sandy gravels of the lower See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country seem to See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer equally well; but on See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay or wet peat the tree rarely PINE flourishes, and the timber is always indifferent; it is usually said that the wood is best in the See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of its more northern habitats, but a trunk (4 ft. in diameter) grown on the sands of See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey had heart-wcod quite equal to any produced in Glenmore or Rothiemurchus .

The rapidity of growth is still more variable: in Britain full maturity is attained in from seventy to one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and twenty years, but in Norway the trunk increases much more slowly; Schubeler states that a tree felled in this See also:

• ALTEN, SIR CHARLES [Karl] (1764–1840)

Alten'district (about 7 0 See also:

• LAT

lat.), measuring 2 ft. to in. in diameter without the bark, showed four hundred circles of See also:

• ANNUAL

annual growth . In Norway the tree, growing in dense forests, is generally of but moderate girth, and probably this pine nowhere reaches a greater See also:

• SIZE

size than in the Scottish woods; a See also:

• PLANK

plank from Glenmore forest measured nearly 5z ft. across, and from 3 to 41 ft. is not an unusual diameter for a See also:

• BRITISH

British pine tree . Vast numbers of Scotch firs are raised in nurseries for artificial planting; the seed is sown in the spring, being just covered with See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, and the seedlings transplanted in the second year into rows for further culture, or taken See also:

• DIRECT

direct from the seed-See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed for final planting; sometimes the seed is sown where the trees are intended to grow . A See also:

• PLANTATION (Lat. plantare, to plant)

plantation of Scotch fir requires frequent and careful thinning as the young trees increase in size; but pruning should be avoided as much as possible, excepting for the removal of dead wood . Plantations in England are generally ready for final cutting in from sixty to seventy years, and many are cleared at a much earlier See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of growth . P. sylvestris in Britain is liable to many See also:

• INSECT

insect depredations: the pine-See also:

• CHAFER

chafer, Hylurgus piniperda, is destructive in some places, the larva of this See also:

• BEETLE (O. Eng. bityl; connected with " bite ")

beetle feeding on the young succulent shoots, especially in young plantations; Hylobius abietis, the fir-See also:

• WEEVIL

weevil, eats away the bark, and numerous lepidopterous larvae devour the leaves; the pine-sawfly is also injurious in some seasons; the removal of all dead branches from the trees and from the ground beneath them is recommended, as most of these See also:

• INSECTS

insects See also:

• LAY

lay their eggs among the decaying bark and dead leaves . In See also:

• COMMON

common with other pines, P. sylvestris is subject to the attacks of various See also:

• FUNGI (p1. of Lat. fungus, a mushroom)

fungi . Trametes radiciperda attacks the roots and penetrates to the stem, causing rotting of the wood; the disease is difficult to eradicate, as the mycelium of the fungus travels from See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root to root in the soil . Rotting of the wood at the base of the trunk is also caused by Agaricus melleus, which spreads from root to root in the soil by means of its See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long purple-See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord-like mycelial strands known as Rhizomorpha . Much damage is often caused by species of Peridermium, which often invade the cortex and cambium to such an extent as to " See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring " the stem or branch, or to cause an abnormal formation of See also:

• TURPENTINE (in M. Eng. turbentine, adapted through the O. Fr. turbentine or terebentine from Lat. terebinthina, sc. resina, resin of the terebinth, Gr. eepiOtvOos or eippavOos)

turpentine which soaks into the wood and stops the upward passage of water; this causes the parts above the diseased See also:

• AREA

area to perish . In England the pine is largely employed as a " See also:

• NURSE (a shortened form of the earlier " nourice," adapted through the French from Lat. nutrix, nu/rite, to nourish)

nurse " for oak trees, its conical growth when young admirably adapting it for this purpose; its dense foliage renders it valuable as a shelter tree for protecting land from the wind; it stands the sea See also:

• GALES (mod. Calvi)

gales better than most conifers, but will not flourish on the See also:

• SHORE

shore like some other species . The pine is an important tree in the See also:

• ECONOMY

economy of the northern nations of Europe .

In Scandinavia and Russia houses are chiefly constructed of its timber; and See also:

• LOG (a word of uncertain etymological origin,possibly onomatopoeic; the New English Dictionary rejects the derivation from Norwegian lag, a fallen tree)

log-huts are made of the smaller trunks and lined and roofed with the bark . The inner bark is twisted into See also:

• ROPES, JOHN CODMAN (1836–1899)

ropes, and, like that of the spruce, is See also:

• KILN (0. E. cylene, from the Lat. culina, a kitchen, cooking-stove)

kiln dried, ground up, and mixed with See also:

• MEAL

meal in times of scarcity; in Kamchatka it is macerated in water, then pounded, and made into a kind of substitute for See also:

• BREAD

bread without any admixture of See also:

• FLOUR

flour . In See also:

• RECENT

recent days the fibre of the leaves has been extracted in some quantity and applied to textile purposes under the name of waldwolle, both in Germany and See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden . It is prepared by boiling the needles in a See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of soda to remove the resin, which See also:

• PROCESS

process loosens the fibre and renders its separation easy; it has some resemblance to coarse See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, and is spun and See also:

• WOVEN

woven into blankets and garments that are said to be warm and durable; it is also used for stuffing cushions; an essential oil, obtained by a previous See also:

• DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation of the leaves, has medicinal virtues attributed to it by some See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German practitioners . Large quantities of turpentine are extracted from this pine in Sweden and Russia by removing a See also:

• STRIP

strip of bark, terminating below in a deep notch cut in the wood, into which the turpentine _ runs, and from which it is scooped as it accumulates; but the product is not equal to that of the See also:

• SILVER

silver fir and other species . See also:

• TAR

Tar is prepared largely from P. sylvestris; it is chiefly obtained from the roots, which, mingled with a few logs, are arranged in a conical or See also:

• FUNNEL (through an O. Fr. founil, found in Breton, from Lat. infundibulum, that through which anything is poured, from fundere, to pour)

funnel-shaped hollow made on the steep side of a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill or See also:

• BANK

bank; after filling up, the whole is covered with See also:

• TURF

turf and fired at the top, when the tar exudes slowly and runs into an See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel placed below, from the spout of which it is conveyed into barrels . Most of the so-called See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm tar is thus prepared, chiefly in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Bothnia . Closely allied to the Scotch pine, and perhaps to be regarded as a mere alpine form of that species, is the See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf P. See also:

• MONTANA

montana (or P . Pumilio), the " krummholz " or " knieholz " of the Germans—a recumbent bush, generally only a few feet high, but with long zigzag sterns, that root occasionally at the See also:

• KNEE (O. E. cneow, a word common to Indo-European languages, cf. Ger. Knie, Fr. genou, Span. hinojo, Lat. genu, Gr. ybvv, Sansk. janu)

knee-like bends where they See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest upon the ground . The foliage much resembles that of the Scotch fir, but is shorter, denser and more rigid; the cones are smaller but similar in form . Abounding on the higher slopes of the Bavarian and Tirolese Alps, it is a favourite shelter for the See also:

• CHAMOIS

chamois; the hunters See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call it the " latschen," from its recumbent straggling See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit . Krummholz oil, valued in Germany as an outward application in See also:

• RHEUMATISM (from Gr. /56µa, flux)

rheumatism and for bruises and sprains, is distilled from the young branches, and a fragrant See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white resin that exudes in some quantity from the buds is used for similar purposes and as a perfume, under the name of Hungarian See also:

• BALSAM (from Gr. f &X raµov, through Lat. balsamum, contracted by popular use to O. Fr. basme, mod. Fr. bdme; Eng. balm)

balsam it is sold in the towns of Germany, being probably obtained from the Carpathians .

The red pine of See also:

• CANADA

Canada and New England (so called from the colour of its bark), P. resinosa, is a tree of considerable size, some-times attaining the dimensions of P. sylvestris . The somewhat glaucous leaves form dense tufts at the ends of the branches, and' are 4 or 5 in. long; the ovate blunt cones are about See also:

• HALF

half that length . The tree is of See also:

• QUICK

quick growth and the wood strong and resinous, but it is less durable than Scotch fir, though much employed in ship-See also:

• BUILDING

building; according to See also:

• EMERSON, RALPH WALDO (1803-1882)
• EMERSON, WILLIAM (1701-1782)

Emerson, trunks exist in See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine 4 ft. in diameter . A sandy soil seems to suit it best, and the quality of the wood probably much depends on its See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of, growth . Red pines abound in Nova See also:

• SCOTIA (Gr. o'Karca, shadow or darkness)

Scotia and See also:

• NEWFOUNDLAND

Newfoundland, and the tree is rather widely distributed over the northern parts of the continent; it rarely forms extensive woods, but grows chiefly in clumps among other trees, at least in its more southern habitats . Nearly allied is P . Banksiana, the See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey or Labrador pine, some-times called the scrub pine from its dwarfish habit; it is the most northerly representative of the genus in America, and is chiefly remarkable for its much recurved and twisted cones, about 2 in. long . The trunks are too small to be of great economic value, but the See also:

• LIGHT

light wood is used by the natives for their canoes . P . Laricio, the Corsican pine, is one of the noblest trees of this group, growing to a height of too or even 15o ft., with a straight trunk and branches in See also:

• REGULAR

regular. whorls, forming in large trees a pyramidal See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head; the slender leaves, of a dark green tint, are from 4 to 7 in. long; the cones, either in pairs or several together, project horizontally, and are of a light brown colour . This pine abounds in See also:

• CORSICA (Fr. Corse)

Corsica, and is found in more or less abundance in Spain, southern See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• GREECE

Greece, and many Mediterranean countries; it occurs on the higher mountains of See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus . The tree is of very rapid. growth, but produces good timber. much used in southern See also:

• DOCKYARDS

dockyards, and very durable, though less strong than that of P. sylvestris; the heart-wood is of a brownish-tint .

In southern France it has been planted with success on the See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift-sands of the See also:

• BAY

Bay of See also:

• BISCAY (Vizcaya)
• BISCAY, BAY OF (Fr. Golfe de Gascogne; Sp. Golfo de Vizcaya)

Biscay, though it does not See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the full force of the sea-blast as well as the pinaster . In England it grows well in sheltered situations and well-drained soils . The black pine, P. austriaca, generally now regarded as a variety of P . Laricio, derives its name from the extreme See also:

• DEPTH

depth of its foliage tints—the See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp, rigid, rather long leaves of a dark green See also:

• HUE

hue giving a sombre aspect to the tree . The light-coloured, glossy, horizontal cones are generally in pairs, but sometimes three or four together . The tree is conical when young, but when old forms a spreading head; it often attains a large size . Southern See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria and the adjacent countries are the natural habitats of this pine; it seems to flourish best on rocky See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain sides, but in England grows well on sandy soils . The timber is valued in its native country, and is said to be durable and to stand exposure to the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather well; various resinous products are extracted from it . P. pyrenaica is a handsome species of pyramidal form, attaining a large size on the mountains of northern Spain, whence it extends through the Mediterranean region to Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, northern See also:

• PERSIA

Persia and See also:

• AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan . The leaves are long and of a light See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright green; the cones are solitary, oblong, conical and of a yellow tint . The timber is used in See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish dockyards, but opinions vary as to its quality . In plantations its bright foliage, with the See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange cones and } oung shoots, render it an ornamental tree, See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy in southern Britain .

P. brutia, the Calabrian pine, is regarded as the same species . P. halepensis, another Mediterranean form, is valued for its timber, which is white with a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, and resinous products . P. pinaster, the cluster pine or pinaster, is an important species from its vigorous growth in the See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-drifts of the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, for the purpose of binding which it has been grown more extensively and successfully than any other tree, especially on the See also:

• DUNES

dunes of the Bay of Biscay . Glowing to a height of from 40 to 8o ft., the deeply-furrowed trunk occasionally reaches a diameter of 3 ft. or more at the base, where, like most sand trees, it usually curves upward gradually, a form that enables the long tap-roots to withstand better the See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain of the sea See also:

• GALE
• GALE, THEOPHILUS (1628-1678)
• GALE, THOMAS (?1636-17o2)

gale; when once established, the tree is rarely overthrown even on the loosest sand . The branches See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve upwards like the stem, with their thick covering of long dark green leaves, giving a massive rounded outline to the tree; the ovate cones are from 4 to 6 in. long, of a light shining brown hue, with thick scales terminating in a pyramidal apex; they are arranged around the branches in the radiating clusters that give name to the tree . The pinaster grows naturally on sandy soils around the vIediterranean from Spain to the See also:

• LEVANT

Levant . On the drift-sands of France, especially in the See also:

• GIRONDE

Gironde, forests have been formed mainly of this pine; the seeds, sown at first under proper shelter and protected by a thick growth of See also:

• BROOM

broom sown simultaneously, vegetate rapidly in the sea-sand, and the trees thus raised have, by their wind-drifted seed, covered much of the former See also:

• DESERT

desert of the See also:

• LANDES

Landes with an See also:

• EVERGREEN

evergreen wood . These forests of pinaster, apart from the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of timber in a once treeless district, have a great economic value as a source of turpentine, which is largely obtained from the trees by a process analogous to that employed in its collection from P. sylvestris; the resin is yielded from May to the end of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, the cuts being renewed as the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply fails, until the tree is exhausted; the trunks are then felled and used in the manufacture of See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal and See also:

• LAMP (from Gr. Xag ras, a torch, Xaµaav, to shine)

lamp black; much tar and See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch is also obtained from these pinaster forests . In England the cluster-pine has been largely planted on sandy districts near the sea, and has become naturalized in Purbeck and other See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild tracts in the southern counties, but the summer See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat is too small to permit of its resinous products acquiring any value; the soft coarse wood, though perishable in the natural state, has been used for railway sleepers after saturation with See also:

• CREOSOTE, CREASOTE

creosote or preservative solutions . P . Pinea is the See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone pine of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy; its spreading rounded See also:

• CANOPY (through Fr. canape, from Med. Lat. canapeum, classical conopeum, a mosquito curtain, Gr. K6v(.4, a gnat)

canopy of light green foliage, supported on a tall and often branchless trunk, forms a striking feature of the landscape in that country, as well as in some other Mediterranean lands . The beautiful reddish-brown shining cones, roundly ovate in shape, with pyramidal scale apices, have been prized from the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient days of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome for their edible See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut-like seeds, which are still used as an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food or dessert .

They do not ripen until the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth year, and are kept in the cone until required, as their abundant oil soon turns rancid . The tree has been naturalized in many warm countries, even in See also:

• CHINA

China; in England it seldom attains any large size, as the deficient summer heat prevents the wood from maturing; but trees occur occasionally in plantations 20 or 30 ft. in height; the wood, though soft and deficient in the resin that gives durability to the timber of some species, is valued by the southern See also:

• CARPENTER, LANT (1780-1840)
• CARPENTER, MIRY (1807-1877)
• CARPENTER, WILLIAM BENJAMIN (1813-1885)

carpenter and cabinetmaker for its lightness, its fineness of grain, and the ease with which it is worked . P. mitis, the yellow pine of the northern and See also:

• MIDDLE

middle states of America, is rather allied to the three-leaved See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, but the leaves are mostly in pairs . It is a tree of large size, often attaining a height of 70 ft. and upwards, though rarely more than 2 ft. in diameter at the root; the lower branches spread horizontally, the upper, converging towards the trunk, give the tree somewhat the aspect of a spruce, hence it is called in some districts the " spruce-pine." The leaves are long, slender, and of a bluish-green hue; the See also:

• PENDANT (through Fr. from Lat. pendere, to hang)

pendant cones are about iZ in. long, with a slender point to each scale . The yellow pine is one of the most important timber trees of the genus; the heart-wood being very durable is largely employed in ship-building and for See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house timber, being nearly equal to that of P. sylvestris; large quantities are exported to Britain under the name of " New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York yellow pine "; the sapwood is perishable . The three-leaved group includes several of the most valuable trees of America ; amdng them is P. rigida, the pitch pine of the northern states, a tree of from 40 to 50 ft. in height with rugged trunk, occasionally 3 ft. in diameter; the short dark-green leaves are in thick tufts, contrasting with the See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale yellowish, usually clustered cones, the scales of which are furnished with small curved spines . The wood is very hard and abounds with resin, but on swampy land is of inferior quality and of little value except for See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel, for which the pitch-pine is highly prized; on drier ground the grain is fine from the numerous knots . Large quantities of tar and pitch are obtained from this species . The tree is one of the few that will flourish in See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt-marshes . P. palustris (or P. australis) is the " See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia pitch pine," or yellow pine of the southern states; it abounds on the sandy soils that See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover so much of Georgia, the Carolinas, and See also:

• FLORIDA

Florida, and on those dry lands attains its highest perfection, though occasionally abundant on moist ground, whence its name . The most marked feature of the tree is its long tufted foliage—the leaves, of a brightgreen tint, springing from long white sheaths, being often a foot in length . The tall columnar trunk furnishes the most valued pine timber of the states; See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close-grained and resinous, it is very durable and polishes well; it is largely employed in See also:

• AMERICAN

American shipyards, and immense quantities are exported, especially to Britain and the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies .

This tree yields an abundant supply of tar and turpentine of good quality, which products are collected and manufactured in the " pine-barrens " on a large scale . P . Taeda, the " loblolly pine " of the backwoodsman, a tall tree with straight trunk and spreading top, covers great tracts of the " pine-barrens " of the southern states, but also frequently spreads over deserted arable lands that have been impoverished by long and See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad farming; hence the woodsmen call it the " old-See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field " pine, while, from the fragrance of its abundant resin, it is also known as the See also:

• FRANKINCENSE

frankincense pine . It is a fine species 8o or 90 ft. high, having sometimes a girth of 6 or 8 ft., with a broad spreading head; the leaves are rather long and of a light green tint, the cones generally in pairs, the scales terminating in a sharp incurved prickle . The timber of this pine is indifferent, but the forests of it are of importance from the quantity of turpentine they yield; the trees also furnish much firewood of good quality . P. ponderosa, the yellow pine of the Pacific coast of America, belongs to this section; it is a fine timber tree deserving of See also:

• NOTICE

notice from the extreme See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density of its wood, which barely floats in water; it abounds in some parts of the western range of the Rocky Mountains, and is the most widely distributed pine tree of the mountain forests of western North America . The leaves are very long and twisted, the small See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval cones armed with recurved prickles; the tree is said to be of rapid growth . In See also:

• OREGON

Oregon and See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California several large pines of this group are found . P . Coulteri or macro-See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

car pa, is remarkable for its enormous cones (sometimes a foot long, 6 in. in diameter, and weighing more than 4 lb) ; the scales end in long hooked points curving upwards; the leaves are long, rigid, and glaucous in hue . Nearly related to this is P . Sabiniana, the nut-pine of California, the cones of which are 7 to 9 in. long and 5 to 6 in. in diameter, also with hooked scales; the large nut-like seeds are eaten by the See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians; the tree is one of the largest of the section, sometimes attaining a height of 120 ft. and upwards, while trunks have been found, it is said, to or 12 ft. in diameter .

P. longifolia, a Himalayan species, is remarkable for the great length of its lax slender leaves, of a grass-green tint; the cones have the points of the scales recurved . It is known in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India as the " cheer pine "; the wood is good, resinous, and moderately durable; the tree is common on the foot-hills of the Himalayas . P . Gerardiana, a north-west Himalayan species, is a See also:

• MEDIUM

medium-sized tree with a conical head, growing on the more elevated parts of the mountain range; it furnishes edible seeds . The leaves, short and glaucous, like those of the Scotch fir, have deciduous sheaths; the cones have recurved scale-points like those of the cheer pine . P. canariensis, which forms forests on the mountains of See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• CANARY
• CANARY (Serinus canarius)

Canary and See also:

• TENERIFFE [Tenerife]

Teneriffe, growing at an elevation of 6000 ft., also belongs to this group . The leaves are long, lax, and of a bright green tint; the cone-scales are without spines; the trunk attains a large size, and yields good and durable timber . The beautiful See also:

• MONTEREY

Monterey pine, P. insignis, distinguished by the brilliant colour of its foliage, has the leaves in tufts of three or four; the lower cone-scales have recurved points . This fine pine has been planted in the south-west of England, but is scarcely hardy . The pines with five leaves in each tuft have generally deciduous sheaths . The most important economic species is the well-known white pine, P . Strobus, from its large growth and abundance, as well as the soft even grain of its white wood, one of the most valuable of North American timber trees .

The tree abounds from Canada to Georgia, but in the eastern states has been so long sought for by the lumberer that See also:

• MOOT

moot of the old trees have long disappeared, and large white pine timber is now only found in quantity in the See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian Dominion . Formerly Maine and See also:

• VERMONT

Vermont were celebrated for the size of their pines, but few of these great trees now exist in New England . On a deep See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich soil P . Strobus attains a height of 150 ft., and trunks without a branch are sometimes found 8o or 90 ft. long; in the earlier stages of growth it has a pyramidal form, in open glades the lower boughs often touching the ground, but in old See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age it acquires a wide almost cedar-like top . The light bluish-green foliage is somewhat lax, very dense in young trees; the cones are long and rather curved, with thin smooth scales a little thickened at the apex, and generally more or less covered with exuding white resin; they are about 5 or 6 in. in length and t2 to 2 in. broad; the male catkins are of a bluish tint; the cones ripen in the autumn of the second year . The wood of the white pine is durable for indoor use, especially when protected by paint, but when exposed to moist air it rapidly decays, and it is very liable to dry rot; it is said to be best when grown on sandy soils . Immense quantities are still exported, especially from Canada, its smooth easily-worked grain rendering it a favourite wood for the house-carpenter and joiner; it weighs about 28 lb per cubic foot . In England where it is generally known as the " See also:

• WEYMOUTH

Weymouth pine," it succeeds well on deep light soils when well-drained; trees have attained occasionally a height of too ft. and upwards in British plantations; but it is See also:

• APT

apt to be infested with American blight (Eriosoma) . In northern Germany it also grows well . The climate of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland appears less suitable for it, probably from the want of summer heat, and it can hardly be recommended for British planting other-1t'ise than for ornamental purposes . Nearly approaching this is P. excelsa, the Bhotan pine, which differs chiefly in its longer cones and drooping glaucous foliage . It is found in See also:

• KUMAON

Kumaon and Bhotan and on so