See also:

• PINNACLE (from Lat. pinnaculum, a little feather, pinna; the Gr. rrspirylov, diminutive of irsipuE, wing, is also used in this sense)

PINNACLE (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. pinnaculum, a little See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

feather, pinna; the Gr. rrspirylov, diminutive of irsipuE, wing, is also used in this sense)  , an architectural See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament originally forming the cap or See also:

• CROWN

crown of a See also:

• BUTTRESS (from the O. Fr. bouteret, that which bears a thrust, from bouter, to push, cf. Eng. " butt " and " abutment ")

buttress or small See also:

• TURRET (from O. Fr. tourette, diminutive of tour, tower, mod. Fr. tourelle)

turret, but afterwards used on parapets at the corners of towers and in many other situations . Some writers have stated that there were no pinnacles in the Romanesque styles, but conical caps to circular buttresses, with See also:

• FINIAL (a variant of " final "; Lat. finis, end)

finial terminations, are not uncommon in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France at very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early periods . See also:

• VIOLLET, PAUL MARIE (184o- )

Viollet-le-Duc gives examples from St Germer and St Remi, and there is one of similar See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form at the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west front of See also:

• ROCHESTER
• ROCHESTER, JOHN WILMOT, 2ND EARL
• ROCHESTER, LAWRENCE HYDE, EARL OF (1641-1711)

Rochester See also:

• CATHEDRAL

Cathedral . In the 12th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century Romanesque two examples have been cited, one from Bredon in See also:

• WORCESTERSHIRE

Worcestershire, and the other from Cleeve in See also:

• GLOUCESTERSHIRE

Gloucestershire . In these the buttresses run up, forming a sort of square turret, and crowned with a pyramidal cap, very much like those of the next See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, the Early See also:

• ENGLISH

English . In this and the following styles the See also:

• PINNACLE (from Lat. pinnaculum, a little feather, pinna; the Gr. rrspirylov, diminutive of irsipuE, wing, is also used in this sense)

pinnacle seems generally to have had its appropriate uses . It was a See also:

• WEIGHT

weight to counteract the thrust of the vaults, particularly where there were flying buttresses; it stopped the tendency to slip of the See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone copings of the gables, and counterpoised the thrust of See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

spires; it formed a See also:

• PIER (older forms per or Pere, from Med. Lat. pera; the word for piers out of water. For river piers, where a firm, watertight is of obscure origin, and the connexion with Fr. Pierre, Lat. stratum is found at a moderate depth below the river-bed, the pctr

pier to steady the elegant perforated parapets of later periods; and in France especially served to counterbalance the weight of overhanging See also:

• CORBEL (Lat. corbellus, a diminutive of corvus, a raven, on account of the beak-like appearance; Ital. mensola, Fr. corbeau, cul-de-lampe, Ger. Kragstein)

corbel tables, huge gargoyles, &c . In the Early English period the small buttresses frequently finished with See also:

• GABLETS (diminutive of "gable")

gablets, and the more important with pinnacles supported with clustered shafts . At this period the pinnacles were often supported on these shafts alone, and were open below; and in larger See also:

• WORK

work in this and the subsequent periods they frequently form niches and contain statues . About the Transition and during the Decorated period, the different faces above the See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle shafts often finish with gablets . Those of the last-named period are much richer, and are generally decorated with crockets and finials, and sometimes with See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball-See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers . Very See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups are found at See also:

• BEVERLEY
• BEVERLEY, WILLIAM ROXBY (1814?-1889)

Beverley See also:

• MINSTER
• MINSTER (from Lat. monasterium; cf. German Munster)

Minster and at the rise of the See also:

• SPIRE

spire of St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary's, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford .

Perpendicular pinnacles differ but little from Decorated, except that the crockets and finials are of later See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . They are also often set angle-ways, particularly on parapets, and the shafts are panelled . In France pinnacles, like spires, seem to have been in use earlier than in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . There are small pinnacles at the angles of the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower in the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of See also:

• SAINTES

Saintes . At Roullet there are pinnacles in a similar position, each composed of four small shafts, with caps and bases surmounted withsmall pyramidal spires . In all these examples the towers have semicircular-headed windows .