See also:

• PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

PIN (a doublet with " See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen " from See also:

• LAT

Lat. pinna, See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

feather, See also:

• PINNACLE (from Lat. pinnaculum, a little feather, pinna; the Gr. rrspirylov, diminutive of irsipuE, wing, is also used in this sense)

pinnacle, which is said to contain the same See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root as irirvs, See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, and properly to mean a See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp point or end)  , a small peg or See also:

• BOLT

bolt of See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal or See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, not necessarily pointed, employed as a fastening to connect together different parts of an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article, as a stop to limit the See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion of some moving piece in a See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine, as a support on which a small See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel may turn, &c., but most commonly a small metal spike, used for fastening portions of fabrics together, having one end pointed and at the other a bulbed See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, or some other arrangement for preventing the spike from passing entirely through the See also:

• CLOTH

cloth or other material with which it is employed . In one See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form or another pins of this last See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind are of the highest 'antiquity, the earliest form doubtless being a natural See also:

• THORN (O. Eng. porn, cf. Du. doorn, Ger. Dorn, &c)
• THORN (Polish Torun)

thorn . Pins of See also:

• BRONZE

bronze, and bronze brooches in which the See also:

• PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

pin is the essential feature, are of See also:

• COMMON

common occurrence among the remains of the bronze See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . The See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary domestic pin had become in the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century an article of sufficient importance in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England to See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant legislative See also:

• NOTICE

notice, as in 1483 the importation of pins was prohibited by See also:

• STATUTE

statute . In 1540 See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine received pins from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and again in 1543 an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act was passed providing that " no See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person shall put to See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale any pinnes but only such as shall be See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double headed, and have the heads soldered fast to the shank of the pinnes, well smoothed, the shank well shapen, the points well and See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round filed, canted and sharpened." At that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time pins of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good quality were made of See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass; but a large proportion of those against which the legislative enactment was directed were made of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire blanched and passed as brass pins . To a large extent the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of pins in England was received from France till about 1626, in which See also:

• YEAR

year the manufacture was introduced into See also:

• GLOUCESTERSHIRE

Gloucestershire by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Tilsby . His business flourished so well that he soon gave employment to 1500 persons, and See also:

• STROUD

Stroud pins attained a high reputation . In 1636 the pinmakers of See also:

• LONDON

London formed a See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation, and the manufacture was subsequently established at See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol and See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham, the latter See also:

• TOWN

town ultimately becoming the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal centre of the See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . So See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1775 the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the enterprising colonists in Carolina was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn to the manufacture by the offer of prizes for the first native-made pins and needles . At a later date several pin-making See also:

• MACHINES

machines were invented in the See also:

• UNITED

United States . During the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of 1812, when the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price of pins See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose enormously, the manufacture was actually started, but the industry was not fairly successful till about the year 1836 when the See also:

• HOWE
• HOWE, EIJAS (1819 — 1867)
• HOWE, JOHN (1630-17o6)
• HOWE, JOSEPH (1804–1873)
• HOWE, JULIA WARD (1819–1910)
• HOWE, RICHARD HOWE, EARL (1726-1799)
• HOWE, SAMUEL GRIDLEY (1801-1876)
• HOWE, WILLIAM HOWE, 5TH VISCOUNT (1729-1814)

Howe Manufacturing See also:

• COMPANY

Company was formed at Birmingham, See also:

• CONNECTICUT

Connecticut . Previous to this an See also:

• AMERICAN

American, Lemuel W .

See also:

• WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909)
• WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875)
• WRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797)
• WRIGHT, SILAS (1795-1847)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1809–1884)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810—1877)
• WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS (1836– )

Wright, had in 1824 secured in England a patent for a machine to make solid-headed pins, which established the industry on its See also:

• PRESENT

present basis . The old form of pin consisted of a shank with a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate head of See also:

• FINE

fine wire See also:

• TWISTED

twisted round and secured to it . Fine wire for heads was first See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound on a See also:

• LATHE

lathe round a See also:

• SPIT

spit the exact circumference of the pin shanks to be headed . In this way a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long elastic See also:

• SPIRAL

spiral was produced which had next to be cut into heads, each consisting of two See also:

• COMPLETE

complete turns of the spiral . These heads were softened by See also:

• ANNEALING, HARDENING AND

annealing and made into a heap for the heading boy, whose See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty was to thrust a number of shanks into the heap and let as many as might be See also:

• FIT

fit themselves with heads . Such shanks as came out thus headed were passed to the header, who with a falling See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block and See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die arrangement compressed together shank and head of such a number as his die-block was fitted for . All the other operations of straightening the wire, cutting, pointing, &c., were separately performed, and these numerous details connected with the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of a common pin were seized on by See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith as one of the most remarkable illustrations of the advantages of the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of labour . The beautiful automatic machinery by which pins are now made of single pieces of wire is an invention of the 19th century . In 1817 a communication was made at the Patent See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office by See also:

• SETH
• SETH (Egyptian Set, Sth~~~{{{or Sts)
• SETH (I* according to Dillmann, " setting " or " slip "; Septuagint, Philo and New Testament, fie, but r Chron. i. 1 Ells in A ; Josephus, EfjOor, Vulg. Seth)

Seth See also:

• HUNT, ALFRED WILLIAM (183o-1896)
• HUNT, HENRY (1i73-1835)
• HUNT, HENRY JACKSON (1819-1889)
• HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859)
• HUNT, ROBERT (1807-1887)
• HUNT, THOMAS STERRY (1826-1892)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HENRY (1790—1864)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN (1827-1910)
• HUNT, WILLIAM MORRIS (1824-1879)

Hunt, describing a machine for making pins with " head, See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft and point in one entire piece." By this machine a suitable length of wire was cut off and held in a die till a globular head was formed on one end by See also:

• COMPRESSION

compression, and the other end was pointed by the revolution around it of a roughened See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel wheel . This machine does not appear to have come into use; but in 1824 Wright patented the pin-making apparatus above referred to as the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent form of the machinery now employed . A factory equipped with his machines was established in London, but the company which owned it was not successful . The plant passed into the hands of See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel See also:

• FOOTE
• FOOTE, ANDREW HULL (1806-1863)
• FOOTE, SAMUEL (1720-1777)

Foote-Tayler of Birmingham, who obtained an See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of Wright's patent for five years from 1838, and his See also:

• FIRM

firm was the first to carry on the production of machine-made solid-headed pins on a commercial basis .

In a See also:

• MODERN

modern pin-making machine wire of suitable See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge See also:

• RUNNING

running off a See also:

• REEL (O.E. hreol, glossed by the Med. Lat. alibrum in .lelfric's Glossary, c. 1o5o; the word is of unknown origin; it does not appear in cognate languages, and Celtic forms such as Gaelic ruidhil are from English)

reel is drawn in and straightened by passing between straightening pins or studs set in a table . When a pin length has entered it is caught by lateral jaws, beyond which enough of the end projects to form a pin-head . Against this end a steel See also:

• PUNCH

punch advances and compresses the metal by a die arrangement into the form of a head . The pin length is immediately cut off and the headed piece drops into a slit sufficiently wide to pass the wire through but retain the head . The pins are consequently suspended by the head while their projecting extremities are held against a revolving cutter, by which they are pointed . They are next cleaned by being boiled in weak See also:

• BEER

beer, and then arranged in a See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

pan in layers alternating with layers of grained See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin . The contents of the pan are covered with See also:

• WATER

water over which a quantity of See also:

• ARGOL

argol (bitartrate of potash) is sprinkled, and after boiling for several See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours the brass pins are coated with a thin See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of tin, which gives them their silvery See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . They are then washed in clean water, and dried and polished by being revolved in a See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel, mixed with dry See also:

• BRAN

bran or fine sawdust, from which they are winnowed finished pins . A large proportion of the pins sold are See also:

• STUCK, FRANZ (1863— )

stuck into See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper by an automatic machine not less ingenious than the pin-making machine itself . See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

Mourning pins are made of iron wire, finished by immersing in See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• JAPAN

japan and drying in a See also:

• STOVE

stove . A considerable variety of pins, including the ingeniously coiled, See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent and twisted nursery safety pin, ladies' hairpins, &c., are also made by automatic machinery . The sizes of ordinary pins range from the 32-in. stout blanket pin down to the finest slender gilt pin used by entomologists, 4500 of which weigh about an See also:

• OUNCE

ounce .