See also:

• PIROT (Turkish Shehr-Kcey)

PIROT (See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish Shehr-Kcey)  , a Servian See also:

• TOWN

town, 122m. from the Bulgarian frontier at Tsaribrod, on the railway See also:

• LINE

line between See also:

• NISH (also written NISCx and Nis)

Nish and See also:

• SOFIA (Bulgarian Sredetz, the middle town, a name now little used)

Sofia . Pop . (1900), 10,428 . See also:

• PIROT (Turkish Shehr-Kcey)

Pirot is the seat of the prefecture for the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the same name, with a tribunal, several See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools and a See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . It is the only 'roper See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial town in See also:

• SERVIA

Servia, having numerous small factories for the manufacture of thin See also:

• CLOTH

cloth (shayak), woollen See also:

• BRAID (from the O. Eng. bregdan, to move quickly to and fro, hence to weave)

braid (gaytan), and especially carpets . Its carpets have a See also:

• GREAT

great reputation in the See also:

• BALKAN

Balkan See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula for their See also:

• QUAINT (O. Fr. cointe, from Lat. cognitus, known, probably influenced by association with Lat. corn plus, neat)

quaint designs, durability and freshness of See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour . Pirot has a See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval fortress, believed to have been built on the site of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman fortress Quimedava, on the military road leading from Old Naissus to See also:

• PHILIPPOPOLIS (Bulgarian, Plovdiv; Turkish, Felibe)

Philippopolis . The town is of great strategical importance, for which See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian plenipotentiaries at the See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress (1878) stubbornly tried to include it within the Bulgarian frontier, while See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria and some other See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

Powers insisted that it should be given to Servia . In the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war between Servia and See also:

• BULGARIA
• BULGARIA, EASTERN

Bulgaria in 1885 the Bulgarians occupied and held it until the, conclusion of 9eace . and 49 M. See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence by See also:

• RAIL

rail . Pop . (1881), 42,779; (1906j, 61,279 .

It still retains its See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient walls, 64 m. in See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, and is defended by a citadel on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-west . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal streets run alongside the See also:

• RIVER

river, and are lined with See also:

• FINE

fine buildings . Besides the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, the See also:

• BAPTISTERY (Baptislerium, in the Greek Church 4wrurrilpiov)

baptistery and the famous leaning See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city possesses several notable churches, as the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of the Tuscan See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of St See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen, built in 1562 from plans by See also:

• VASARI, GIORGIO (1511-1571)

Vasari; See also:

• SAN

San Niccolo, with a four-storeyed tower (1230), built by Niccola See also:

• PISANO, A
• PISANO, ANDREA
• PISANO, GIOVANNI (c. 1250-1330)
• PISANO, NICCOLA (c. 1206-1278)
• PISANO, VITTORE (c. 1380-1456)

Pisano, and the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of See also:

• SWABIA, SUABIA

Swabia, the See also:

• PARRICIDE (probably for Lat. patricidia, from pater, father, and caedere, to slay); strictly the murder of a parent; the term however has been extended to include the murder of any relative or of an ascendant by a descendant. The first Roman law against p

parricide; See also:

• SANTA

Santa Caterina (1262); Santa Maria della See also:

• SPINA (Lat. for a thorn, or prickle, also backbone, whence spine)

Spina, in the Italo-See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, built in 1230 and restored in 1872; San Sepolchro, erected in 1150 by Diotisalvi; San See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco, with frescoes byTaddeo See also:

• GADDI

Gaddi; and the See also:

• BASILICA

basilica of San Michele (rot8) . Amongst the See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular buildings may be mentioned the royal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace; the archiepiscopal palace; the palace of the order of St Stephen, built by Niccola Pisano and reconstructed by Vasari; the Upezzinghi (formerly Lanfreducci) palace, built of See also:

• CARRARA
• CARRARA, or CARRARESI

Carrara See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble in 1590; the Lanfranchi, See also:

• AGOSTINI, LEONARDO

Agostini and other palaces; the university (1472); a large See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital (1258); and fine See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market halls . There are statues to Cosimo I . (by Francavilla), See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

Arch-See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold, and See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand I . The city possesses also an See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of the fine arts, with a See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery of paintings; and the university a library of 120,000 volumes, a natural See also:

• HISTORY

history museum, botanical See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden and agricultural schools . The university, founded in 1338, has faculties of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine, See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics and See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy and literature, and is to this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day one of the most famous in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . The architects of the cathedral were Boschetto and Rinaldo, both Italians, probably Pisans . It is in See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan a Latin See also:

• CROSS

cross, with an See also:

• INTERNAL

internal length of 3111 ft. and a breadth of 252 ft . The See also:

• NAVE

nave, 109 ft. high, has See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double vaulted aisles and the transepts single aisles; and at the intersection of nave and transepts there is a See also:

• CUPOLA (Ital., from Lat. cupula, small cask or vault, cupa, tub)

cupola . The basilica is still the predominent type, but the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the domed churches of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople and the mosques of See also:

• PALERMO (Greek, Havopuos; Latin, Panhormus, Panormus)

Palermo is also apparent .

The pillars which support the nave are of marble from See also:

• ELBA (Gr. AiWaXla; Lat. Ilva)

Elba and See also:

• GIGLIO (anc. Igilium)

Giglio; those of the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side aisles are the spoils of ancient See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and Roman buildings brought by the See also:

• PISAN, CHRISTINE DE (1364-c. 1430)

Pisan galleys . Extern-ally the finest See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• BUILDING

building is the west front, in which the See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note struck by the range of See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches See also:

• RUNNING

running See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• BASE

base is repeated by four open arcades . Of the four doors three are by John of See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, who wag greatly helped by Francavilla, Tacca and others; that of the south side, of much older date, is generally supposed to be the See also:

• WORK

work of Bonanno . Of the interior decorations it is enough to mention the altars of the nave, said to be after designs by See also:

• MICHELANGELO (MICHELAGNIOLO BUONARROTI) (1475-1564)

Michelangelo, and the mosaics in the See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome and the See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse. which were among the latest designs of See also:

• CIMABUE, GIOVANNI (1240 to about 1302)

Cimabue . The baptistery was completed only in 1278, and marred in the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century by the introduction of Gothic details . The building is a circle too ft. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, and is covered with a See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone-surmounted dome 190 ft. high on which stands a statue of St Raniero . The lowest range of semicircular arches consists of twenty columns and the second of sixty; and above this is a See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of eighteen windows in the same style separated by as many pilasters . In the interior, which is supported by four pilasters and eight columns, the most striking features are the octagonal See also:

• FONT (Lat. fans, " fountain " or " spring," Ital. fonte, Fr. les fonts)

font and the hexagonal See also:

• PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit, erected in 126o by Niccola Pisano . The campanile or " leaning tower of See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa " is a round tower, the noblest, according to See also:

• FREEMAN
• FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1823-1892)

Freeman, of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Romanesque . Though the walls at the base are 13 ft. thick, and at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top about See also:

• HALF

half as much, they are constructed throughout of marble . The See also:

• BASEMENT

basement is surrounded by a range of semicircular arches sup-ported by fifteen columns, and above this rise six arcades with See also:

• THIRTY

thirty columns each . The eighth See also:

• STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

storey, which contains the bells, is of much smaller diameter than the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the tower, and has only twelve columns .

The height of the tower is 179 ft., but the ascent is easy by a See also:

• STAIR (0. Eng. stagger, step, from stigan, to climb, cf. Ger. steigen; the root is also seen in " stile " and " stirrup ")
• STAIR, JAMES DALRYMPLE

stair in the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, and the visitor hardly perceives the inclination till he reaches the top and from the See also:

• LOWER

lower edge of the gallery looks " down " along the See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft receding to its base . The tower leans or deviates from the perpendicular, to a striking extent, which has gradually increased: it was 151 ft. out of the perpendicular when measured in 1829, and 161 ft. in 1910 . There is no reason to suppose that the architects, Bonanno and See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of See also:

• INNSBRUCK

Innsbruck, intended that the campanile should be built in an oblique position; it would appear to have assumed it while the work was still in progress . The See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations are not more than to ft. deep, and their circumference only that of the tower . The Campo Santo, lying to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the cathedral, owes its origin to See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop Ubaldo ' In See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo's See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time it was only 2 m. away, but the increase of the See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta at the mouth of the river has since then pushed forward the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-line.(1188-1200), who made the spot peculiarly sacred by bringing fifty-three shiploads of See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth from See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• CALVARY

Calvary . The building, erected in the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian Gothic style between 1278 and 1283, by Giovanni Pisano, is of See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• INTEREST

interest chiefly for its famous frescoes . There are numerous See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, the most important being the manufacture of cottons . In the vicinity are the royal See also:

• STUD

stud-See also:

• FARM

farm (horses and dromedaries) of Cascine di San Rossore, and the See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• BATHS

baths of San Giuliano, alkaline-ferruginous, with temperature 91.40 to ro5.8° Fahr . At the mouth of the See also:

• ARNO (anc. Arnus)
• ARNO, ARN

Arno, joined to the city by a See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam See also:

• TRAMWAY

tramway, is the seaside resort of Marina di Pisa, also known as Bocca d'Arno, a well-known centre for landscape painters . The old town occupied the site of the ancient Pisae on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the Arno . The See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of Pisae is by tradition ascribed to a very remote See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, and it was often (possibly only owing to the similarity of name) believed to have been founded from Pisae in See also:

• ELIS
• ELIS, or ELEIA
• ELIS, PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOL OF

Elis . It is first mentioned in history as the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at which a Roman See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army from See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia landed in 225 B.C., its See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour being at the mouth of the south See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Arno, north of Livorno .

Being situated on the coast road (Via Aemilia) it was important as a frontier fortress against See also:

• LIGURIA

Liguria, to which, and not to See also:

• ETRURIA

Etruria, it really belonged, perhaps, up to the time of See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

Sulla, the actual boundary lying between it and Vada Volaterrana (mod . Vada) . It became a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony in 18o B.C., and was important for the fertility of its territory, for its quarries, and for the See also:

• TIMBER

timber it yielded for See also:

• SHIP

ship-building . See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus gave it the name of Colonia Julia Pisana; his grandsons See also:

• GAIUS

Gaius and See also:

• LUCIUS

Lucius were patrons of the colony, and after their See also:

• DEATH

death monuments were erected in their See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour, as is recorded in two See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions still extant . Greek vases have been found within the city itself, seeming to point to the presence of See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan tombs (G . Ghirardini in Notizie degli Scavi, 1892, 147); but no remains now exist except of the Roman period—some scanty ruins of baths and of a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple, while the Piazza dei Cavalieri follows the outline of the ancient See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre . See E . Bormann, Corp. inscr. See also:

• LAT

lat. xi . 272 (1888) . Little is known of the history of Pisa during the See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian invasions, but it is an ascertained fact that it was one of the first towns to regain its See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . Under the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine dominion Pisa, like many other of the maritime cities of Italy, profited by the weakness of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government at Constantinople to reassert its strength . And even during the first years of the harsh Lombard See also:

• RULE

rule the need recognized by these oppressors of defending the Italian coast from the attacks of the Byzantines was favourable to the development of the Pisan See also:

• NAVY

navy .

Few particulars are extant concerning the real See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the town; but we occasionally find Pisa mentioned, almost as though it were an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent city, at moments when Italy was overwhelmed by the greatest calamities . According to See also:

• AMARI, MICHELE (1806—1889)

Amari's happy expression, " it was already independent by See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, while still enslaved on See also:

• LAND

land." Its prosperity notably declined after the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the Lombard rule and under the See also:

• FRANKS
• FRANKS, SIR AUGUSTUS WOLLASTON (1826-1897)

Franks . It again began to flourish under the marquises of See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany, who governed it in the name of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor . In roo3 we find records of a war between Pisa and See also:

• LUCCA (anc. Luca)
• LUCCA, BAGNI DI (Baths of Lucca, formerly Bagno a Corsena)

Lucca, which, according to See also:

• MURATORI

Muratori, was the first waged between Italian cities in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . But the military development and real importance of Pisa in the 11th century must be attributed to the continuous and desperate struggle it maintained against the See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide of Saracenic invasion from See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily . And, although the numerous legends and fables of the old chroniclers disguise the true history of this struggle, they serve to attest the importance of Pisa in those days . In 1004 the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens forced the See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates and sacked a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the town; and in x011 they renewed the attack . But the Pisans repulsed them and assumed the offensive in See also:

• CALABRIA

Calabria, Sicily, and even in See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . Still more memorable was the expedition afterwards undertaken by the See also:

• UNITED

united forces of Pisa and See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa against Mogahid, better known in the Italian See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles as Mugeto . This Moslem See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief had made himself See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of Sardinia, and was driven thence by the allied fleets in 1015 .