CHRISTINE DE See also:

• CHRISTINE DE PISAN (1364-c. 1430)

PISAN (1364-c. 1430)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French poet, of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice in 1364 . When she was four years old she was brought to her See also:

• FATHER

father, a councillor of the Venetian See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic, in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where he held See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office as astrologer to See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V . At fifteen Christine married See also:

• ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

Etienne du See also:

• CASTEL, LOUIS BERTRAND (1688-1757)

Castel, who became Charles's See also:

• NOTARY, or NOTARY PUBLIC

notary and secretary . After the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's See also:

• DEATH

death in 138o her father lost his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment, and died soon after; and when Christine's See also:

• HUSBAND

husband died in 1389 she found herself without a See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector, and with three See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children depending on her . This determined her to have recourse to letters as a means of livelihood . Her first See also:

• BALLADS

ballads were written to the memory of her husband, and as love poems were the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion she continued to write others—lais, virelais, rondeaux and jeux a vendre—though she took the precaution to assure her readers (Cent balades, No . 50) that they were merely exercises . In 1399 she began to study the Latin poets, and between that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time and 1405, as she herself declares, she composed some fifteen important See also:

• WORKS

works, chiefly in See also:

• PROSE

prose, besides See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor pieces . The See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury, who was in Paris on the occasion of the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard II. with See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France (1396), took her See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder son, See also:

• JEAN

Jean du Castel (b . 1384), and reared him as his own; the boy, after Salisbury's death (1400). being received by See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, at whose See also:

• DESIRE

desire Christine wrote Le Livre See also:

• DES

des faitz et bonnes mceurs du sayge See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

roy Charles' (1405), valuable as a first-See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand picture of Charles V. and his See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . Her Mutation de See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune, in which she finds See also:

• ROOM

room for a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DEAL

deal of See also:

• HISTORY

history and See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, was presented to the same See also:

• PATRON

patron on New See also:

• YEAR

Year's See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day, 1404 . It possesses an introduction of great autobiographical See also:

• INTEREST

interest .

In La See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

Vision (1405) she tells her own history, by way of See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence against those who objected to her pretensions as a moralist . See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV. of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England desired her to make his court her See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, and she received a like invitation from Galeazzo See also:

• VISCONTI

Visconti, See also:

• TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

tyrant of See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan . She preferred, however, to remain in France, where she enjoyed the favour of Charles VI., the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of See also:

• BERRY, CHARLES ALBERT (1852-1899)
• BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND
• BERRY, JOHN, DUKE OF (1340-1416)
• BERRY, or BERRI

Berry and Burgundy, the duchess of See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon and others . Christine was a See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of her own See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex . In her Dit de la See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose (1402) she describes an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the rose, the members of which bind themselves by See also:

• VOW (Lat. votum, vow, promise: cf. VOTE)

vow to defend the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of See also:

• WOMEN

women . Her Epitre au dieu d'amour (1399) is a defence of women against the See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire of Jean de Meun, and initiated a prolonged dispute with two great scholars of her time, Jean de See also:

• MONTREUIL, GERBERT DE (fl. 13th century)

Montreuil (d . 1415) and Gonthier See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

Col, who undertook the defence of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman de la rose . Christine wrote about 1407 two books for women, La Cite des dames and Le Livre des trois vertus, or Le Tresor de to cite des dames . She was devoted to her adopted See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . During the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WARS

wars she wrote a Lamentation (1410) and a Livre ' See C . B . See also:

• PETITOT, JEAN (1608–1691)
• PETITOT, JEAN LOUIS (1652–c. 1730)

Petitot, Collection See also:

• COMPLETE

complete des memoires relatifs a 1'histoire de France (1st See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series. vols. v. and vi., 1818, &c.l .

See also:

• PART

Part of the first See also:

• BRONZE

Bronze See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

Door of the See also:

• BAPTISTERY (Baptislerium, in the Greek Church 4wrurrilpiov)

Baptistery at See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, by See also:

• ANDREA, GIOVANNI (1275-1348)

Andrea See also:

• PISANO, A
• PISANO, ANDREA
• PISANO, GIOVANNI (c. 1250-1330)
• PISANO, NICCOLA (c. 1206-1278)
• PISANO, VITTORE (c. 1380-1456)

Pisano . Pisano about 130v, and worked with him on the See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture for S . Maria della See also:

• SPINA (Lat. for a thorn, or prickle, also backbone, whence spine)

Spina at See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa and elsewhere . But it is at Florence that his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief works were executed, and the formation of his mature See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style was due rather to See also:

• GIOTTO

Giotto than to his earlier See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master . Of the three See also:

• WORLD

world-famed bronze doors of the Florentine baptistery, the earliest one—that on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side—was the See also:

• WORK

work of Andrea; he spent many years on it; and it was finally set up in 1336.1 It consists of a number of small See also:

• QUATREFOIL

quatrefoil panels—the See also:

• LOWER

lower eight containing single figures of the Virtues, and the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest scenes from the See also:

• LIFE

life of the Baptist . Andrea Pisano, while living in Florence, also produced many important works of See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble sculpture, all of which show strongly Giotto's See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . In some cases probably they were actually designed by that artist, as, for in-stance, the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• BAND

band of beautiful See also:

• PANEL (O. Fr. panel, mod. panneau, piece of cloth, from Med. Lat. pannellus, diminutive of pannus, cloth)

panel-reliefs which Andrea executed for the great campanile . The subjects of these are the Four Great Prophets, the Seven Virtues, the Seven Sacraments, the Seven Works of See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

Mercy and the Seven See also:

• PLANETS, MINOR

Planets . The duomo contains the chief of Andrea's other Florentine works in marble . In 1347 he was appointed architect to the duomo of See also:

• ORVIETO (anc. Volsinii (q.v.)

Orvieto, which had already been designed and begun by Lorenzo Maitani . The exact date of his death is not known, but it must have been shortly before the year 1349 . Andrea Pisano had two sons, Nino and Tommaso—both, especially the former, sculptors of considerable ability .

Nino was very successful in his statues of the Madonna and See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

Child, which are full of human feeling and soft loveliness—a perfect embodiment of the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic ideal of the Divine See also:

• MOTHER

Mother . Andrea's chief See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil was Andrea di Cione, better known as See also:

• ORCAGNA (c. 1308-c. 13681)

Orcagna (q.v.) . Balduccio di Pisa, another, and in one See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch (that of sculpture) equally gifted pupil, executed the wonderful See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine of S . Eustorgio at Milan—a most magnificent See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of sculptured figures and reliefs .