See also:

• PITTSBURG
• PITTSBURG, or PITTSBURGH

PITTSBURG, or PITTSBURGH  ,1 the second largest See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania, U.S.A., and the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county-seat of See also:

• ALLEGHENY

Allegheny county, on the Allegheny, See also:

• MONONGAHELA

Monongahela and See also:

• OHIO

Ohio See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, 440 M. by See also:

• RAIL

rail W. by S. of New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York City, 36o m . W. by N. of See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, 368 m . N.W. of See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington and 468 m . E. by S. of See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago . Pop . (189o), 238,617;2 (19oc), 321,616, of whom 84,878 were See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born, 17,040 were negroes and 154 were See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese; (1910 See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census, after the See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of Allegheny), 533,905 . Of the 84,878 foreign-born in Igoe), 21,222 were natives of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, 18,620 of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, 8902 of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, 6243 of See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, 5709 of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, 4107 of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, 3553 of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, 3515 of See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Poland, 2539 of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, 2264 of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, 2124 of See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, 1072 of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden and 1023 of See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian Poland . See also:

• AREA

Area (including Allegheny, annexed in 1906), 40.67 sq. m . See also:

• PITTSBURG
• PITTSBURG, or PITTSBURGH

Pittsburg is served by the Pennsylvania (several divisions), the See also:

• BALTIMORE
• BALTIMORE, GEORGE CALVERT, 1ST BARON (C. 1580—1632)

Baltimore & Ohio; the Pittsburg & See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• ERIE

Erie (controlled by the New York Central See also:

• SYSTEM

System), the Pittsburg, See also:

• CINCINNATI

Cincinnati, Chicago & St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis (controlled by the Pennsylvania See also:

• COMPANY

Company), the Pittsburg, Chartiers & Youghiogheny (controlled jointly by the two preceding See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways; 21 M. of track), the See also:

• BUFFALO

Buffalo, See also:

• ROCHESTER
• ROCHESTER, JOHN WILMOT, 2ND EARL
• ROCHESTER, LAWRENCE HYDE, EARL OF (1641-1711)

Rochester & Pittsburg, and the See also:

• WABASH

Wabash-Pittsburg Terminal (6o m. to Pittsburg Junction, Ohio; controlled by the Wabash railway), and the Pittsburg Terminal (also controlled by the Wabash and operating the 1" Pittsburgh " is the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official spelling of the See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter and See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal; but " Pittsburg " is the spelling adopted by the U.S . Geographic See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board and is in more See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general use . 2 In previous census years the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population was as follows: (1800), 1565; (1820), 7248;(184o),21,115;(1860),49,221;,(1880),156,389 . See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

Side See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

Belt, from Pittsburg to Clairton, 21 m.) railways, and by See also:

• RIVER

river boats on the Ohio, Monongahela and Allegheny .

Picturesque See also:

• ROLLING

rolling plateaus, the three rivers and narrow valleys, from which rise high hills or precipitous bluffs, are the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal natural features of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district over which the city extends . See also:

• RETAIL

Retail houses, wholesale houses, See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks, tall See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office buildings, hotels, theatres and railway terminals are crowded into the See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle, or "The Point," formed at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, with Fifth See also:

• AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

Avenue as the principal thoroughfare, especially for the retail houses, and See also:

• FOURTH

Fourth Avenue as the See also:

• GREAT

great banking thoroughfare . Factories extend for See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles along the banks of all three rivers into the tributary valleys, and are the cause of Pittsburg's See also:

• NICKNAME

nickname, " The Smoky City." The more attractive residential districts are on the See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau in the eastern portion of the district between the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers and on the hills over-looking the Allegheny river from the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north . Overlooking the Monongahela river is Schenley See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park (about 422 acres), the first city park, of which about 400 acres were given to the city in 1890 by Mrs . See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary E . Schenley . About 2 M. to the north, overlooking the Allegheny river, is Highland Park (about 366 acres), which contains the city reservoirs and a picturesque lake . Adjacent to Schenley Park are Homewood and See also:

• CALVARY

Calvary cemeteries; and adjacent to Highland Park is Allegheny See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery . Across the Allegheny river, in the Allegheny district, are the beautiful Riverview Park (240 acres), in which is the Allegheny See also:

• OBSERVATORY

Observatory, and West Park (about too acres) . A number of See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges span the rivers . The city has some See also:

• FINE

fine public buildings, office buildings and churches . The Allegheny county See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house (1884—1888) is one of H .

H . See also:

• RICHARDSON, GEORGE
• RICHARDSON, HENRY HOBSON (1838-1886)
• RICHARDSON, SAMUEL (1689-1761)
• RICHARDSON, SIR JOHN (1787-1865)

Richardson's masterpieces . The See also:

• NIXON, JOHN (1815–1899)

Nixon See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre is also notable architecturally . The high Frick Office See also:

• BUILDING

building has exterior walls of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite; in its See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall is a stained-See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass window by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John La Farge representing See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

Fortune and her See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel . A large See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government building of polished granite contains the See also:

• POST

post office and the customs offices . St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's See also:

• CATHEDRAL

Cathedral (See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic, 1903—1906) is largely of See also:

• INDIANA

Indiana See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone . The city is the see of a Roman Catholic and a See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant Episcopal See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop . In Schenley Park is the See also:

• CARNEGIE
• CARNEGIE, ANDREW (1837– )

Carnegie See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute (established by a See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of $to,000,000 from See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew Carnegie, who made further contributions of $9,000,000 for its See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance), with a main building containing a library, a See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of fine arts, a museum (see MUSEUMS OF See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

SCIENCE) and a See also:

• MUSIC

music hall, and several See also:

• SEPARATE

separate buildings for the technical See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, which had 2102 students in 1909 . The main building, dedicated in See also:

• APRIL

April 1907, is 66o ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and 400 ft. wide; in its great entrance hall is a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of mural decorations by John White See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander, a native of the city . The library, in which the institution had its beginning in 1895, contains about 306,000 volumes . The Phipps Conservatory was presented to the city in 1893 by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Phipps (b . 1839), a See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel manufacturer associated with Andrew Carnegie .

It is the largest in See also:

• AMERICA

America, and, with its Hall of See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

Botany, which is utilized in instructing school See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children in botany, is situated in Schenley Park . The conservatory is maintained by municipal appropriations . There is a zoological See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden in Highland Park . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1907 it was decided that the several departments of the Western University of Pennsylvania, then in different parts of the city, should be brought together on a new campus of 43 acres near the Carnegie Institute . .In See also:

• JULY

July 1908 the name was changed to " The University of Pitts-See also:

• BURGH [BOURKE, BURKE]
• BURGH, HUBERT DE (d. 1243)

burgh." The university embraces a cellege and See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering school, the Western Pennsylvania School of Mines and See also:

• MINING

Mining Engineering, a See also:

• GRADUATE (Med. Lat. graduale, to admit to an academical degree, gradus)

graduate department, an evening school of See also:

• ECONOMICS

economics, accounts and finances, a summer school, evening classes, Saturday clasess, and departments of See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy (the Allegheny Observatory, in the Allegheny district), See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law (the Pitts-See also:

• BURG

burg Law School), See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine (the Western Pennsylvania Medical See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College), See also:

• PHARMACY

pharmacy (the Pittsburgh College of Pharmacy) and See also:

• DENTISTRY (from Lat. dens, a tooth)

dentistry (the Pittsburgh Dental College) . The institution had its beginning in the Pittsburgh See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy, which was opened about 1770 and was incorporated in 1787 . It was incorporated as the Western University of Pennsylvania in 1819,but was only a college from that date until 1892, when the Western Pennsylvania Medical College became its department of medicine . In 1895 the department of law was added, the Pittsburgh College of Pharmacy was See also:

• UNITED

united to the university, and See also:

• WOMEN

women were for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time admitted . In 1896 the department of dentistry was established . In 1909 the university had 151 instructors and 1243 students . In the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east end is the Pennsylvania College for Women (Presbyterian; chartered in 1869), with preparatory, collegiate and musical departments . In the Allegheny district are the Allegheny Theological See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

Seminary (United Presbyterian, 1825), the Western Theological Seminary (Presbyterian, opened 1827), and the Reformed Presbyterian Theological Seminary (1856) .

Although Allegheny is now a See also:

• PART

part of Pittsburg, the two public school systems remain See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent . The Pittsburg High School (five buildings in 1910) has a normal course; and there are various private schools and See also:

• ACADEMIES

academies . The Pittsburg See also:

• GAZETTE

Gazette-Times is probably the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest See also:

• NEWS

news-See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper west of the See also:

• ALLEGHANY, or THE ALLEGHANIES (a spelling now more common than Allegheny)

Alleghany Mountains; the Gazette was founded in 1786 and in 1906 was consolidated with the Times (1879) . Other prominent See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers of the city are the See also:

• DISPATCH, or DESPATCH

Dispatch (1846), the See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

Telegraph (1841), the Post (1792; daily, 1842), which is one of the few influential Democratic newspapers in Pennsylvania, the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

Leader (See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday, 1864; daily, 1870) and the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

Press (1883) . Two German dailies, one See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic daily; one Slavonic weekly, two See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian weeklies, and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, building, See also:

• COAL

coal and glass See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade See also:

• JOURNALS

journals are published in the city . In Pittsburg is the See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing house of the United Presbyterian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, and The See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

Advocate (weekly, Methodist Episcopal, 1834) is published here under the auspices of the general See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference . The oldest See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital is the Reineman (private; 1803) for maternity cases; the municipal hospital (1878) is for contagious diseases; the Sisters of Charity, the Sisters of See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

Mercy, the Institution of Protestant Deaconesses, the Presbyterian Church and the United Presbyterian Woman's Association each have See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of a hospital; and there is also an See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye, See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear and See also:

• THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat hospital (1895) . The Western Pennsylvania Institution for the instruction of the See also:

• DEAF

deaf and dumb (1876), in Edgewood Park, is in part maintained by the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . And the state assists the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

Home for Aged and Infirm Colored Women (188z), and the Home for Colored Children (1881) . Among other charitable institutions are the See also:

• CURTIS, GEORGE TICKNOR (1812-1894)
• CURTIS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1824-1892)

Curtis Home (1894) for destitute women and girls, the See also:

• BETHESDA
• BETHESDA (i.e. " House of Mercy," John v. 2)

Bethesda Home (1890) for homeless girls and their children, the See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence Crittenton Home (1893) for homeless and unfortunate women, the Roselia Foundling See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

Asylum and Maternity Hospital (1891), the Protestant Home for Incurables (1883), the Pittsburg Newsboys' Home (1894), the Children's Aid Society of Western Pennsylvania, the Pittsburg Association for the Improvement of the Poor and the Western Pennsylvania Humane Society . Pittsburg is in the midst of the most productive coalfields in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country; the region is also See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in petrc'eum and natural See also:

• GAS

gas . The city is on one of the main lines c f communication between the east and the west, is the centre of a vast railway system, and has See also:

• FREIGHT, (pronounced like " weight "; derived from the Dutch vracht or vrecht, in Fr. fret, the Eng. " fraught " being the same word, and formerly used for the same thing, but now only as an adjective= " laden ")

freight yards with a See also:

• TOTAL

total capacity for more than 6o,000 cars .

Its See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour has a total length on the three rivers of 27.2 m., and an See also:

• AVERAGE

average width of about r000 ft., and has been deepened by the construction (in 1877—1885) of the See also:

• DAVIS (or DAVYS), JOHN (1550 ?-16o5)
• DAVIS, ANDREW JACKSON (1826—1910)
• DAVIS, CHARLES HOWARD (1857- )
• DAVIS, CUSHMAN KELLOGG (1838-1900)
• DAVIS, HENRY WILLIAM BANKS (1833- )
• DAVIS, HENRY WINTER (1817-1865)
• DAVIS, JEFFERSON (1808–1889)
• DAVIS, THOMAS OSBORNE (1814–1845)

Davis See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island See also:

• DAM

dam, by dredging, under a federal project of 1899 . Slack See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation has been secured on the Allegheny by locks and dams (1890 and 1896 sqq.) at an expense up to July 1909 of $1,658,804; and up to that time $263,625 had been spent for open-channel See also:

• WORK

work . The Monongahela from Pittsburg to the West See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia state See also:

• LINE

line (91.5 m.) was improved in 1836 sqq. by a private company which built seven locks and dams; this See also:

• PROPERTY

property was condemned and bought for $3,761,615 by the United States government in 1897, and, under the project of 1899 for rebuilding three of the locks and enlarging another, and that of 1907 for a new See also:

• LOCK (from the O. Eng. loc.; the word appears, in different forms, in many Teutonic languages, but with such various meanings as " hole," Ger. Loch, " lid," Swed. lock, &c.; probably the original was a root meaning " to enclose ")
• LOCK, MATTHIAS

lock and dam and for other improvements, $2,675,692 was spent up to July 1909 . Coal is brought to the city from the coalfields by boats I on the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers as well as by rail, and great fleets of See also:

• BARGES

barges carry coal and other heavy freight, such as steel rails, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton ties, See also:

• SHEET

sheet iron, See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire and nails, down the Ohio in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter and See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring . A See also:

• SHIP

ship See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal to provide water communication between Pittsburg and Lake Erie has been projected . The railways have a heavy See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage of coal, See also:

• COKE (a northern English word, possibly connected with " colk," core)
• COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1634)
• COKE, SIR JOHN (1563-1644)
• COKE, THOMAS (1747-1814)

coke and iron and steel products, and a large portion of the iron ore that is produced in the Lake See also:

• SUPERIOR

Superior region is brought to Pittsburg . In 1908 the river See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic amounted to 9,090,146 tons, most of which was carried on barges down the Ohio . Pittsburg is also a See also:

• PORT

port of entry; in 1907 the value of its imports amounted to $2,416,367, and in 1909 to $2,062,162 . The value of the factory products in 1905 was $165,428,881, and to this may be added $45,830,272 for those of the city of Allegheny, making a total of $211,259,153 . In the manufacture of iron and steel products Pittsburg ranks first among the cities of the United States, the value of these products amounting in 1905 to $88,250,805 or 53'3 % of the total for all manufactures; if the manufactures of Allegheny be added they amounted to $92,939,860 or 43.7% . Several neighbouring cities and towns are also extensively engaged in the same See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, and in 1902 Allegheny county produced about 24% of the See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig-iron, nearly 34 °/o of the See also:

• BESSEMER
• BESSEMER, SIR HENRY (1813-1898)

Bessemer steel, more than 44% of the open-See also:

• HEARTH (a word which appears in various forms in several Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch haard, German Herd, in the sense of " floor ")

hearth steel, more than 53 % of the crucible steel, more then 24% of the steel rails, and more than 5o% of the structural shapes that were made in that See also:

• YEAR

year in the United States . In 1905 the value of Pittsburg's foundry and See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine See also:

• SHOP

shop-products was $9,631,514; of the product of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam railway repair shops, $3,726,990 (being 424'8% more than in 1900); of See also:

• MALT (O. Eng., mealt; O. Sax., malt; O. Tent., maltos; Mod. Ger., Malz; Scand., malt; probably derived from the Sanskrit mrdu, soft, thus having reference to the fact that malt is raw grain rendered soft or tender)

malt liquors, $3,166,829; of slaughtering and See also:

• MEAT

meat-packing products, $2,732,027; of cigars and cigarettes, $2,297,228; of glass, $2,130,540; and of See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin and terne See also:

• PLATE

plate, $1,645,570 .

See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

Electrical machinery, apparatus and supplies were manufactured largely in the city (value in 1905, $1,796,557), and there was another large plant for their manufacture immediately outside of the city limits . Coke, cut See also:

• CORK
• CORK (perhaps through Sp. corcha from Lat. cortex, bark, but possibly connected with quercus, oak)
• CORK, RICHARD BOYLE

cork, rolled See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper were other important products in 1905 . In 1900, and for a long See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period preceding, Pittsburg ranked first among See also:

• AMERICAN

American cities in the manufacture of glass, but in 1905 it was outranked in this industry by See also:

• MUNCIE

Muncie, Indiana, See also:

• MILLVILLE

Millville, New See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey, and Washington, Pennsylvania; but in the district outside of the city limits of Pittsburg much glass is manufactured, so that the Pittsburg glass district is the greatest in the country, and there are large glass factories at Washington (18 m. See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-west), See also:

• CHARLEROI
• CHARLEROI (Carolus Rex)

Charleroi (20 M. south) and See also:

• TARENTUM
• TARENTUM (Gr. rapas)

Tarentum (15 M. north-east) . In Pittsburg or the immediate vicinity are the more important See also:

• PLANTS

plants of the United States Steel See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

Corporation, including that of the Carnegie Company . Here, too. are the plants of the Westinghouse Company for the manufacture of electrical apparatus, of See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air brakes invented by See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Westinghouse (born 1846), and of devices for railway signals which he also invented . In the Allegheny district the H . J . Heinz Company has its main See also:

• PICKLE

pickle plant, the largest See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of .he See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind in the country . The Pittsburg charter of 1816 vested the more important See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of the city government in a See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of 15 members and a select council of 9 members, and until 1834 the See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor was appointed annually by these city See also:

• COUNCILS

councils from their own number . By the See also:

• WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL (1823— )
• WALLACE, LEWIS [LEW] (1827—1905)
• WALLACE, SIR RICHARD
• WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1270-1305)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1768-1843)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844-1897)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT (1814-1865)

Wallace See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of the state legislature in 1874 a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of government was provided for cities of three classes, and Pittsburg became a city of the second class (population between See also:

• IOO

ioo,000 and 300,000); under the act of 1895 a new See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification was made, under which Pittsburg remains in the second class . An act of 1887 had amended the provisions of the Wallace act in regard to second class cities by changing the terms of select councilmen from two to four years and of common councilmen from one to two years . In 1901 a new act was passed for the government of cities of the second class .

It provided that the executive be a " city See also:

• RECORDER
• RECORDER, FIPPLE FLUTE

recorder "; this See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision was repealed in 1903, when the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of mayor again came into use . The mayor holds office for three years, has the powers and See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of a See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, appoints the heads of departments (public safety, public See also:

• WORKS

works, See also:

• COLLECTOR

collector of delinquent taxes, assessors, city treasurer, law, charities and correction,and sinking fund See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission), and may remove any of the See also:

• OFFICERS

officers he has appointed, by a written See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, showing cause, to the select council . The city controller is elected by popular See also:

• VOTE

vote . The legislative bodies are the select and common council, elected under the law of 1887; by a three-fifths vote it may pass resolutions or ordinances over the mayor's See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto . The department of public safety controls the bureaus of See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police, detectives, See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, See also:

• HEALTH

health, See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity and building inspection; the department of public works controls bureaus of surveys, construction, highways and sewers, city property, water, See also:

• ASSESSMENT, (from Lat. assessare, to sit beside, to judge)

assessment of water rents, parks, See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed registry, bridges and See also:

• LIGHT

light . In 1909 the taxable valuation was $100,771,321, and the tax See also:

• RATE

rate was 13.8 See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills for city property, 9.2 mills on rural property and 6.9 mills on agricultural property . The tax rate for separate indebtedness varied from 6 mills in Allegheny to 16.2 mills in the 43rd See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward . The water-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of Pittsburg is taken from the Allegheny river and pumped into reservoirs, the highest of which, in Highland Park, is 367 ft. above the river; and there is a slow See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand filtration plant for the filtration of the entire supply . Pittsburg owed its origin to the strategic value of its site in the struggle between the See also:

• ENGLISH

English and the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French for the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the North American See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . A few Frenchmen attempted to establish a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement here in 1731, but were soon driven away by the See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians . In 1753, after the French had laid formal claim to this region and the Ohio See also:

• LAND

Land Company had been formed with a view to establishing a settlement within it, See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• DINWIDDIE, ROBERT (1693-1770)

Dinwiddie, See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Virginia and a shareholder in the Ohio Company, sent George Washington with a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to " the commandant of the French forces on the Ohio " (then stationed at Fort Le Bceuf, near the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• WATERFORD

Waterford, about 115 M. north of the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of that river) asking him to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for his invasion of territory claimed by the English . This was Washington's first important public service .

He reached the present site of Pittsburg on the 24th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1753, and subsequently reported'. that what is now called " The Point," i.e. the See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue of land formed by the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, was a much more favourable situation for a fort and trading post than the one about two miles up the Monongahela (near the present site of McKees Rocks) which had been tentatively selected by the Ohio Company . Accordingly, on the 17th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1754, a detachment of about 40 soldiers, under the command of See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent,2 reached " The Point," and began to build a fortification (under the auspices of the Ohio Company), which it seems to have been the intention to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call Fort Trent, and which was the beginning of the permanent settlement here by whites . On the 17th of the following April, however, See also:

• ENSIGN (through the Fr. enseigne from the Latin plural insignia)

Ensign See also:

• EDWARD

Edward Ward, commanding the soldiers, in the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of Captain Trent, was forced to evacuate the unfinished fortification by a party of about l000 French and Indians, under Captain Contrecceur, who immediately occupied the works, which he enlarged and completed, and named Fort See also:

• DUQUESNE
• DUQUESNE, ABRAHAM, MARQUIS (1610-1688)

Duquesne, in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of Duquesne de Menneville, governor of New See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France in 1752-1755 . In the following summer Washington attempted to recover this fort, in a See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign which included the skirmish 1 His See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal, published in 1754, gives a concise and lucid account of this expedition . 2 William Trent (c . 1715–1778) was a native of See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• LANCASTER, THOMAS, EARL OF (c. 1277-1322)

Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, became a captain in the state See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia in 1746 and served against the French and Indians, was for, many years, after 1749, a justice of the court of common pleas and general sessions of the peace for See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, and in 1750–1756 was the partner of George Crogan in an extensive trade with the Indians . According to one account, he visited the site of Pittsburg, and examined its availability for fortification, in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)