PIUS  , the name of ten popes . Plus I., See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope from about 141 to 154 . He was the See also:

• BROTHER

brother of See also:

• HERMAS, SHEPHERD OF

Hermas, author of the Shepherd . Plus II . (Enea Silvio de' See also:

• PICCOLOMINI
• PICCOLOMINI, OCTAVIO, PRINCE (1599-1656)

Piccolomini, known in literature as See also:

• AENEAS

Aeneas Silvius), pope from 1458 to 1464, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 18th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1405, at Corsignano (afterward called See also:

• PIENZA

Pienza after him), near See also:

• SIENA

Siena . His See also:

• FAMILY

family, though poor, was See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble, .and claimed to trace descent from See also:

• ROMULUS

Romulus . The eldest of eighteen See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, he had to See also:

• WORK

work on the See also:

• FARM

farm with his See also:

• FATHER

father, until a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest taught him the rudiments of letters, which enabled him, at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of eighteen, to go as a poor student to Siena, dividing his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time between severe humanistic studies and a See also:

• LIFE

life of sensual See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure . He was attracted to See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence by the teaching of See also:

• FILELFO, FRANCESCO (1398-1481)

Filelfo . His father urged him to become a lawyer, but he accepted the position of secretary to Domenico Capranica, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• FERMO (anc. 1%irmum Picenum)

Fermo, and went with him to the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel, where he stayed several years (1431-1435), changing masters whenever he could improve his position . As secretary of the bishop of See also:

• NOVARA

Novara he became engaged in a See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy against Pope See also:

• EUGENIUS

Eugenius IV.; his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master was caught and imprisoned, and Aeneas only saved himself by a hasty See also:

• FLIGHT

flight . He was next (1435) employed as secretary of See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas Albergati (d . 1443) at the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of See also:

• ARRAS

Arras, where See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace was made between See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy .

From here he took a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey to See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, on a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

• MISSION

mission; he had numerous adventures, in one of which he nearly lost his life . In 1436 he was back at Basel, and., although a layman, obtained a seat in the council and exercised considerable See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control it better Eugenius tried to get the council to move to Florence; a minority agreed and seceded; the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority, however, stayed where they were and took vigorous See also:

• MEASURES

measures against the pope, culminating in his deposition on the 25th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1438 . Aeneas took an active See also:

• PART

part in the council; and though he still declined to take orders, he was given a position on the conciliar See also:

• CONCLAVE (Lat. conclave, from cum, together, and clavis, a key)

conclave which elected Amadeus of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy as pope under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• FELIX
• FELIX, ANTONIUS
• FELIX, LIA (1830– )

Felix V . In return for his services Felix made Aeneas papal secretary . A new See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of his career opened in 1442, when he was sent by the council to take part in the See also:

• DIET

diet of See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort-on-See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

Main . Here he met See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick III. of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, who made him poet See also:

• LAUREATE (Lat. laureatus, from laurea, the laurel tree)

laureate and his private secretary . He ingratiated himself with the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor, Kaspar Schlick, at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, one of whose adventures he celebrated in See also:

• LUCRETIA

Lucretia and Eurialus, a novel in the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of See also:

• BOCCACCIO, GIOVANNI (1313-1375)

Boccaccio . At this period he also wrote his witty but immoral See also:

• PLAY

play, Chrisis . In 1446 he took orders as subdeacon, and wrote that he meant to reform, " forsaking See also:

• VENUS

Venus for Bacchus," chiefly on the ground of satiety, and also, as he frankly wrote, because the clerical profession offered him more advantages than he could secure outside it . Aeneas was useful to Frederick as a diplomatist, and managed to give all parties the impression that he was the devoted See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of each . During the struggle between pope and council he induced Frederick to be neutral for a while .

He tcok an important part in the diet of See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg (1444), and being sent on an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy to Eugenius in the following See also:

• YEAR

year he made his peace with the pope . At the diet of Frankfort (See also:

• SEPT

Sept . 1446) Aeneas was instrumental in changing the majority of the See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors from their hostile position towards pope and See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor into a friendly one . He brought the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• NEWS

news to Eugenius shortly before his See also:

• DEATH

death (Feb . 7, ,447), and made See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends with the new pope, Nicholas V., by whom he was made bishop of Siena . He was an See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent of Frederick in making the celebrated See also:

• CONCORDAT (Lat. concordatum, agreed upon, from con-, together, and cor, heart)

concordat of Vienna (also called concordat of See also:

• ASCHAFFENBURG

Aschaffenburg) in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1448 . His services to pope and emperor brought him the titles of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire and cardinal, positions which he used rather unscrupulously to get as many lucrative benefices into his hands as possible . Those in Germany brought him two thousand ducats a year . The death of See also:

• CALIXTUS, GEORG (1586-1656)
• CALIXTUS, or CALLISTUS

Calixtus III . (who succeeded Nicholas V.) occurred on the 5th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1458 . After a hot fight in the conclave, in which it seemed that the wealthy See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French cardinal, See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

Guillaume d'See also:

• ESTOUTEVILLE, GUILLAUME

Estouteville, See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen and bishop of See also:

• OSTIA

Ostia, would be elected, the intrigues of Aeneas and of his friend Rodrigo See also:

• BORGIA, CESARE
• BORGIA, FRANCIS (1510-1572)
• BORGIA, LUCREZIA (1480-1519)

Borgia (later the notorious See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander VI.) gave the victory to the cardinal of Siena, who took the title Pius II., with a See also:

• REMINISCENCE (from Lat. reminisci, to remember)

reminiscence of See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil's " Pius Aeneas." The humanists hailed his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election with joy, and flocked around to secure a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of the good things, but they were bitterly disappointed, as Pius did not prove himself the liberal and undiscriminating See also:

• PATRON

patron they hoped . The fall of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople in 1453 had made a deep impression upon Pius, and he never ceased to preach the crusade against the Turk .

In See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1459 he opened a congress at See also:

• MANTUA (Ital. Mantova)

Mantua for the purpose of considering what could be done in this direction . His proposals for the raising of troops and See also:

• MONEY

money met with See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general opposition . The French were angry because Pius had crowned the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish claimant, See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, and thus disposed of the pretensions of Rene of See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou . The Germans also objected to Pius's plans, but finally agreed to furnish some troops and money, promises which they did not carry out . Pius See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt how much the position of the papacy had fallen in importance since the days of See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban and See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent III., and, believing that the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change was due to the general See also:

• COUNCILS

councils which had asserted See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power over the popes, he changed his position, which before his election to the papal See also:

• THRONE

throne had been that of a warm advocate of the conciliar claims, and issued (See also:

• JAN

Jan . 146o) the See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull Execrabilis et in pristinis temporibus inauditus, in which he condemned as heretical the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine that the councils were See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to the popes, and proclaimed the See also:

• ANATHEMA (from Gr. avarz6 'cu, to lift up)

anathema against any one who should dare to See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to one . He issued another bull at the same time, promising forgiveness of sins to those who would take part in the crusade, and then dissolved the congress . While Pius was at Mantua See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out between the French and Spanish in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, and a rising of the barons devastated the Campagna . Hurrying back to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome Pius succeeded in quelling the disorders, and sent his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio Todeschini to the aid of Ferdinand, who made him See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• AMALFI

Amalfi and gave him his natural daughter Maria in See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage . This measure still further alienated the pope from the French, with whom he was at that time negotiating for the See also:

• ABROGATION (Lat. abrogare, to repeal or annul a law; rogare, literally " to ask," to propose a law)

abrogation of the Pragmatic See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

Sanction . When See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XI. came to the throne (Nov . 1461), he sent to Pius saying that he had abolished the Pragmatic Sanction, hoping in return to get the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Naples for his countryman Rene of Anjou .

When Pius refused to do anything to the See also:

• PREJUDICE (Lat. praejudicium)

prejudice of Ferdinand, Louis changed his attitude, and allowed the protests of the university of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris and the parlements to persuade him to restore the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient liberties of the Gallican See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . At the same time a serious See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with the Germans prevented anything being done towards a crusade . See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Podiebrad, king of Bohemia, was plotting to depose the emperor Frederick III., who was sup-ported by Pius . Diether, archbishop of See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, took the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of Podiebrad, and replied to Pius's measures by appealing to a general council . He was declared deposed by the pope, but kept his seat, and in 1464 compelled the pope to recognize him again . The quarrel with Podiebrad, who was accused of supporting the Utraquist See also:

• HERESY

heresy, continued with increasing bitterness, but without any decisive result, until the death of Pius . In the meantime the pope did what he could to further the cause of the crusade . The See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of See also:

• ALUM

alum mines at See also:

• TOLFA

Tolfa gave him an unexpected pecuniary resource, and to stimulate the zeal of Christendom, Pius took the See also:

• CROSS

cross on the 18th of June 1464 . He set out for See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, where he intended to See also:

• SAIL

sail for the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, but he was attacked with a See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever, and on the 14th of August 1464 he died . Pius II. was a voluminous author . Besides poems, a novel and a play, he wrote a number of orations, which were considered See also:

• MODELS

models of eloquence in their See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . His most valuable work, however, is his Commentaries, a See also:

• HISTORY

history of his own life and times, told in an interesting and rational manner .

He is very See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

frank about himself, and most of the adverse judgments which have been pronounced on his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character have been based on his own confessions . He was an opportunist, sailing along with any favourable See also:

• BREEZE

breeze, and not quite enough in See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest about anything to pursue the same tack steadily for long . We must give him the See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit, however, of advocating a statesman-like policy in the interests of the whole of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe in trying to get the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers to unite against the See also:

• TURKS

Turks, who threatened to averwhelm them all . See See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie (1904), vol. xv., where a full bibliography will be found; M . See also:

• CREIGHTON, MANDELL (1843—1901)

Creighton, History of the Papacy during the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation, vol. ii . (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1882) ; L . Pastor, History of the Popes from the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Ages (Eng. trans., 1896, vol. ii.) ; Voigt, Pius II . (1856-1863) . The Commentaries of Pius were published in 1584, under the name of Gobelinus Persona . His other See also:

• WORKS

works are found in Aeneae Silvii See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera omnia (Basel, 1551) . See also W . Boulting, Aeneas Silvius (1909) .

(P . SM.) Plus III . (See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco Nanni-Todeschini-Piccolomini), pope from the 22nd of September to the 18th of October 1503, was born at Siena on the 9th of May 1439 . After studying See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law at See also:

• PERUGIA (anc. Perusia)

Perugia, he was made archbishop of Siena and cardinal-See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon of St Eustachio, when only twenty-two years of age, by his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle Pius II., who permitted him to assume the name and arms of the Piccolomini . He was employed by subsequent popes in several important legations, as by See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul II. at the diet of See also:

• REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg, and by See also:

• SIXTUS

Sixtus IV. to secure the restoration of ecclesiastical authority in See also:

• UMBRIA
• UMBRIA ('Opj3pucrl)

Umbria . He bravely opposed the policy of Alexander VI., and was elected pope, amid the disturbances consequent upon the death of the latter, through the interested influence of Cardinal della Rovere, afterwards See also:

• JULIUS

Julius II., and was crowned on the 8th of October 1503 . He permitted Cesare Borgia to return to Rome, but promptly took in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand the reform of the See also:

• CURIA

curia . Pius was a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of blameless life, and would doubtless have accomplished much had he lived . His successor was Julius II . See L . Pastor, History of the Popes, vol. vi., trans. by F . I .

Antrobus (London, 1898) ; M . Creighton, History of the Papacy, vol. v . (Lon-See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

don, 1901); F . See also:

• GREGOROVIUS, FERDINAND (1821-1891)

Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle Ages, vol. trans. by Mrs G . W . See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton (London, 1900-1902) ; Piccolomini, "Il Pontificato di Pio III.," inArchivio stor. ital., vol.,v . (Firenze, 1903) . Plus IV . (Giovanni Angelo See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici, or " Medighino "), pope from 1559 to 1565, was born at See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan on the 31st of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1499, of an obscure family, not related to the Medici of Florence (a claim to such relationship was advanced after Giovanni Angelo had attained to prominence) . The See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune of the family was established by an See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder brother, Gian Giacomo, who fought his way to the marquisate of Marignano and distinguished him-self in the service of the emperor . Giovanni Angelo studied in See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna and See also:

• PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia, and for some time followed the law . Entering the service of the Church, he found favour with Paul III., who entrusted him with the governorship of several important towns, and in 1549 made him a cardinal .

Julius III. sent him upon See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions to Germany and See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary . With Paul IV. he was out of favour, because not in sympathy with his policy, and accordingly retired to Milan . In the protracted and momentous conclave that followed the death of Paul the election of Pius (Dec . 25, 1559) was due to a See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise between the Spanish and French factions . In temperament and See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit Pius was the See also:

• ANTITHESIS (the Greek for " setting opposite ")

antithesis of his predecessor: affable, vivacious, convivial . He was, moreover, astute, diplomatic and experienced in affairs . He allowed the reform See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement See also:

• FREE

free course, but tried to repair certain in-justices of Paul IV . (for example, releasing and reinstating See also:

• MORONE, GIOVANNI (1509-1580)

Morone, who had been imprisoned on a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of heresy), and mitigated some of his extreme decrees . But to the nephews of Paul he showed no See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy: they were charged with various crimes, condemned, upon testimony of suspicious validity, and executed on the 5th of March 1561 . The Colonnesi, who had been active hl. the See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution, recovered Paliano . But under Pius V. See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment was reversed, the memory of the Caraffa rehabilitated, and restitution made to the family . Pius IV. himself was not guiltless of nepotism; but the bestowment of the cardinalate and the archbishopric of Milan upon his nephew, the pure and upright Carlo See also:

• BORROMEO, CARLO (1538–1584)

Borromeo, redounded to the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of his pontificate and the welfare of the church .

With England lost to the papacy, Germany overwhelmingly See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant, and France on the See also:

• VERGE (Lat. virga, a rod)

verge of See also:

• CIVIL

civil war, Pius realized how fatuous was the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Spanish policy of his predecessor . He therefore recognized Ferdinand as emperor, and conciliated See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II. with extensive ecclesiastical privileges . But subsequently, antagonized by Philip's arrogance, he inclined to-wards France, and gave troops and money for the war against the See also:

• HUGUENOTS

Huguenots . After a suspension of ten years the council of See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent reconvened on the 18th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1562 . Among the demands presented by the various nations were, the recognition of the equality of the episcopate, communion in both kinds, clerical marriage, and the use of the See also:

• VERNACULAR (Lat. verna, dim. vernaculus, a slave horn in his master's house)

vernacular in Church services . It required all the pope's See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy to avoid compliance on the one hand, and a See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach with the powers on the other . Thanks to Morone and Borromeo, however, he achieved his end . The council was dissolved on the 4th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1563, and its decrees and See also:

• DEFINITIONS

definitions confirmed by the pope (Jan . 26, 1564), who reserved to himself the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole right of See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation . The decrees were immediately accepted by most of the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic states; only tardily, however, and with See also:

• RESERVATION (Lat. reservare, to keep back)

reservation by France and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . Various measures were taken for carrying the decrees into effect: See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence was strictly enjoined; See also:

• PLURALITY (0. Fr. pluralitd, Late Lat. pluralitas, plural number)

plurality of benefices prohibited; the See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition resumed, under the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of Ghislieri (afterwards Pius V.); a new edition of the See also:

• INDEX

Index published (1564) ; and the " Tridentine creed " promulgated (Nov . 13, 1564) .

After the termination of the council Pius indulged his See also:

• DESIRE

desire for ease and pleasure, to the See also:

• GREAT

great offence of the rigorists . A certain fanatic, Benedetto See also:

• ACCOLTI, BENEDETTO (1415–1466)
• ACCOLTI, BERNARDO (1465–1536)
• ACCOLTI, PIETRO (1455-1532)

Accolti, brooding over the pope's unworthiness, felt inspired to remove him, but his See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot was discovered and punished (1565) . Pius fortified Rome, and contributed much to the embellishment of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city—among other works, the church of Sta Maria degli Angeli in the See also:

• BATHS

Baths of See also:

• DIOCLETIAN (GAIUs AURELIUS VALERIUS DIOCLETIANUS) (A.D. 245–313)
• DIOCLETIAN, EDICT OF (De Pretiis rerum venalium)

Diocletian; the Porta Pia; the See also:

• VILLA

Villa Pia in the Vatican Gardens; and the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace of the Conservatori . He died on the 9th of December, and was succeeded by Pius V . See Panvinio, continuator of Platina, De vitis pontiff. rom . (a contemporary of Pius) ; Ciaconius, Vitae et res gestae summorum pontiff. rom . (Rome 1601–1602; also contemporary); T . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, Das Konklave Pius IV . (See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, 1889; more comprehensive than the title suggests); See also:

• RANKE, LEOPOLD VON (1795-1886)

Ranke, Popes (Eng. trans., See also:

• AUSTIN
• AUSTIN, ALFRED
• AUSTIN, JOHN (179o-1859)
• AUSTIN, SARAH (1793-1867)
• AUSTIN, STEPHEN FULLER (1793-1836)

Austin), i . 323 seq., 358 seq . ; and v . See also:

• REUMONT, ALFRED VON (1808-1887)

Reumont, Gesch. der Stadt Rom. iii .

2, 534 seq., 730 seq . (T . F . C.) Pius V . (Michele Ghislieri), pope from 1566 to 1572, was born on the 17th of January 1504, in the Milanese . At the age of fourteen he became a Dominican See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk . His austere life, his vehemence in attacking heresy and his rigorous discipline as See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior of several monasteries proved his fitness for the work of reform, and he was appointed inquisitor in See also:

• COMO (anc. Comum)
• COMO, LAKE OF (the Lacus Larius of the Romans, and so sometimes called LARIO to the present day, though in the 4th century it is already termed Lacus Comacinus)

Como, where his zeal provoked such opposition as to compel his recall (1550) . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief inquisitor, Caraffa, convinced of his value, straightway sent him upon a mission to See also:

• LOMBARDY

Lombardy, and in 1551 appointed him See also:

• COMMISSARY (from Med. Lat. commissaries, one to whom a charge or trust is committed)

commissary-general of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office . When Caraffa became pope, Ghislieri was made bishop of See also:

• NEPI (anc. Nepet or Nepete)

Nepi and See also:

• SUTRI (anc. Sutrium)

Sutri, cardinal (1557), and finally See also:

• GRAND

grand inquisitor, which office he discharged in a manner to make the name of " Fra Michele dell' Inquisizione " a terror . In this office he was continued by Pius IV., whom, however, he repelled by his excessive severity, and antagonized by his censoriousness and obstinacy . But the movement with which he was so fully identified was irresistible; and, after the death of Pius IV., the rigorists, led by Borromeo, had no difficulty in making him pope (Jan . 7, 1566) .

Though pope, Pius did not cease to be a monk: his ascetic mode of life and his devotions suffered no interruption . With-out delay he applied himself to the work of reform . Decrees and ordinances were issued with astonishing rapidity: the papal See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court was rid of everything unseemly, and became a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of sobriety; prostitutes were driven from the city. or confined to a certain See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter; severe penalties were attached to See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday desecration, See also:

• PROFANITY

profanity and See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal baiting; clerical residence was enforced; conventuals were compelled to live in strict seclusion according to their vows; catechetical instruction was enjoined . A new See also:

• CATECHISM (from Gr. Karnxeiv, teach by word of mouth)

catechism appeared in 1566, followed by an improved See also:

• BREVIARY (Lat. breviarium, abridgment, epitome)

breviary (1568), and an improved See also:

• MISSAL

missal (1570) . The use of indulgences and dispensations was restricted, and the See also:

• PENITENTIAL (Lat. poenitentiale, libellus poenitentialis, &c.)

penitential See also:

• SYSTEM

system reformed . Pius was the avowed enemy of nepotism . One nephew, it is true, he made cardinal, but allowed him no influence: the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his relatives he kept at a distance . By the constitution Admonet nos (March 29, 1567), he forbade the reinvestitureof fiefs that should revert to the Holy See, and See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound the cardinals by See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath to observe it . In March 1569 Pius ordered the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews from the states of the Church . For commercial reasons they were allowed to remain in Rome and See also:

• ANCONA
• ANCONA, ALESSANDRO (1835– )

Ancona, but only upon humiliating conditions . In February 1571, the Umiliati, a degenerate monastic order of Milan, was suppressed on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its complicity in an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt upon the life of the archbishop, Carlo Borromeo . The election of Pius to the papacy was the enthronement of the Inquisition: the utter extinction of heresy was his See also:

• DARLING
• DARLING, GRACE HORSLEY (1815-1842)

darling ambition, and the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of power only intensified his See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion .

The rules governing the Holy Office were sharpened; old charges, long suspended, were revived; See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank offered no See also:

• PROTECTION

protection, but rather exposed its possessor to fiercer attack; none were pursued more relentlessly than the cultured, among whom many of the Protestant doctrines had found See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance; princes and .states withdrew their protection, and courted the favour of the Holy See by surrendering distinguished offenders . Cosmo de' Medici handed over Pietro See also:

• CARNESECCHI, PIETRO (1508-1567)

Carnesecchi (and two years later received in See also:

• REWARD

reward the title of grand duke, Sept . 1569); Venice delivered Guido Zanetti; Philip II., Bartolome de See also:

• CARRANZA, BARTOLOME (1503—1576)

Carranza, the See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-bishop of See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo . In March 1571 the See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

Congregation of the Index was established and greater thoroughness introduced into the pursuit of heretical literature . The result was the flight of hundreds of printers to See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland and Germany . Thus heresy was hunted out of Italy: the only regret of Pius was that he had sometimes been too lenient . In 1567 Pius condemned the doctrines of See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael See also:

• BAIUS, or DE BAY, MICHAEL (1513–1589)

Baius, a See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• LOUVAIN (Flem. Leuven)

Louvain, who taught See also:

• JUSTIFICATION

justification by faith, asserted the sufficiency of the Scriptures, and disparaged outward forms . Baius submitted; but his doctrines were afterwards taken up by the Jansenists . The See also:

• POLITICAL

political activities of Pius were controlled by one principle, war upon the heretic and infidel . He spurred Philip II. on in the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands, and approved the bloody work of See also:

• ALVA
• ALVA, or ALBA, FERNANDO ALVAREZ DE TOLEDO, DUKE OF, (1508-1583)

Alva . He denounced all temporizing with the Huguenots, and commanded their utter extermination (ad internecionem usque) . While it cannot be proven that he was privy to the See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of St See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew, still his violent counsels could not fail to stir up the most See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage passions .

He exclaimed loudly against the emperor's See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration of Protestantism, and all but wished his defeat at the hands of the Turks . He urged a general See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition of the Catholic states against the Protestants; and yet published, in sharper See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, the bull In coena domini (1568), which was regarded by these very states as an attack upon their See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty . One of his cherished schemes was the invasion of England and the dethronement of See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, whom he excommunicated and declared a usurper (Feb . 25, 1570); but he was obliged to content himself with abetting plots and fomenting rebellions . He did, however, effect an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with Spain and Venice against the Turks, and contributed to the victory of See also:

• LEPANTO

Lepanto (Oct . 6, 1571) . Thus lived and wrought Pius, presenting " a See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of singleness of purpose, magnanimity, austerity and profound religious feeling with sour bigotry, relentless hatred and bloody persecution " (Ranke) . He died on the 1st of May 1572; and was canonized by See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement XI. in 1712 . See Ciaconius, Vitae et res gestae summorum pontiff. rom . (Rome, 1601–1602 ; a contemporary of Pius) ; Acta sanctorum, maij, torn. i. pp . 616 seq., containing the life by Gabuzio (16o5), based upon an earlier one by Catena (1586) ; See also:

• FALLOUX, FREDERIC ALFRED PIERRE

Falloux, Hist. de St See also:

• PIE

Pie V . (3rd ed., Paris, 1858), eulogistic; Mendham, Life and Pontificate of St Pius V .

(London, 1832), a See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter polemic . The life of Pius has also been written by Fuenmayor (See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, 1595), See also:

• PAOLO (GIROLAMO GASPARE)5 (1532-1600)

Paolo Alessandro See also:

• MAFFEI, FRANCESCO SCIPIONE, MARCHESE DI (1675-1755)

Maffei (Rome, 1712), and by T . M . Granello (Bologna, 1877) . His letters have been edited by Catena (vide supra), Goubau (See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp, 1640), and a select number in a French See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, by de See also:

• POTTER, ALONZO (1800-1865)
• POTTER, HENRY CODMAN (1835–1908)
• POTTER, J
• POTTER, JOHN (c. 1674-1747)
• POTTER, PAUL (1625—1654)
• POTTER, PHILIP CIPRIANI HAMBLEY (1792—1871)