See also:

• PLATA, RIO DE LA, or RIVER PLATE

PLATA, RIO DE LA, or See also:

• RIVER

RIVER See also:

• PLATE

PLATE  , a See also:

• FUNNEL (through an O. Fr. founil, found in Breton, from Lat. infundibulum, that through which anything is poured, from fundere, to pour)

funnel-shaped See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary, on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America, extending W.N.W. from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea about 170 M . The See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the South Sea by See also:

• BALBOA, VASCO NU1EZ DE (c. 1475-1517)

Balboa, then See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Castilla del Oro, of which See also:

• DARIEN

Darien formed a See also:

• PART

part, created a lively See also:

• DESIRE

desire to learn something of its See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-See also:

• LINE

line, and the See also:

• YEAR

year following, (in 1514), the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish monarch concluded a See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract with Juan See also:

• DIAZ, NARCISSE VIRGILIO (18(38-1876)
• DIAZ, PORFIRIO (183o– )

Diaz de See also:

• SOLIS, ANTONIO DE (1610-16S6)

Solis, then Piloto See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

Mayor, to See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search for a strait connecting the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic with the newly found ocean, explore the coasts of the latter and communicate with Pedrarias de See also:

• AVILA
• AVILA (anc. Abula or Avela)
• AVILA, GIL GONZALEZ DE (c. 1577-1658)

Avila, the new governor of Castilla del Oro; and, if it were found to be an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island, to See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report to the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior authorities of See also:

• CUBA (the aboriginal name)

Cuba . .De Solis set See also:

• SAIL

sail from the See also:

• PORT

port of Lepe on the 8th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1515, reached the See also:

• BAY

Bay of Rio de Janeiro on the 1st of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1516, and continuing southward to See also:

• LAT

lat . 35° entered the See also:

• GREAT

great estuary now known as the See also:

• PLATA, RIO DE LA, or RIVER PLATE

Plata, which, for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, was called the de Solis and the See also:

• MAR, EARLDOM OF
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 1ST OR 6TH EARL OF (d. 1572)
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 2ND OR 7TH EARL
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 6TH OR 11TH EARL OF (1675-1732)

Mar Dulce . Ascending it to the vicinity of the island of See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• GARCIA
• GARCIA (DEL POPOLO VICENTO), MANOEL (1775-1832)

Garcia, near the mouth of the See also:

• PARANA

Parana See also:

• RIVER

river, de Solis was ambushed and killed in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early part of 1516 by Guarani See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians while attempting to See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture some of them . In the first months of 1520 See also:

• MAGELLAN, FERDINAND (in Sp. FERNANDO MAGALLANES, in Port. FERNAO DE MAGALHAES) (c. 1480-152I)

Magellan explored the Rio de la Plata, and afterwards, in the same year, discovered and navigated the straits which See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear his name . This discovery led to the voyage of See also:

• SEBASTIAN
• SEBASTIAN, ST

Sebastian See also:

• CABOT, GEORGE (1751–1823)
• CABOT, JOHN [GIOVANNI CABOTO] (1450-1498)

Cabot, who fitted out an expedition in 1526 'to reach the Spice Islands by the Magellan route . Owing, however, to shortness of provisions and the insubordination of his men Cabot abandoned his proposed voyage to the See also:

• MOLUCCAS, or SPICE ISLANDS

Moluccas, and, ascending the Mar Dulce, discovered the Parana river and reached a point on the See also:

• PARAGUAY

Paraguay near the site of the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• ASUNCION (NUESTRA SENORA DE LA ASUNCION)

Asuncion . Here he met many Guarani Indians wearing See also:

• SILVER

silver ornaments, probably obtained in See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade across the Gran See also:

• CHACO

Chaco, from the frontier of the Inca See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . In See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange for beads and trinkets Cabot acquired many of these ornaments and sent them to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain as See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the richness of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious metals and the great importance of his discoveries . The See also:

• RECEIPT (M.E. receite, derived through Fr. from Lat. recepta, participle of recipere, to receive)

receipt of these silver baubles caused the name of Rio de la Plata to be applied to the third (perhaps the second) greatest river of the Western See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent . The extreme breadth of the river at its mouth is 138 m .

It narrows quickly to 57 M. at See also:

• MONTEVIDEO, SAN FELIPE Y SANTIAGO DE

Montevideo, and at its See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, where it receives the See also:

• UNITED

united Parana and See also:

• URUGUAY (officially the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay, and long locally called the Banda Oriental, meaning the land on the eastern side of the river Uruguay, from which the country takes its name)

Uruguay See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, its width is about 25 M . Its See also:

• NORTHERN

northern or Uruguayan See also:

• SHORE

shore is somewhat elevated and rocky, while the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern or Buenos Airean one is very See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low . The whole estuary is very shallow, and in no See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place above Montevideo exceeds 36 ft. in See also:

• DEPTH

depth when the river is low . The bottom generally consists of enormous See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand covered with from so to 20 ft. of See also:

• WATER

water, and there is a continuous and intricate channel, of about 22 ft. depth only, to within 14 M. of the port of Buenos Aires . The remaining distance has a depth of 18 ft. in the uncertain channel . The Plata is simply the estuarine receptacle of two mighty streams9 the Uruguay and Parana, which drain the Plata See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin . This has an See also:

• AREA

area of 1,198,000 sq. m., or over two and one-See also:

• HALF

half times that of the Pacific slope of the See also:

• ANDES

Andes, and comprises the most fertile, healthiest and best part of See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil, a large portion of the See also:

• ARGENTINE

Argentine See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic, the whole of Paraguay and south-eastern See also:

• BOLIVIA

Bolivia, and most of Uruguay . The Uruguay river has a length of about moo m . Many small streams from the western slope of the Brazilian Serra do Mar unite, in about 27° 45' S., to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form this river, which then me flows W.N.W., serving as the boundary between the ,Uruguay states of See also:

• SANTA

Santa Catharina and Rio (Grande do Sul, and as far as 52° W., near which it receives a considerable Affuent, tributary from the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, called the Pepiri-guazu . Between 27° 58' and 330 34' S. three important tributaries join it from the east—the Ipui-guazu, the Ibicui and the See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

Negro, the last being its See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main affluent . The Pepiri-guazu was one of the limits between the possessions of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal and Spain . Its See also:

• LOWER

lower course is about 250 ft. wide, but higher up it narrows to about 30 ft., and runs with great violence between high wooded banks .

It is navigable for canoes for about 70 m. above its mouth, as far as its first fall . The Rio Negro has a See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta of several large islands at its confluence with the Uruguay Its head-See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters are in the southern part of Rio Grande do Sul, but the main river belongs entirely to the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of Uruguay, which it cuts midway in its course from north-east to south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west . Its lower reaches are navigable for See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft of moderate See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught . From the time the Uruguay leaves the coast range of Brazil it runs for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long distance through a beautiful, open, hilly country, Course but afterwards enters a See also:

• FOREST

forest See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of high lands . At of the the river Pepiri-guazu it turns suddenly to the south- C/ruguay. west, and continues this course to its junction with the Parana and Plata . Near Fray Bentos, 61 m. before reaching the Plata, it forms a great See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake, about 56 m. long and from 4 to 6 m. wide . At Punta Gorda, where it debouches into the Plata, it is only 1 m. to 11 m. wide, but is 90 ft. deep . From the Pepiri-guazu junction its banks are high and covered with forest as far down as 27° 3o' S., where the river is 2300 ft. wide and from 10 to 40 ft. deep . The Uruguay is much obstructed by rocky barriers . Four See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles below its confluence with the Pepiri-guazu it has a See also:

• CATARACT (from the Lat. form cataracta of the Gr. Karapplucrgss, a floodgate, or waterfall, properly something which rushes down)

cataract, about 8 m. long, with a See also:

• TOTAL

total fall of 26 ft. at low water . The river near the Pepiri-guazu is 1550 ft. wide, but about 12 m. before reaching the cataract its width is reduced to 600 ft . Along the cataract it is closed in between high precipitous walls of See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock only 70 ft. apart .

Above Punta Gorda, 212 m., is the See also:

• SALTO

Salto Grande, which has a length of 15 m. of rapids, the greatest single fall being 12 ft., and the difference of level for the entire length of the reefs 25 ft . These See also:

• CROSS

cross the river diagonally, and during floods all, excepting a length of 11 m. of them, are submerged . Nine miles beiow the Salto Grande is the Salto Chico, which bars navigation during six months of the year, but in See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood-time may be passed in craft See also:

• DRAWING

drawing 5 ft. of water . The Uruguay can be navigated at all seasons by vessels of 41 ft. draught as far up as the Salto Chico, and of 14 ft. up to See also:

• PAYSANDU, or PAISANOU

Paysandu for a greater part of the year . Fray Bentos may be reached all the year See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round by any See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel that can ascend the Parana . Above the navigable lower river there is See also:

• LAUNCH

launch and See also:

• CANOE (from Carib. candoa, the West Indian name found in use by Columbus; the Fr. canot, boat, and Ger. Kahn, are derived from the Lat. canna, reed, vessel)

canoe navigation for many hundreds of miles upon the main artery and its branches, between the rapids which are met with from time to time . The Uruguay has its See also:

• ANNUAL

annual floods, due to the rains in its upper basin . They begin at the end of See also:

• JULY

July and continue to See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, attaining their maximum during See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September and October . At the narrow, places the river rises as high as 30 ft., but its See also:

• AVERAGE

average rise is 16 ft . It flows almost for its entire course over a rocky See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed, generally of red See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone, at times very coarse and then again of extremely See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition . Except in floods, it is a clear-water stream, and even at its highest level carries comparatively little silt . The Parana (the " See also:

• MOTHER

Mother of the Sea " in Guarani) drains a vast area of southern Brazil .

It is formed by the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of the Rio The Grande and Paranahyba., and is about 1600 m. long from its extreme source in See also:

• GOYAZ

Goyaz to its junction with Parana the Paraguay, and thence 600 more to the Plata estuary. and its Its average width for the latter length is from Affluents . I to 3 m . Its Rio Grande See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch descends from the slope of the Serra da Mantiqueira, in the region where the orographic See also:

• SYSTEM

system of Brazil culminates near the See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak of Itatiaia-assn, almost in sight of Rio de Janeiro . It is about 68o m. long, but only navigable in the stretches between the many reefs, falls and rapids which interrupt its See also:

• REGULAR

regular flow . Among its numerous affluents the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal one is the Rio das Mortes, rising in the Serra Mantiqueira . It is 180 m. long, with two sections, of a total of 120 m., which are navigable for launches . The main branch of the Parana, the Paranahyba, rises in about 15° 3o' S., on the southern slopes of the Pyreneos Mountains . It drains a little-known region of Goyaz and western See also:

• MINAS [MINOIDES] (c. 1790-186o)

Minas Geraes, lying upon the immediate southern water-See also:

• SHED

shed of Brazil . Besides these rivers, the Parana has many long and powerful affluents from the Brazilian states of Sao Paulo and Parana . Most of them, although obstructed by rapids, are navigable for launches and canoes . Among the eastern tributaries are the Tiete, the Parana-panema, formerly known as the Anemby, and the Iguazu . The Tiete, over 700 M. long, rises in the Serra Paranapicaba and flows in a north-west direction .

Its course is broken by fifty-four rapids, and the lower river by two falls, the Avanhandava, 44 ft. drop, and the Itapura, 65 ft . The Parana-panema is about 600 m. long, and rises in a ramification of the Serra Paranapicaba which overlooks the Atlantic Ocean . Its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general course is north-west . It is navigable for a distance of only about 30 m. above its mouth, and for its whole course it has so many obstructions that it is useless for commercial purposes . The Iguazu, also called the Rio Grande de Curutiba, has its See also:

• SOURCES

sources on the slopes of the Serra do Mar of Brazil, and flows nearly west, through thick forests, along the line of 26° S . Its navigation is difficult even for small craft, as it is full of reefs, rapids and cataracts . Sixteen miles above its mouth is the magnificent Salto del Iguazu, sometimes called the See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria Fall, round which canoes have to be transported 37 m. before quiet water is reached again . The widthof the falls, measured along their See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest or edge, is 21 m.; part of the river takes two leaps of about See also:

• IOO

ioo ft. each, but a portion of it plunges down the whole depth in unbroken See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass . Its mouth is about 800 ft. wide, and the depth in See also:

• MID

mid-river 40 ft . The Parana, at a point 28 m. above the mouth of the Tiete, is interrupted by the falls of Urubuponga, but below these it has unobstructed navigation for about 400 m., as far down as the falls of Guaira, in 24° 3' S., where the river forms Course a lake 42 M. long and 22 M. wide, preparatory to parting. breaching the Serra de Mbaracayu, which there disputes its right of way . It has torn a deep See also:

• GORGE

gorge through the mountains for a length of about 2 m., where it is divided into several channets, filled with rapids and cataracts . It finally gathers its waters into a single See also:

• VOLUME

volume, to plunge with frightful velocity through a long See also:

• CANON

canon only about 200 ft. wide .

From these so-called falls of Guaira. or " Sete Quedas," as far as its confluence with. the Paraguay river, the Parana has carved a narrow bed through an immense cap of red sandstone, along which it sometimes flows with great rapidity, occasionally being interrupted by dangerous narrows and rapids, where the banks in some places See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close in to a width of 450 to 600 ft., although the average is from 1200 to 1600 ft . At the south-east See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of Paraguay the Parana is prevented from continuing its natural southern course to the river Uruguay by the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands which cross the Argentine See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• MISIONES

Misiones, and connect those of Rio Grande do Sul with the Caa-guazu range of Paraguay . Here, therefore, it is turned westwards; but before escaping from its great sandstone bed it is obstructed by several reefs, notably at the rapids of Apipe, which are the last before it joins the placid Paraguay, 13o m. farther on . From the Apipe rapids there is a vast triangular space at the south-western corner of Paraguay but little above sea-level, consisting of low, sandy ground and morasses, at times flooded by the Paraguay river . This See also:

• DISTRICT

district, united to the equally enormous area occupied by the Ybera See also:

• LAGOON (Fr. lagune, Lat. lacuna, a pool)

lagoon and its surrounding morasses, in the northern part of the Argentine province of See also:

• CORRIENTES
• CORRIENTES (San Juan de Corrientes)

Corrientes, was probably the delta of the Parana river when it emptied into the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Pampean Sea . The river Paraguay, the main affluent of the Parana, rises in Matto Grosso, in the vicinity of the See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• DIAMANTINO

Diamantino, about 14° 24' S . It flows south-westwards, as far as See also:

• VILLA

Villa The Maria, along the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the high See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau which divides Paraguay. it from the See also:

• CUYABA, or CUTABA

Cuyaba River to the east, and then, turning southwards, soon reaches the morass expansion of Xarayes, which it traverses for about 100 m . A few miles below Villa Maria it receives an affluent from the north-west, the Jaura, which has its source nearly in contact with the head-waters of the Guapore branch of the river See also:

• MADEIRA
• MADEIRA, or THE MADE1RAS

Madeira . The Cuyaba, which is known as the Sao Lourengo for 90 m. above its confluence with the Paraguay, has its sources in 13° 45' S., almost in See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with those of the Tapajos branch of the See also:

• AMAZON

Amazon . Above the town of Cuyaba it is from 150 to 400 ft. wide, and may be navigated up stream by canoes for 150 m.; but there are many rapids . The town may be reached from the Paraguay River, at low water, by craft drawing 18 in . According to the observations of Clauss, Cuyaba is only 66o ft. above sea-level .

From the junction of the Sao Lourengo (or Cuyaba) with the river Paraguay, the latter, now a great stream, moves sluggishly southwards, spreading its waters, in the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, for hundreds of miles to the right and See also:

• LEFT

left, as far south as 20°, turning vast swamps into great lakes—in fact, temporarily restoring the region, for thousands of square miles, to its ancient lacustrine See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . On the west side of the upper Paraguay, between about 17° 30' and 19° S., are several large, shallow lagunas or lakes which receive the drainage of the southern slopes of the See also:

• CHIQUITOS (Span. " very small ")

Chiquitos Lagoons sierras, but represent mainly the south-west overflow L Upper of the vast morass of Xarayas . The principal of these Pf araguay. lakes, naming them from north to south, are the Uberaba, the Gaiba, Mandiore and the " See also:

• BAHIA

Bahia " de See also:

• CACERES

Caceres . The Uberaba is the largest . The northern See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the lake belongs entirely to Brazil, but the southern one, about two-thirds of its area, is bisected from north to south by the boundary line between Brazil and Bolivia, according to the treaty of 1867 . It is in great part surrounded by high ground and hills, but its southern coast is swampy and flooded during the rainy season . The west shore is historic . Here, in 1543, the conquistador, Martinez de Irala, fouhded the " Puerto de los Reyes," with the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that it might become the port for See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru; and from Lake Gaiba several expeditions, in Spanish colonial days, penetrated 500 m. across the Chaco to the frontier of the empire of the Incas . At the Puerto de los Reyes Bolivia laid out a town in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1900, in the forlorn See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope that the " Port " may serve as an outlet for that commercially suffocated country, there being no other equally See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good accessible point for Bolivia on the Paraguay River . South of the Sao Lourengo, the first river of importance which enters the Paraguay from the east is the Taquary, about 19° S . It rises in the Serra Cayapo, on the southern See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension Atflneais of the Matto Grosso table-See also:

• LAND

land . South of this stream of the about 50 m. a considerable river, the Mondego, with Paraguay. many branches, draining a great area of extreme south- ern Matto Grosso, also flows into the Paraguay; and still farther south, near 21°, is the Apa tributary, which forms the boundary between Paraguay and Brazilian Matto Grosso .

The Pilcomayo is of more importance from its length than from its volume . It rises among the Bolivian Andes north of See also:

• POTOSI

Potosi and north-west of See also:

• SUCRE, or CHUQUISACA

Sucre, races down the mountains to The their See also:

• BASE

base, crosses the Chaco plains, and pours into the pllcomayo• river Paraguay near Asuncion . Nor does it receive any branch of importance until it reaches about 21° S., where it is joined from the south-west by the river Pelaya, upon which Tupiza, the most southerly city of Bolivia, is situated . The Pelaya rises upon the lofty inter-Andean plateau, and, taking an easterly course, saws its way across the inland Andean range, turns northwards and then eastwards to unite with the Pilcomayo, which it is said at least to equal in volume . Just below the junction is the fall of Guarapetendi, 23 ft. high . From this point to the mouth of the Pilcomayo the distance in a straight line is 48o m., although by the curves of the river, which is extremely tortuous, it is about See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double that distance . According to See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

Storm, who quotes See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain Baldrich, the river bifurcates at 21° 51' S., but again becomes a single stream at 23° 43', the right channel being the greater in volume . It is probable that between 23° and 24° S. it throws E.S.E. three great arms to the river Paraguay, the upper portions of which have yet to be explored, but the lower parts have been examined for Too to 200 m. up from the Paraguay . Enumerating from north to south, they are called the Esperanza, the Montelindo and the Maca . From 18o to 200 M. above its mouth the Pilcomayo filters through a vast swamp about too m. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, through which there is no principal channel . This swamp, or perhaps shallow lagoon, is probably partly drained by the river Confuso, which reaches the Paraguay between the Pilcomayo and Maca . A northern branch of the Pilcomayo, the See also:

• FONTANA, DOMENICO (1543-1607)
• FONTANA, LAVINIA (1552-1614)
• FONTANA, PROSPERO (1512-1597)

Fontana, the junction being at 24° 56' S., is probably also a drainage outlet of the same great swamp .

For the first too m. below the fall of Guarapetendi the Pilcomayo is from 600 to moo ft. wide, but it so distributes its waters through its many bifurcations, and loses so much from infiltration and in swamps, and by evaporation from the numerous lagoons it forms on either side of its course, that its channel is greatly contracted before it reaches the Paraguay . From Sucre to the Andean margin of the Chaco, a distance of about 350 M. by the river, the fall is at least 8000 ft.—a sufficient indication that its upper course is useless for purposes of navigation . The missionaries in 1556 first reported the existence of the Pilco- See also:

• MAYO
• MAYO, RICHARD SOUTHWELL BOURKE, 6TH EARL OF (1822-1872)

mayo, which for a long period of time was known as the Araguay . In 1721 Patiflo and See also:

• RODRIGUEZ (officially RODRIGUES)

Rodriguez partially explored it, and since then numerous attempts have been made to test its navigability, all of which have been failures; and several of them have ended in disaster and loss of See also:

• LIFE

life, so that the Pilcomayo now has a sinister reputation . The Bermejo river flows parallel to the Pilcomayo, and enters the Paraguay a few miles above the junction of this with the Parana . Its numerous sources are on the eastern frontage of the The inland Andes, between the Bolivian town of See also:

• TARIJA, or TARIXA

Tarija Bermejo. and the Argentine city of See also:

• JUJUY

Jujuy . Its most northerly tributary is the See also:

• SAN

San Lorenzo, which, after being augmented by several small streams, takes the name of Rio de Tarija . This See also:

• RUNNING

running east, and then taking a general south-easterly course, joins the Bermejo in 22° 50' S. at a point called the Juntas de San See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio . Thence, flying southwards, the Bermejo finally, in 23° 50' S., receives its main affluent, the San Francisco, from the south-west . The latter has its source in about 22° 30' S., and, under the name of Rio Grande, runs directly southwards, in a deep See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain valley, as far as Jujuy . It then turns eastwards for 50 m., and is joined by the Lavayen from the south-west . These two streams form the San Francisco, which, from their junction, runs north-eastwards to the Bermejo .

The average width of the San Francisco is about 400 ft.; it is seldom over 2 ft. deep, and has many shoals and sand-banks . From its junction with the latter stream the Bermejo flows south-eastwards to the Paraguay with an average width in its main channel of about 65o ft., although narrowing at times to 160 and even Too . In its course, however, it bifurcates and ramifies into many channels, forming enormous islands, and frequently leaves old beds for new ones . Since the exploration of the Bermejo by Patine, in 1721, it has often been examined from its sources to its mouth, with a view to ascertain its navigability . Captain See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

Page in 1854 and 1859 found it impracticable to ascend it over 135 M. in the dry season, with a little steamer drawing 23 in. of water; but in flood-time, in December 1871, he succeeded, in 6o days, in reaching a point 720 M. from its mouth, in the steamer " See also:

• ALPHA

Alpha," 53 ft. long and 30 in. draught . He afterwards penetrated another too m. up stream . The round voyage took a year, owing to the See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

swift currents, shoals, quicksands, snags and fallen trees . The Salado, about 250 m. south-west of and approximately parallel to the Bermejo, is the only great tributary which the Parana receives from the west below its confluence with the Paraguay . The Its extreme head-waters are in the Argentine province Saledo. of See also:

• SALTA
• SALTA (Italian for " jump!")

Salta, and they drain a much broken Andean region lying between 24° and 26° 30' south . The most See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly sources are the rivers Santa Maria and See also:

• CALCHAQUI

Calchaqui, which unite near the town of San See also:

• CARLOS, DON (1545-1568)
• CARLOS, DON (1788-1855)
• CARLOS, DON (CHARLES MARIA DE LOS DOLORES JUAN ISIDOR.E JOSEPH FRANCIS QUIRIN ANTONY MICHAEL GABRIEL RAPHAEL) (1848—1909)

Carlos and form the river Guachipas . Having received the Arias, the Guachipas runs north-eastwards about 5o m., and then it changes its name to the Juramento, which is retained until the river reaches the Chaco plains at the base of the foot-hills of the Andes . Here it becomes the Salado, a name it preserves for the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of its course .

It joins the Parana near Santa Fe in 31° 39' south and 6o° 41' west . Explorers of the Salado, inclusive of Captain Page in 1855, claim that its lower half is navigable, but the many efforts which have been made to utilize it as a commercial route have all resulted in failure . As the Pilcomayo, the Bermejo and the Salado wander about the country, ever in search of new channels, they See also:

• ERODE

erode and See also:

• TEAR

tear away great quantities of the Pampean material, dissolve it into silt, and pour it into the Paraguay and Parana rivers . The engineer Pelleschi estimates that " the See also:

• SOIL

soil annually subtracted from the territory of the Chaco by the Bermejo alone equals 6,400,000 cubic yards." South of its confluence with the river Paraguay, the Parana washes the western foot of a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of sandstone bluffs for 30 miles . Thence for 240 m. the bordering hills are about 80 South- ft. high, but at See also:

• GOYA

Goya the country is almost on a level So ty with the river . Near the boundary-line between Course of Corrientes and Entre Rios the banks are very low on paraaa. both sides of the river, and continue so for nearly See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo m.; but farther down, for 150 m., the left See also:

• BANK

bank is margined, as far as See also:

• DIAMANTE, FRA
• DIAMANTE, JUAN BAUTISTA (164o ?-1684 ?)

Diamante, by a range of hills from 125 to 160 ft. high, at times boldly escarped . At Diamante they trend inland, south-eastwards, for about 5o m., and probably once bordered an ancient channel of the river . From 31 ° 3o' south to the head of the Plata estuary the western bank of the Parana is a precipitous See also:

• BLUFF (a word of uncertain origin; possibly connected with an obsolete Dutch word, blaf, broad)

bluff of reddish See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay, varying from 25 to 75 ft. above mean river level . It is being gradually undermined, and tumbles into the water in great blocks, adding to the immense volume of silt which the river carries . According to Ramon Lista, " the lowest level of the Parana is in October and November, and, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save an occasional freshet, it remains stationary until the beginning of summer, when its waters begin to rise, reaching their maximum about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February in the lower part of their course." The difference between low and high river is generally about 12 ft., depending upon the varying quantity of rains in .Brazil and the melting of the Andean snows . Below its junction with the Paraguay the Parana has an average current of 22 M. an See also:

• HOUR

hour, and the river varies in width from I to 3 m., at low water; but in floods it seems almost a continuous lake, broadening to to and 30 M. and burying many of its numerous islands and marginal swamps under a vast See also:

• SHEET

sheet of water, and obliterating its many parallel lateral channels and intricate systems of connecting canals . In the middle Parana, from the mouth of the Iguazu to the mouth of the Paraguay river, there are many islands, some of them large, rocky and high above the river .

From Paraguay to of the city of See also:

• ROSARIO

Rosario, islands are numerous, many of Islandsparents. them of great area; and again below Rosario they soon increase in number and See also:

• SIZE

size until the Plata estuary is reached . In flood-time the upper portion of the trees being out Of water, they have the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of floating forests . Then the river often makes See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• WORK

work with its banks, and builds up or sweeps away entire islands, leaving deep channels instead . See also:

• MOUCHEZ, AMEDEE ERNEST BARTHELEMY (1821-1892)

Mouchez in 1857, searching for two islands the position of which he had fixed in the previous year, found in their place 25 and 32 ft. of water . The lower delta of the Parana does not See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in these phenomena; its islands and main channels appear more fixed . This probably is due to the less See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation attained by the wat rs in flood-time, and the numerous branches which distribute them into the Plata estuary . This must have extended, in a very See also:

• RECENT

recent See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological period, inland from its present head to at least 32° S.; but the enormous quantity of silt which the Parana receives from its Paraguay affluent, and from the tributaries which reach it from the Andes, has filled this length of about 220 M. with these muddy islands, which See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest upon a sandy bed of great depth . The frontage of the Parana delta is 40 M. across, almost in a straight line from north to south . Through this the river finds its way to the Plata by eleven outlets, large and small, Paranh the two principal ones being the Parana-guazn and the Delta . Parana de See also:

• LAS

las Palmas . The mean flow of the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi river at New See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans is 675,000 cub. ft. per second, and its flood maximum about 1,000,000 ft . The minimum of the Plata past Buenos Aires is 534,000, the maxi-mum 2,148 000 .

It may therefore be fairly assumed that the yearly See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge of the great North See also:

• AMERICAN

American river is not superior, and may be inferior, to that of the Plata . The Parana is navigable at all times as far up as the Sao Lourenco river by craft drawing 3 ft. of water, and to within a few miles of Asuncion, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of Paraguay, by vessels drawing 9 ft . The city of Parana may always be reached with a draught of 12 and Rosario with 15 ft. of water . The commercial development of the Plata basin may be conveniently illustrated by See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics for the year 1822, which marks the beginning of See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• RULE

rule in its republics; for See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce . 1854, when the steamboat and the railway first began to See also:

• PLAY

play a part in this See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the See also:

• WORLD

world; and in 1898 and 1899, as indicating approximately the state of affairs at the end of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . In Buenos Aires, for example, the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign trade (entered and cleared) in 1822 aggregated 107,170 tons; in 1854, 342,463 tons; and in 1899, 5,046,847 tons . The See also:

• COASTING

coasting and river trade of the same port increased from 150,741 tons in 1854 to 3,695,088 tons in 1899 . But taking into See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account all the Argentine ports, except those which See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie to the south of the Plata, there was for the six years ending with 1899 an annual average of 14,000,000 tons for the overseas commerce and 11,000,000 tons for the river and coasting trade . On the other, or northern, bank of the stream the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief port is See also:

• MONTE

Monte-video; and its foreign commerce increased from an aggregate of 50,000 tons in 1822 to 150,000 tons in 1854 and to 4,069,870 tons in 1898, the river and coasting trade having increased from 50,000 tons in 1822 to 150,000 tons in 1854 and to 3,915,421 tons in 1898 . The total foreign trade of the Plata valley thus increased from over 157,000 tons in 1822 to nearly 18,Too,000 tons in 1898-1899 . Its growth since the opening of the loth century has been phenomenal and promises to become gigantic . The Andes on the west, the interior of South America on the north, great rivers, and the Brazilian mountains on the east of the Plata basin are obstacles which compel the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and varied products of at least 1,500,000 sq .

M. of fertile country to seek See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the ocean by a single See also:

• AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

avenue—the Plata estuary . (G . E .