See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN See also:

• JOHN PLAYFAIR (1748-1819)
• PLAYFAIR, LYON PLAYFAIR

PLAYFAIR (1748-1819)  , Scottish mathematician and physicist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Benvie, See also:

• FORFARSHIRE, or ANGUS

Forfarshire, where his See also:

• FATHER

father was See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, on the Toth of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1748 . He was educated at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home until the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fourteen, when he entered the university of St See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews . In 1766, when only eighteen, he was See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics in Marischal See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen, and, although he was unsuccessful, his claims were admitted to be high . Six years later he made application for the chair of natural See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy in his own university, but again without success, and in 1773 he was offered and accepted the living of the See also:

• UNITED

united parishes of Liff and Benvie, vacant by the See also:

• DEATH

death of his father . He continued, however, to carry Qn his mathematical and See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical studies, and in 1782 he resigned his See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to become the See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor of See also:

• FERGUSON, ADAM (1723-1816)
• FERGUSON, JAMES (1710-1776)
• FERGUSON, ROBERT (c. 1637-1714)
• FERGUSON, SIR SAMUEL (1810-1886)

Ferguson of Raith . By this arrangement he was able to be frequently in See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, and to cultivate the See also:

• LITERARY

literary and scientific society for which it was at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time specially distinguished; and through See also:

• MASKELYNE, NEVIL (1732-1811)

Maskelyne, whose acquaintance he had first made in the course of the celebrated Schiehallion experiments in 1774, he also gained See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the scientific circles of See also:

• LONDON

London . In 1785 when Dugald See also:

• STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
• STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
• STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
• STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
• STEWART, J
• STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
• STEWART, JULIUS L
• STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
• STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
• STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
• STEWART, STUART
• STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)

Stewart succeeded Ferguson in the Edinburgh chair of moral philosophy, See also:

• PLAYFAIR, JOHN (1748-1819)
• PLAYFAIR, LYON PLAYFAIR

Playfair succeeded the former in that of mathematics . In 1802 he published his celebrated See also:

• VOLUME

volume entitled Illustrations of the Fluttonian Theory of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

Earth . To its publication the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence exerted by See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• HUTTON, CHARLES (1737-1823)
• HUTTON, JAMES (1726-1797)
• HUTTON, RICHARD HOLT (1826-1897)

Hutton on the progress of See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological knowledge is largely due . In 18o5 he exchanged the chair of mathematics for that of natural philosophy in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to Dr See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Robison, whom also he succeeded as See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general secretary to the Royal Society of Edinburgh . He took a prominent See also:

• PART

part, on the Liberal See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, in the ecclesiastical controversy which arose in connexion with See also:

• LESLIE
• LESLIE, CHARLES (1650-1722)
• LESLIE, CHARLES ROBERT (1794–1859)
• LESLIE, FRED [FREDERICK HOBSON] (1855–1892)
• LESLIE, SIR JOHN (1766-1832)
• LESLIE, THOMAS EDWARD CLIFFE (1827-1882)

Leslie's See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment to the See also:

• POST

post he had vacated, and published a satirical See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

Letter (18o6) which was greatly admired by his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends . He was elected F.R.S. in .

1807 . He died in Edinburgh on the loth of See also:

• JULY

July 1819 . A collected edition of Playfair's See also:

• WORKS

works, with a memoir by James G . Playfair, appeared at Edinburgh in 4 vols . 8vo . His writings include a number of essays contributed to the Edinburgh See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review from 1804 onwards, various papers in the Phil . Trans . (including his earliest publication, " On the See also:

• ARITHMETIC (Gr. apeOµ7run7, sc. TEXVn, the art of counting, from (ipLBµos, number)

Arithmetic of Impossible Quantities," 1779, and an " See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

Account of the Lithological Survey of Schehallion," 1811) and in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (" On the Causes which affect the Accuracy of Barometrical Measurements," &c.), also the articles "See also:

• AEPINUS, FRANZ ULRICH THEODOR (1724-1802)

Aepinus" and "Physical See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

Astronomy," and a "Dissertation on the Progress of Mathematical and Physical See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Science since the Revival of Learning in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe," in the See also:

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA

Encyclopaedia Britannica (Supplement to See also:

• FOURTH

fourth, fifth and See also:

• SIXTH

sixth See also:

• EDITIONS

editions) . His Elements of See also:

• GEOMETRY

Geometry first appeared in 1795 and have passed through many editions; his Outlines of Natural Philosophy (2 vols., 1812-1816) consist of the propositions and formulae which were the basis of his class lectures . Playfair's contributions to pure mathematics were not considerable, his See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper " On the Arithmetic of Impossible Quantities," that " On the Causes which affect the Accuracy of Barometrical Measurements," and his Elements of Geometry, all already referred to, being the most important . His lives ofMatthew Stewart, Hutton, Robison, many of his reviews, and above all his " Dissertation ' are of the utmost value .