See also:

• PLEURISY, or PLEURITIS (Gr. srXeiipc =ribs)

PLEURISY, or PLEURITIS (Gr. srXeiipc =ribs)  , inflammation of the pleura, caused by invasion by certain specific micro-organisms . (See See also:

• RESPIRATORY

RESPIRATORY See also:

• SYSTEM

SYSTEM: See also:

• PATHOLOGY (from Gr. raBos, suffering)

Pathology.) Secondary pleurisies may occur from See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of inflammation from neighbouring See also:

• ORGANS

organs . The morbid changes which the pleura undergoes when inflamed consist of three See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief conditions or stages of progress . (I) Inflammatory congestion and infiltration of the pleura, which may spread to the tissues of the See also:

• LUNG

lung on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and to those of the See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall on the other . (2) Exudation of See also:

• LYMPH

lymph on the pleural surfaces . This lymph is of variable consistence, some-times composed of thin and easily separated pellicles, or of extensive thick masses or strata, or again showing itself in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a tough membrane . It is of greyish-yellow See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, and microscopically consists mainly of coagulated See also:

• FIBRIN, or FIBRINE

fibrin along with See also:

• EPITHELIAL, ENDOTHELIAL

epithelial cells and red and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• BLOOD

blood corpuscles . Its presence causes roughening of the two pleural surfaces, which, slightly separated in See also:

• HEALTH

health, may now be brought into contact by bands of lymph extending between them . These bands may break up or may become organized by the development of new blood vessels, and adhering permanently may obliterate throughout a greater or less space the pleural See also:

• SAC

sac, and interfere to some extent with the See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• PLAY

play of the lungs . (3) Effusion of fluid into the pleural cavity . This fluid may vary in its characters . The chief varieties of See also:

• PLEURISY, or PLEURITIS (Gr. srXeiipc =ribs)

pleurisy are classified according to the variety of the effusion, should effusion take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place .

(1) Some pleurisies do not reach the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of effusion, the inflammation terminating in the exudation of lymph . This is termed dry pleurisy . (2) Fibrinous or plastic pleurisy . In this variety the pleura is covered by a thick layer of granular, fibrinous material . Fibrinous pleurisy is usually secondary to acute diseases of the lung such as See also:

• PNEUMONIA (Gr. ?rveu AMP, lung)

pneumonia, See also:

• CANCER (" THE CRAB ")
• CANCER, LUIS (d. 1549)
• CANCER, or CARCINOMA (from Lat. cancer, Gr. KapKivwga, an eating ulcer)

cancer, See also:

• ABSCESS (from Lat. abscedere, to separate)

abscess or See also:

• TUBERCULOSIS

tuberculosis . (3) Sero-fibrinous pleurisy . This is the most See also:

• COMMON

common variety, and produces the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition commonly known as pleurisy with effusion . The amount may vary from analmost inappreciable quantity to a See also:

• GALLON

gallon or more . When large in quantity it may fill to distension the pleural sac, bulge out the thoracic wall- externally, and compress the Iung, which may in such cases have all its See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air displaced and be reduced to a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere fraction of its natural bulk . Other organs, such as the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart and See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver, may in consequence of the presence of the fluid be shifted away from their normal positicn . In favourable cases the fluid is absorbed more or Iess completely and the pleural surfaces again may unite by adhesions; or, all traces of inflammatory products having disappeared, the pleura may be restored to its normal condition . When the fluid is not speedily absorbed it may remain See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long in the cavity and compress the lung to such a degree as to render it incapable of re-expansion as the effusion passes slowly away .

The consequence is that the chest wall falls in, the ribs become approximated, the See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder is lowered, the spine becomes curved and See also:

• INTERNAL

internal organs permanently displaced, while the affected See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side scarcely moves in respiration . Sometimes the unabsorbed fluid becomes purulent, and an See also:

• EMPYEMA (from Gr. iv, within, and srvov, pus)

empyema is the result . The symptoms of pleurisy vary; the onset is sometimes obscure but usually well marked . It may be ushered in by rigors, See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever and a See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain in the side, especially on breathing . Pain is See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt in the side or See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast, of a severe cutting See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, referred usually to the neighbourhood of the nipple, but it may be also at some distance from the affected See also:

• PART

part, such as through the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the See also:

• BODY

body or in the abdominal or iliac regions . On See also:

• AUSCULTATION (from Lat. auscultare, to listen)

auscultation the physician recognizes sooner or later " See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction," a superficial rough rubbing See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound, occurring only with the respiratory acts and ceasing when the breath is held . It is due to the coming together during respiration of the two pleural surfaces which are roughened by the exuded lymph . The pain is greatest at the outset, and tends to abate as the effusion takes place . A dry cough is almost always See also:

• PRESENT

present, which is particularly distressing owing to the increased pain the effort excites . At the outset there may be dyspnoea, due to fever and pain; later it may result from See also:

• COMPRESSION

compression of the lung . On See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical examination of the chest the following are among the chief points observed: (I) On inspection there is more or less bulging of the side affected, should effusion be present, obliteration of the intercostal spaces, and sometimes See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of the shoulder . (2) On palpation with the hand applied to the side there is diminished expansion of one-See also:

• HALF

half of the See also:

• THORAX (Gr. BWpaE, breastplate, also the part of the body covered by it)

thorax, and the normal vocal fremitus is abolished .

Should the effusion be on the right side and copious, the liver may be felt to have been pushed downwards, and the heart somewhat displaced to the See also:

• LEFT

left; while if the effusion be on the left side the heart is displaced to the right . (3) On percussion there is See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute dullness over the seat of the effusion . If the fluid does not fill the pleural sac the floating lung may yield a hyper-resonant See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note . (4) On auscultation the natural breath sound is inaudible over the effusion . Should the latter be only partial the breathing is clear and somewhat harsh, with or without friction, and the See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice sound is aegophonic . Posteriorly there may be heard tubular breathing with aegophony . These various physical signs render it impossible to See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake the disease for other maladies the symptoms of which may See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear a resemblance to it, such as pleurodynia . The absorption or removal of the fluid is marked by the disappearance or diminution of the above-mentioned physical signs, except that of percussion dullness, which may last a long See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and is probably due in part to the thickened pleura . Friction may again be heard as the fluid passes away and the two pleural surfaces come together . The displaced organs are restored to their position, and the compressed lung re-See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded . Frequently this expansion is only partial . In most instances the termination is favourable, the acute symptoms subsiding and the fluid (if not See also:

• DRAWN

drawn off) becoming absorbed, sometimes after reaccumulation .

On the other hand it may remain long without undergoing much See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change, and thus a condition of chronic pleurisy becomes established . Pleurisy may exist in a latent form, the patient going.about for See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks with a large See also:

• ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation of fluid in his thorax, the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary acute symptoms never having been present in any See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand and See also:

• TASMANIA

Tasmania received it in 1864, but it was eradicated in both countries by the sanitary See also:

• MEASURES

measures adopted . It was carried to See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, and made its presence felt at See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus . It prevails in various parts of See also:

• CHINA

China, See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa and See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia, and until quite recently it existed in every See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, except Scandinavia, See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal . In See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain cases occurred in 1897 . Symptoms:—The malady lasts from two to three weeks to as many months, the chief symptoms being fever, diminished appetite, a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short cough of a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar and pathognomonic character, with qnickened breathing and See also:

• PULSE

pulse, and physical indications of lung and chest disease . Towards the end there is great debility and emaciation, See also:

• DEATH

death generally ensuing after hectic fever has set in . See also:

• COMPLETE

Complete recovery is rare . The pathological changes are generally limited to the chest and its contents, and consist in a peculiar marbled-like See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the lungs on See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, and fibrinous deposits on the pleural membrane, with oftentimes great effusion into the cavity of the thorax . See also:

• WILLEMS, FLORENT JOSEPH MARIE (1823–1905)
• WILLEMS, JEAN FRANCOIS (1793-'t846)

Willems of See also:

• HASSELT
• HASSELT, ANDRE HENRI CONSTANT VAN (1806—1874)

Hasselt (See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium) in 1852 introduced and practised inoculation as a protective measure for this See also:

• SCOURGE (Ital. scoriada, from Lat. excoriare, to flay, corium, skin)

scourge, employing for this purpose the lymph obtained from a diseased lung . Since that time inoculation has been extensively resorted to, not only in Europe, but also in Australia and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Africa, and its protective value has been generally recognized . When properly performed, and when certain precautions are adopted, it would appear to confer temporary See also:

• IMMUNITY (from Lat. immunis, not subject to a munus or public service)

immunity from the disease .

The usual seat of inoculation is the extremity of the tail, the See also:

• VIRUS, CHRISTOBAL DE (1550?-1615?)

virus being introduced beneath the skin by means of a See also:

• SYRINGE (Gr. ovpryE, reed, pipe)

syringe or a worsted See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread impregnated with the lymph . See also:

• PROTECTION

Protection against infection can also be secured by subcutaneous or intravenous injection of a culture of Arloing's pneumo-bacillus on See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin's See also:

• BOUILLON

bouillon, and by intravenous injection of the lymph from a diseased lung, or from a subcutaneous See also:

• LESION (through Fr. from Lat. laesio, injury, laedere, to hurt)

lesion produced in a See also:

• CALF
• CALF, THE GOLDEN

calf by previous inoculation .