See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)  , See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek biographer and See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous writer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Chaeronea in See also:

• BOEOTIA

Boeotia . After having been trained in See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens he travelled and stayed some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, where he lectured on philosophy and undertook the See also:

• EDUCATION

education of See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian.' See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan bestowed consular See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank upon him, and Hadrian appointed him See also:

• PROCURATOR (Lat. procurare, to take care of)

procurator of See also:

• GREECE

Greece . He died in his native See also:

• TOWN

town, where he was See also:

• ARCHON (apywv, ruler)

archon and See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest of the Pythian See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo . In the See also:

• CONSOLATION (Fr. consolation, Lat. consolatio, from consolari, to assuage, comfort, console)

Consolation to his Wife on the loss of his See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young daughter, he tells us (§ 2) that they had brought up four sons besides, one of whom was called by the name of See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch's See also:

• BROTHER

brother, Lamprias . We learn incidentally from this See also:

• TREATISE

treatise (§ 1o) that the writer had been initiated in the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret mysteries of See also:

• DIONYSUS (probably = " son of Zeus," from & Os and vv(7os, a Thracian word for " son ")

Dionysus, which held that the soul was imperishable . He seems to have been an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent thinker rather than an adherent of any particular school of philosophy . His vast acquaintance with the literature of his time is every-where apparent . The celebrity of Plutarch, or at least his popularity, is mainly founded on his See also:

• FORTY

forty-six Parallel Lives . He is thought to have written this See also:

• WORK

work in his later years after his return to Chaeronea . His knowledge of Latin and of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• HISTORY

history he must have partly derived from some years' See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in Rome and other 1 There seems no authority for this statement earlier than the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . parts of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy,' though he says he was too much engaged in lecturing (doubtless in Greek, on philosophy) to turn his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention much to Roman literature during that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . Plutarch's See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing the Parallel Lives—for this is the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title which he gives them in dedicating See also:

• THESEUS

Theseus and See also:

• ROMULUS

Romulus to Sosius Senecio—appears to have been the publication, in successive books, of See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies in pairs, taking together a Greek and a Roman .

In the introduction to the Theseus he speaks of having already issued his See also:

• LYCURGUS
• LYCURGUS (c. 396–325 B.C.)
• LYCURGUS (Gr. AvKofpyor)

Lycurgus and Numa, viewing them, no doubt, as bearing a resemblance to each other in their legislative See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . Theseus and Romulus are compared as the legendary founders of states . In the opening See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence of the See also:

• LIFE

life of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander he says that " in this See also:

• BOOK

book he has written the lives of Alexander and See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar" (See also:

• JULIUS

Julius), and in his See also:

• DEMOSTHENES

Demosthenes, where he again (§ 1) mentions his friend Sosius, he calls the life of this orator and See also:

• CICERO

Cicero the fifth book ? It may therefore fairly be inferred that Plutarch's See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea was simply to set a Greek See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior, statesman, orator or legislator See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side with some noted Roman celebrated for the same qualities, or working under similar conditions . Nearly all the lives are in pairs; but the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series concluded with single biographies of See also:

• ARTAXERXES

Artaxerxes, See also:

• ARATUS

Aratus (of See also:

• SICYON, or SECYON (the latter being the older form used by the natives)

Sicyon), See also:

• GALBA, SERVIUS SULPICIUS

Galba and See also:

• OTHO, MARCUS SALVIUS (32-69)

Otho . In the life of Aratus, not Sosius Senecio, but one.See also:

• POLYCRATES

Polycrates, is addressed . The Lives are See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• GREAT

great learning and See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long lists of authorities are given, and they must for this very See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, as well as from their considerable length, have taken many years in compilation . It is true that many of the lives, especially of See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, do not show such an extent of research . But Plutarch must have had See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to a great See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store of books, and his See also:

• DILIGENCE

diligence as an historian cannot be questioned, if his accuracy is in some points impeached . From the historian's point of view the weakness of the biographies is that their See also:

• INTEREST

interest is primarily ethical . The author's sympathy with Doric characters and institutions is very evident; he delights to See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record the exploits, the See also:

• MAXIMS, LEGAL

maxims and virtues of Spartan See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings and generals . This feeling is the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key to his apparently unfair and virulent attack on See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus, who, as an Ionian, seemed to him to have exaggerated the prowess and the foresight of the Athenian leaders .

The voluminous and varied writings of Plutarch exclusive of the Lives are known under the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• TERM

term See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

Opera moralia . These consist of above sixty essays, some of them long and many of them rather difficult, some too of very doubtful genuineness . Their See also:

• LITERARY

literary value is greatly enhanced by the large number of citations from lost Greek poems, especially verses of the dramatists, among whom See also:

• EURIPIDES (48o–4o6 B.C.)

Euripides holds by far the first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• TREATISES

treatises in the Opera moralia are the following: On the Education of See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

Children (regarded as See also:

• SPURIOUS

spurious by some) recommends (1) See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, and sobriety in the See also:

• FATHER

father; (2) good disposition and good training are alike necessary for virtue; (3) a See also:

• MOTHER

mother ought to See also:

• NURSE (a shortened form of the earlier " nourice," adapted through the French from Lat. nutrix, nu/rite, to nourish)

nurse her own offspring, on the See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy of all animals; (4) the paedogogus must be honest and trustworthy; (5) all the advantages of life and See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune must be held secondary to education; (6) See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• MOB

mob-See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory is no See also:

• PART

part of a good education; (7) philosophy should See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the principal study, but not to the exclusion of the other sciences; (8) gymnastics are to be practised; (9) kindness and See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice are better than blows; (1o) over-pressure in learning is to be avoided, and plenty of relaxation is to be allowed ; (I i) self-See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control, and not least over the See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue, is to be learned ; (12) the grown-up youth should be under the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye and advice of his father, and all See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• COMPANY

company avoided, flatterers included; (13) fathers should not be too harsh and exacting, but remember that they were themselves once young; (14) See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage is recommended, and without disparity of rank; (15) above all, a father should be an example of virtue to a son . How a Young See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man ought to Hear See also:

• POETRY

Poetry is largely made up of quotations from See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer and the tragic poets . The points of the See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay are the moral effects of poetry as combining the true with the false, the praises of virtue and heroism with a See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology depraved and unworthy of gods, Ei 0E0173 Spwai ¢ai.Aov, ok dab, 6601 (§ 21) . Demosth . § 2 . Plutarch's See also:

• ORTHOGRAPHY (from Gr. Opeoc, correct, right or straight, and yp&cbecv, to write)

orthography of Roman words and names is important as bearing on the question of See also:

• PRONUNCIATION (Lat. pronuntiatio, from pronuntiare, proclaim, announce, pronounce)

pronunciation . A curious example (De fortun . Rom . § 5) is Virtutis et honoris, written Oticprourir re Kai 'Ovivpcs .

The See also:

• VOLSCI

Volsci are Ouo?ouaKOt, ibid . 2 It is quite evident that the original See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the books has been altered in the series of Lives as we now have them . On the Right Way of See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

Hearing (i€pl Tof; &KoCEty) See also:

• ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

advocates the listening in silence to what is being said, and not giving a precipitate reply to statements which may yet receive some addition or modification from the See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker (§ 4) . The hearer is warned not to give too much See also:

• WEIGHT

weight to the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, manner or See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of the speaker (§ 7), not to be either too apathetic or too prone to praise, not to be impatient if he finds his faults reproved by the lecturer (§ 16) . He concludes with the See also:

• MAXIM, SIR HIRAM STEVENS (184o- )

maxim, " to hear rightly is the beginning of living rightly," and perhaps he has in view throughout his own profession as a lecturer . How a Flatterer may be Distinguished from a Friend is a rather long and uninteresting treatise . The See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient writers are full of warnings against flatterers, who do not seem to exercise much See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in See also:

• MODERN

modern society . The really dangerous flatterer (§ 4) is not the See also:

• PARASITE (From Gr. irapa, beside, Tiros food)

parasite, but the pretender to a disinterested friendship —one who affects similar tastes, and so insinuates himself into your confidence . Your accomplished flatterer does not always praise, but flatters by See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act, as when he occupies a good seat at a public See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting for the See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express purpose of resigning it to his See also:

• PATRON

patron (§ 15) . A true friend, on the contrary, speaks freely on proper occasions . A good part of the essay turns on srappi ria, the honest expression of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion . The citations, which are fairly numerous, are mostly from Homer .

How one may be Conscious of Progress in Goodness is addressed to Sosius Senecio, who was See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul in the last years of See also:

• NERVA, MARCUS COCCEIUS

Nerva, and more than once (99, 102, 107) under Trajan . If, says Plutarch, a man could become suddenly See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise instead of foolish, he could not be ignorant of the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change; but it is otherwise with moral or See also:

• MENTAL

mental processes . See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

Gradual advance in virtue is like steady sailing over a wide See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, and can only be measured by the time taken and the forces applied (§ 3) . See also:

• ZENO

Zeno tested advance by dreams (§ 12); if no excess or immorality presented itself to the See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination of the See also:

• SLEEPER

sleeper, his mind had been purged by reason and philosophy . When we love the truly good, and adapt ourselves to their looks and See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners, and this even with the loss of worldly prosperity, then we are really etting on in goodness ourselves (§ 15) . Lastly, the avoidance of fade sins is an See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of a scrupulous See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience (§ 17) . How to get Benefit out of Enemies argues that, as See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive man had See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage animals to fight against, but learnt to make use of their skins for clothing and their flesh for See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, so we are See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to turn even our enemies to some good purpose . One service they do to us is to make us live warily against plots; another is, they induce us to live honestly, so as to vex our rivals not by scolding them, but by making them secretly jealous of us (§ 4) . Again, finding See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault leads us to consider if we are ourselves faultless, and to be found fault with by a foe is likely to be See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain truth speaking, lucouoriov Eer vapd See also:

• TAM, JACOB BEN MEIR (1100-1171)

Tam egOpUiv Ti)V aX,iiGECae (§ 6) . Jealousies and strifes, so natural to man, are diverted from our See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends by being legitimately expended on our enemies (§ to) . On Having Many Friends, On See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

Chance, On Virtue and See also:

• VICE

Vice, are three See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short essays, the first advocating the concentration of one's affections on a few who are worthy (rows See also:

• GLOSS, GLOSSARY

gloss (Wilms SKJKEuV, § 4), rather than diluting them, as it were, on the many; the second pleads that intelligence, Qip6vnais, not mere See also:

• LUCK

luck, is the ruling principle of all success; the third shows that virtue and vice are but other names for happiness and misery . All these are interspersed with citations from the poets, several of them unknown from other See also:

• SOURCES

sources .

A longer treatise, well and clearly written, and not less valuable for its many quotations, is the Consolation addressed to Apollenius (considered spurious by some) on the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• DEATH

death of his " generally beloved and 'religious and dutiful son." Equality of mind both in . prosperity and in adversity is recommended (§ 4), since there are ups and See also:

• DOWNS

downs " (61/ior Kai ralravbrgs) in life, as there are storms and calms on the sea, and good and bad seasons on the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth . That man is born to reverses he illustrates by citing fifteen See also:

• FINE

fine verses from See also:

• MENANDER
• MENANDER (342–291 B.C.)
• MENANDER (MILINDA)

Menander (§ 5) . The uselessness of indulging in grief is pointed out, death being a See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt to all and not to be regarded as an evil (§§ 10-12), See also:

• PLATO

Plato's See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine is cited (§ 13) that the See also:

• BODY

body is a See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden and an impediment to the soul . Death may be annihilation, and therefore the dead are in the same See also:

• CATEGORY (Gr. Karrlyopia, " accusation ")

category as the unborn (§ 15) . The lamenting a death because it is untimely or premature has something of selfishness in it (§ 19), besides that it only means that one has arrived sooner than another at the end of a common See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey . If a death is more grievous because it is untimely, a new-born See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant's death would be the most grievous of all (§ 23) . One who has died early may have been spared many woes rather than have been deprived of many blessings; and, after all, to See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die is but to pay a debt due to the gods when they ask for it (§ 28) . Examples are given of fortitude and resignation under such affliction (§ 33) . If, says the author in conclusion, there is a See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven for the good hereafter, be sure that such a son will have a place in it . The author has borrowed from the IIEpt it vOovs of See also:

• CRANTOR

Crantor . Precepts about See also:

• HEALTH

Health commences as a See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue, and extends to some length as a lecture . It is technical and difficult throughout, and contains but little that falls in with modern ideas .

See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

Milk, he says, should be taken for food rather than for drink, and See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine should not be indulged in after hard work or mental effort, for it does but tend to increase the bodily disturbance (§ 17) . Better than purges or See also:

• EMETICS (from Gr. inerucos, causing vomit)

emetics is a temperate See also:

• DIET

diet, which induces the bodily functions to act of themselves (§ 20) . Another wise saying is that idleness does not conduce to health (oaa' lanais Carl . TO paXAov t ytaiesia roar gvuXiav ayovras) (§ 2I), and yet another that a man should learn by experience his bodily capabilities without always consulting a physician (§ 26) . Advice to the Married is addressed to his newly wedded friends Pollianus and See also:

• EURYDICE (Evpuiixq)

Eurydice . It is simply and plainly written, and consists chiefly of short maxims and anecdotes, with but few citations from the poets . The Banquet of the Seven Wise Men (considered spurious by some) is a longer treatise, one of the several " Symposia " or imaginary conversations that have come down to us . It is supposed to be given by See also:

• PERIANDER (Gr. IIepiavSpos)

Periander in the public banqueting-See also:

• ROOM

room (fkriar6piov) near the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth (Lechaeum) on the occasion of a See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice to See also:

• APHRODITE

Aphrodite . The whole party consisted of " more than twice seven," the friends of the principal guests being also See also:

• PRESENT

present . Like Plato's See also:

• SYMPOSIUM (Gr. avyr6cnov, a drinking party, from avµirivecv, to drink together, abv, with, and 7rivecv, to drink, root 7ro, cf. Lat. potare, to drink, poculum, cup)

Symposium this treatise takes the form of a narrative of what was said and done, the narrator being one Diodes, a friend of Periander, who professes to give Nicarchus a correct See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account as having been present . The See also:

• DINNER

dinner was See also:

• SIMPLE

simple, and in contrast with the usual splendour of " tyrants " (§ 4) . The conversation turns on various topics; See also:

• SOLON (7th and 6th century n.c.)

Solon is credited with the remarkable opinion that " a See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king or See also:

• TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

tyrant is most likely to become celebrated it he makes a See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy out of a See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy" (§ 7) .

There is much playful banter throughout, but neither the wit nor the See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom seems of a very high See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard . Solon delivers a speech on food being a See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity rather than a See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure of life (§ i6), and one Gorgus, a brother of the See also:

• HOST

host, comes in to relate how he has just shaken hands with See also:

• ARLON

Arlon, brought across the sea on the back of a See also:

• DOLPHIN

dolphin (§ 18), which brings on a discussion about the habits of that creature . Among the speakers are See also:

• AESOP (Gr. Aivwvros)

Aesop, See also:

• ANACHARSIS

Anacharsis, Thales, Chilo, See also:

• CLEOBULUS

Cleobulus and one Chersias, a poet . A short essay On Superstition contains a good many quotations from the poets . It opens with the wise remark that See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance about the gods, which makes the obstinate man an atheist, also begets credulity in weak and pliant minds . The atheist fears nothing because he believes nothing; the superstitious man believes there are gods, but that they are unfriendly to him (§ 2) . A man who fears the gods is never See also:

• FREE

free from fear, whatever he may do or what-ever may befall him . He extends his fears beyond his death, and believes in the " See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates of See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

hell," and its fires, in the darkness, the ghosts, the infernal See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges, and what not (§ 4) . The atheist does not believe in the gods; the superstitious man wishes he did not, but fears to disbelieve (§ I I) . On the whole, this is a most interesting treatise . On See also:

• ISIS (Egyptian Ese)

Isis and See also:

• OSIRIS

Osiris is a rather long treatise on See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian symbolism, interesting chiefly to students of Egyptology . It gives an exposition of the See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange myths and superstitions of this ancient See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar cult, including a full account of the great antagonist of Osiris, See also:

• TYPHON (TYPHAON, TYPHOEUS)

Typhon, or the Egyptian Satan .

Plutarch thus See also:

• LAYS

lays down the Zoroastrian theory of good and bad agencies (§ 45) : " If nothing can happen without cause, and good cannot furnish cause for evil, it follows that the nature of evil, as of good, must have an origin and principle of its own." On the Cessation of Oracles is a dialogue, discussing the reasons why divine See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration seemed to be withdrawn from the old seats of prophetic See also:

• LORE
• LORE, AMBROISE DE (1396-1446)

lore . The real reason of their decline in popularity is probably very simple; when the Greek cities became Roman provinces the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion of consulting oracles See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell off, as unsuited to the more See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical influences of Roman thought and Roman politics . The question is discussed whether there are such intermediate beings as daemons, who according to Plato communicate the will of the gods to men, and the prayers and vows of men to the gods . The possibility of a See also:

• PLURALITY (0. Fr. pluralitd, Late Lat. pluralitas, plural number)

plurality of worlds is entertained, and of the See also:

• PLANETS, MINOR

planets being more or less composed of the essence of the five elements, See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether, earth, See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air and See also:

• WATER

water (§ 37) . The whole treatise is metaphysical, but it concludes with remarks on the exhalations at See also:

• DELPHI (the Pytho of Homer and Herodotus; in Boeotian inscriptions BeA4oi, on coins Aa)tg5oi)

Delphi having different effects on different See also:

• PEOPLE

people and at different times . The ancient notion doubtless was that the vapour was the breath of some mysterious being sent up from the under-See also:

• WORLD

world . On the Pythian Responses, why no longer given in See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

Verse, is also a dialogue, the first part of which is occupied mainly with conversation and anecdotes about the statues and other offerings at Delphi . It is rather an amusing essay, and may be regarded as a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of appendix to the last . The theory propounded (§ 24) is that verse was the older vehicle of philcsophy, history and See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, but that plain See also:

• PROSE

prose has become the later fashion, and therefore that oracles are now generally delivered " in the same form as See also:

• LAWS

laws speak to citizens, kings reply to their subjects, and scholars hear their teachers speak." Discredit, too, was brought on the verse-See also:

• ORACLE (Lat. oraculum, from ora' to pray; the corresponding Greek word is uavreiov or Xpnuri7pwov)

oracle by the facility with which it was employed b impostors (§ 25) . Moreover, verse is better suited to See also:

• AMBIGUITY (Fr. ambiguite, med. Lat. ambiguitas, from Lat. ambiguus, doubtful; ambi, both ways, agere, to drive)

ambiguity, and oracles nowadays have less need to be ambiguous (§ 88) . On the E at Delphi is an inquiry why that See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter or See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol was written on or in the Delphic See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple . Some thought it represented the number five, others that it introduced the inquiry of oracle-seekers, If so-and-so was to be done; while one of the speakers, Ammonius, decides that it means El, " See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

thou See also:

• ART

art," an address to Apollo containing the See also:

• PREDICATION (from Lat. praedicare, to state, assert)

predication of existence (§ 17) .

On the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

Face of the See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

Moon's Disk is a long and curious if somewhat trifling See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation, yet not without interest from its calculationsof the sizes and the distance from earth of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun and moon (§ so), and from the contrast between ancient lunar theories and modern See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics . The cause of the moon's See also:

• LIGHT

light, its See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, the possibility of its being inhabited and many kindred questions are discussed in this dialogue, the beginning and end of which are alike abrupt . Some of the " guesses at truth " are very near the See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark, as when it is suggested (§§ 21—22) that the moon, like the earth, contains deep recesses into which the sun's light does not descend, and the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the " face " is nothing but the shadows of streams or of deep ravines . On the See also:

• LATE

Late Vengeance of the Deity is a dialogue consequent on a supposed lecture by See also:

• EPICURUS (342–270 B.C.)

Epicurus . An objection is raised to the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary dealings of See also:

• PROVIDENCE

providence, that long, delayed See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment encourages the sinner and disappoints the injured, the reply to which is (§ 5) that the See also:

• GOD

god sets man an example to avoid hasty and precipitate resentment, and that he is willing to give time for repentance (§ 6) . Moreover, he may wish to await the birth of good progeny from erring parents (§ 7) . Another fine reflection is that See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin has its own punishment in causing misery to the sinner, and thus the longer the life the greater is the See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of misery (§ 9) . The essay concludes with a long See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story about one Thespesius, and the treatment which he saw, during a See also:

• TRANCE (through the French, from Lat. transitus, from transire, to cross, pass over)

trance, of the souls in the other world . On See also:

• FATE

Fate (probably spurious) discusses the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of chance as against the overruling of providence . This treatise ends abruptly; the point of the See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument is that both fate and providence have their due influence in mundane affairs (§ 9), and that all things are constituted for the best . On the See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

Genius of See also:

• SOCRATES

Socrates is a long essay, and, like so many of the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, in the form of a dialogue . The experiences of one Timarchus, and his supernatural visions in the See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave of Trophonius, are related at length in the Platonic style (§ 22), and the true nature of the Saipoves is revealed to him .

They are the souls of the just, who still retain regard for human affairs and assist the good in their efforts after virtue (§ 28) . The dialogue ends with an interesting narrative of the concealment of See also:

• PELOPIDAS (d. 364 B.C.)

Pelopidas and some of the Theban conspirators against the Spartans in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• CHARON

Charon . On See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

Exile is a fine essay, rendered the more interesting from its numerous quotations from the poets, including several from the Phoenissae . Man is not a plant that grows only in one See also:

• SOIL

soil; he belongs to heaven rather than to earth, and wherever he goes there are the same sun, the same seasons, the same providence, the same laws of virtue and See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice (§ 5) . There is no discredit in being driven from one's See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country; Apollo himself was banished from heaven and condemned to live for a time on earth (§ 18) . The Consolation to his Wife, on the early death of their only daughter Timoxena (§ 7), is a feeling and sensible exhortation to moderate her grief . Nine books of Symposiaca extend to a great length, discussing inquiries (apo$Ai7para) on a vast number of subjects . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general treatment of these, in which great literary knowledge is displayed, is not unlike the style of See also:

• ATHENAEUS

Athenaeus . The Amorous Man is a dialogue of some length, describing a conversation on the nature of love held at See also:

• HELICON
• HELICON (Fr. helicon, bombardon circulaire; Ger. Helikon)

Helicon, pending a quinquennial feast of the Thespians, who specially worshipped that deity along with the See also:

• MUSES, THE (Gr. Mo6o-at, the thinkers)

Muses . It is amply illustrated by poetical quotations . In § 24 mention is made of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• VESPASIAN

Vespasian . It is followed by a short treatise entitled Love Stories, giving a few narratives of sensational adventures of lovers .

Short Sayings (&iroOEypara), dedicated to Trajan, extend to a great length, and are divided into three parts: (I) of kings and commanders (including many Roman); (2) of Spartans; (3) of Spartan See also:

• WOMEN

women (a short treatise on Spartan institutions being interposed between the last two) . The names of the authors are added, and to some of them a large number of maxims are attributed . A rather long treatise On the Virtues of Women contains a series of narratives of See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble deeds done by the See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex in times of danger and trouble, especially from " tyrants." Many of the stories are interesting, and the style is easy and good . Another long and learned work bears the rather obscure title Ke¢aXalwv Karaypactsn . It is generally known as Quaestiones Romanae and Graecae, in two parts . In the former, which contains one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and thirteen headings, the inquiry (on some See also:

• MATTER

matter See also:

• POLITICAL

political, religious or antiquarian) always commences with &a. rl, usually followed by xorepov, with alternative explanations . In the Greek Questions the form of inquiry is more often its or See also:

• RIVES, WILLIAM CABELL (1793-1868)

rives, not followed by irorEpov . This treatise is of great interest and importance to claysical See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

archaeology, though the inquiries seem occasionally trifling, and sometimes the answers are clearly wrong . See also:

• PARALLELS

Parallels (spurious) are a series of similar incidents which occurred respectively to Greeks and Romans, the Greek See also:

• STANDING

standing first and the Roman counterpart following . Many of the characters are mythological, though Plutarch regards them as See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical . On the Fortune of the Romans discusses whether, on the whole, good luck or valour had more influence in giving the Romans the supremacy . This is followed by two discourses on the same question as applicable to the career of Alexander the Great, and Whether the Athenians were more renowned for See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War or for Wisdom ?

The conclusion is (§ 7) that it was not so much by the fame of their poets as by the deeds of their heroes that Athens became renowned . Gryllus is a most amusing dialogue, in which See also:

• CIRCE (Gr. Kiprcrl)

Circe, See also:

• ODYSSEUS (in Latin Ulixes, incorrectly written Ulysses)

Odysseus and a talking See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig take part . Odysseus wishes that all the human beings that have been changed by the sorceress into bestial forms should be restored; but the pig argues that in moral virtues, such as true bravery, chastity, See also:

• TEMPERANCE

temperance and general simplicity of life and contentment, animals are very far See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to man . Whether See also:

• LAND

Land Animals or Water Animals are the Cleverer is a rather long dialogue on the intelligence of ants, bees, elephants, See also:

• SPIDERS

spiders, See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs, &c., on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and the See also:

• CROCODILE

crocodile, the dolphin, , the See also:

• TUNNY (Thunnus thynnus)

tunny and many kinds of See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, on the other . This is a good essay, much in the style of See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle's History of Animals . On Flesh-eating, in two orations, discusses the origin of the practice, viz. necessity, and makes a touching See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to man not to destroy life for mere gluttony (§ 4) . This is a short but very sensible and interesting argument . Questions on Plato are ten in number, each heading subdivided into several speculative replies . The subjects are for the most part metaphysical; the essay is not long, but it concerns Platonists only . Whether Water or Fire is more Useful is also short ; after discussing the uses of both elements it decides in favour of the latter, since nothing can exceed in importance the warmth of life and the light of the sun . On See also:

• PRIMARY

Primary See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

Cold is a See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical speculation on the true nature and origin of the quality antithetical to See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat . Physical Reasons (Quaestiones Naturales) are replies to inquiries as to why certain facts or phenomena occur, e.g .

" Why is See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt the only flavour not in fruits ? " " Why do fishing-nets rot in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter more than in summer ? " " Why does pouring oil on the sea produce a See also:

• CALM

calm ? " On the Opinions accepted by the Philosophers (spurious), in five books, is a valuable compendium of the views of the Ionic school and the See also:

• STOICS

Stoics on the phenomena of the universe and of life . On the See also:

• ILL

Ill-nature of Herodotus is a well-known critique of the historian for his unfairness, not only to the Boeotians and Lacedaemonians, but to the See also:

• CORINTHIANS

Corinthians and other Greek states . It is easy to say that this essay " neither requires nor merits refutation "; but Plutarch knew history, and he writes like one who thoroughly understands the charges which he brings against the historian . The Lives of the Ten Orators from See also:

• ANTIPHON

Antiphon to See also:

• DINARCHUS

Dinarchus (now considered spurious) are biographies of various lengths, compiled, doubtless, from materials now lost . Two rather long essays, Should a Man engage in Politics when he is no longer Young, and Precepts for Governing(roXeruca rapay ' X iara), are interspersed with valuable quotations . In favour of the former view the administrations of See also:

• PERICLES (49o-429 B.C.)

Pericles, of Agesilaus, of See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, are cited (§ 2), and the preference of older men for the pleasures of doing good over the pleasures of the senses (§ 5) . In the latter, the true use of eloquence is discussed, and a contrast See also:

• DRAWN

drawn between the brilliant and risky and the slow and safe policy (§ to) . The choice of friends, and the caution against enmities, the dangers of love, of gain and of ambition, with many topics of the like kind, are sensibly advanced and illustrated by examples . (F .

A .