See also:

• PLUTO (IlXoirrwv)

PLUTO (IlXoirrwv)  , in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology, the See also:

• GOD

god of the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• WORLD

world . His See also:

• OLDEST

oldest name was Hades, Aides or Aidoneus, " the Unseen." He was the son of Cronus and See also:

• RHEA

Rhea, and See also:

• BROTHER

brother of See also:

• ZEUS

Zeus and See also:

• POSEIDON

Poseidon . Having deposed Cronus, the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast lots for the kingdoms of the See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven, the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, and the infernal regions . The last, afterwards known as Hades from their ruler, See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to See also:

• PLUTO (IlXoirrwv)

Pluto . Here he ruled with his wife Persephone over the other See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers below and over the dead . He is stern and pitiless, See also:

• DEAF

deaf to See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer or flattery, and See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice to him is of no avail; only the See also:

• MUSIC

music of See also:

• ORPHEUS

Orpheus prevailed upon him to restore his wife See also:

• EURYDICE (Evpuiixq)

Eurydice . His See also:

• HELMET (from an obsolete diminutive of O. Fr. helme, mod. heaume; the English word is " helm," as in O. Eng., Dutch and Ger.; all are from the Teutonic base hal-, pre-Teut. kal-, to cover; cf. Lat. celare, to hide, Eng. " hell," &c.)

helmet, given him by the See also:

• CYCLOPES (KUKXW9rer, the round-eyed, plural of Cyclops)

Cyclopes after their See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release from See also:

• TARTARUS

Tartarus, rendered him invisible (like the See also:

• TARN
• TARN (O. Eng. tame, Scand. tjarn, tjdrn, horn, &c.)

Tarn—or Nebelkappe of See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German mythology) . He is hated and feared by gods and men, who, afraid to utter his name, both in daily See also:

• LIFE

life and on See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn occasions make use of euphemistic epithets: Polydectes (the See also:

• RECEIVER

receiver of many), Clymenus (the Illustrious), See also:

• EUBULUS

Eubulus (the giver of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good counsel) . Later, owing to his connexion with Persephone and under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the Eleusinian mysteries, the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character. underwent a See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change . Instead of the life-hating god of See also:

• DEATH

death, he became a beneficent god, the bestower of See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, minerals, and other blessings produced in the depths of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth . In this aspect he was called Pluto, the " giver of See also:

• WEALTH

wealth " (a name that first occurs in the See also:

• ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

Attic poets of the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century), and at most of the centres of his cult he was so worshipped; at Ells alone he was Hades, the god of the dead . The See also:

• PLANTS

plants sacred to him were the See also:

• CYPRESS (Cupressus)

cypress and See also:

• NARCISSUS

narcissus; See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black victims were sacrificed to him, not See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, like those offered to the other gods .

In See also:

• ART

art he was represented like Zeus and Poseidon; his features are gloomy, his See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair falls over his forehead; his attributes are a See also:

• SCEPTRE

sceptre and See also:

• CERBERUS

Cerberus; he carries the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key of the world below (cf. the epithet IrvXaprrts, " keeper of the See also:

• GATE

gate "), and is frequently in See also:

• COMPANY

company with Persephone . He is sometimes represented as an agricultural god, carrying a See also:

• CORNU, MARIE

cornu copiae and a two-pronged See also:

• FORK (Lat. furca)

fork . Amongst the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans Hades was usually called Dis See also:

• PATER, WALTER HORATIO (1839-1894)

pater (the " wealthy See also:

• FATHER

father ") and Orcus, although the name Pluto is often used . Orcus, however, was rather the actual slayer, the, See also:

• ANGEL

angel of death, while Father Dis was the ruler of the dead . The See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan god of death was represented as a See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage old See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man with wings and a See also:

• HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1810-1862)

hammer; at the gladiatorial See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome a man masked after this See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion removed the corpses from the See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena . In Romanesque folk-See also:

• LORE
• LORE, AMBROISE DE (1396-1446)

lore Orcus (possibly See also:

• ENGLISH

English " See also:

• OGRE

ogre," q.v.) has passed into a See also:

• FOREST

forest-See also:

• ELF
• ELF (O. Eng. aelf; cf. Ger. Alp, nightmare)

elf, a black, hairy, man-eating See also:

• MONSTER (Lat. monstrum, from root of monere, to warn; i.e. something terrible or portentous)
• MONSTER, GEORG, COUNT ZU (1776-1844)

monster, upon whose See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children lost in the See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods are See also:

• APT

apt to stumble, and who sometimes shows himself kindly and helpful . The " house of Hades " was a dreadful See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode deep down in the earth, and the god was invoked by rapping on the ground . According to another view, the See also:

• REALM

realm of Hades was beyond the ocean in the far See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, which to the Greek was always the region of darkness and death, as the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of See also:

• LIGHT

light and life . This is the view of Hades presented in the Odyssey . Besides this gloomy region, we find in another passage of the Odyssey (iv . 561 seq.) a picture of See also:

• ELYSIUM

Elysium, a happy See also:

• LAND

land at the ends of the earth, where See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain and See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow fall' not, but the cool west See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind blows and men live at ease . After See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer this happy land, the abode of the good after death, was known as the Isles of the Blest (q.v.).' But in the oldest Greek mythology the " house of Hades " was simply the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of the dead, good and See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad alike, who led a. dim and shadowy reflection of life on earth .

See See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article " Hades," in See also:

• ROSCHER, WILHELM GEORG FRIEDRICH (1817–1894)

Roscher's Lexikon der Mythologie; See also:

• PRELLER, FRIEDRICH (1804–1878)
• PRELLER, LUDWIG (1809–1861)

Preller-See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert, Griechische Mythologie (1894) ; L . Farnell, Cults of the Greek States, vol. iii., who regards Hades as an See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution from Zeus and his counterpart; according to J . E . See also:

• HARRISON
• HARRISON, BENJAMIN
• HARRISON, FREDERIC (1831— )
• HARRISON, JOHN (1693—1776)
• HARRISON, THOMAS (16o6-166o)
• HARRISON, THOMAS ALEXANDER (1853– )
• HARRISON, WILLIAM (1534–1593)
• HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY (1773–1841)

Harrison, in Classical See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review (Feb . 1908), Hades is the under-world See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun .