See also:

• POGGIO (1380-1459)

POGGIO (1380-1459)  . Gian See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco See also:

• POGGIO (1380-1459)

Poggio See also:

• BRACCIOLINI, FRANCESCO (1566-1645)

Bracciolini, See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar of the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 138o at Terranuova, a See also:

• VILLAGE

village in the territory of See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence . He studied Latin under See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna, and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek under See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel Chrysoloras . His distinguished abilities and his dexterity as a copyist of See also:

• MSS

MSS. brought him into See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• NOTICE

notice with the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief scholars of Florence . Coluccio Salutati and Niccolo de' See also:

• NICCOLI, NICCOLO

Niccoli befriended him, and in the See also:

• YEAR

year 1402 or 1403 he was received into the service of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CURIA

curia . His functions were those of a secretary; and, though he profited by benefices conferred on him in lieu of See also:

• SALARY

salary, he remained a layman to the end of his See also:

• LIFE

life . It is noticeable that, while he held his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office in the curia through that momentous See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of fifty years which witnessed the See also:

• COUNCILS

Councils of See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance and of See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel, and the final restoration of the papacy under See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas V., his sympathies were never attracted to ecclesiastical affairs . Nothing marks the See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular attitude of the Italians at an See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch which decided the future course of both Renaissance and See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation more strongly than the mundane proclivities of. this apostolic secretary, See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart and soul devoted to the resuscitation of classical studies amid conflicts of popes and antipopes, cardinals and councils, in all of which he See also:

• BORE

bore an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• PART

part . Thus, when his duties called him to Constance in 1414, he employed his leisure in exploring the See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries of Swiss and Swabian convents . The treasures he brought to See also:

• LIGHT

light at See also:

• REICHENAU

Reichenau, Weingarten, and above all St See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

Gall, restored many lost masterpieces of Latin literature, and supplied students with the texts of authors whose See also:

• WORKS

works had hitherto been accessible only in mutilated copies . In one of his epistles he describes how he recovered See also:

• QUINTILIAN [MARCUS FABIUS QUINTILIANUS] (C. A.D. 35-95)

Quintilian, part of See also:

• VALERIUS, PUBLIUS

Valerius See also:

• FLACCUS

Flaccus, and the commentaries of Asconius Pedianus at St Gall . MSS. of See also:

• LUCRETIUS (TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS) (c. 98–55 B.C.)

Lucretius, See also:

• COLUMELLA, LUCIUS JUNIUS MODERATUS

Columella, Silius Italicus, See also:

• MANILIUS
• MANILIUS, GAIUS

Manilius and See also:

• VITRUVIUS (MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO)

Vitruvius were unearthed, copied by his See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and communicated to the learned .

Wherever Poggio went he carried on the same See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry of See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research . At See also:

• LANGRES

Langres he discovered See also:

• CICERO

Cicero's Oration for See also:

• CAECINA

Caecina, at See also:

• MONTE

Monte Cassino a MS. of See also:

• FRONTINUS, SEXTUS JULIUS (c. A.D. 40-103)

Frontinus . He also could boast of having recovered See also:

• AMMIANUS, MARCELLINUS

Ammianus See also:

• MARCELLINUS, ST

Marcellinus, Nonius See also:

• MARCELLUS

Marcellus, See also:

• PROBUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• PROBUS, MARCUS VALERIUS

Probus, Flavius See also:

• CAPER, FLAVIUS

Caper and See also:

• EUTYCHES (c. 380-c. 456)

Eutyches . If a codex could not be obtained by See also:

• FAIR

fair means, he was ready to use See also:

• FRAUD (Lat. fraus, deceit)

fraud, as when he bribed a See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk to abstract a See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy and an Ammianus from the See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent library of Hersfield . Resolute in recognizing erudition as the chief concern of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, he sighed over the folly of popes and princes, who spent their See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in See also:

• WARS

wars and ecclesiastical disputes when they might have been more profitably employed in reviving the lost learning of antiquity . This point of view is eminently characteristic of the earlier Italian Renaissance . The men of that nation and of that epoch were See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent on creating a new intellectual See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere for See also:

• EUROPE

Europe by means of vital contact with antiquity . Poggio, like See also:

• AENEAS

Aeneas Sylvius See also:

• PICCOLOMINI
• PICCOLOMINI, OCTAVIO, PRINCE (1599-1656)

Piccolomini (See also:

• PIUS

Pius II.), was a See also:

• GREAT

great traveller, and wherever he went he brought enlightened See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of observation trained in liberal studies to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear upon the See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners of the countries he visited . We owe to his See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen curious remarks on See also:

• ENGLISH

English and Swiss customs, valuable notes on the remains of See also:

• ANTIQUE (Lat. antiquus, old)

antique See also:

• ART

art in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, and a singularly striking portrait of See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome of See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague as he appeared before the See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges who condemned him to the stake . It is necessary to dwell at length upon Poggio's devotion to the task of recovering the See also:

• CLASSICS

classics, and upon his disengagement from all but humanistic interests, because these were the most marked feature of his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and career . In literature he embraced the whole See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of contemporary studies, and distinguished himself as an orator, a writer of rhetorical See also:

• TREATISES

treatises, a panegyrist of the dead, a violent impugner of the living, a translator from the Greek, an epistolographer and See also:

• GRAVE

grave historian and a facetious compiler of fabliaux in Latin . On his moral essays it may suffice to notice the See also:

• DISSERTATIONS

dissertations On See also:

• NOBILITY

Nobility, On Vicissitudes of See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

Fortune, On the Misery of Human Life, On the Infelicity of Princes and On See also:

• MARRIAGE

Marriage in Old See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age .

These compositions belonged to a See also:

• SPECIES

species which, since See also:

• PETRARCH (1304-1374)

Petrarch set the See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion, were very popular among Italian scholars . They have lost their value, except for the few matters of fact embedded in a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of See also:

• COMMONPLACE

commonplace meditation, and for some occasionally brilliant illustrations . Poggio's See also:

• HISTORY

History of Florence, written in avowed See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of Livy's manner, requires See also:

• SEPARATE

separate mention, since it exemplifies by its defects the weakness of that merely stylistic treatment which deprived so much of See also:

• BRUNI, LEONARDO (1369-1444)

Bruni's, Carlo See also:

• ARETINO, PIETRO (1492-1556)

Aretino's and See also:

• BEMBO, PIETRO (1470—1547)

Bembo's See also:

• WORK

work of See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• WEIGHT

weight . A somewhat different See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism must be passed on the Facetiae, a collection of humorous and indecent tales expressed in such Latinity as Poggio could command . This See also:

• BOOK

book is chiefly remarkable for its unsparing satires on the monastic orders and the secular See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy . It is also noticeable as illustrating the latinizing tendency of an age which gave classic See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form to the lightest essays of the See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy . Poggio, it may be observed, was a fluent and copious writer in the Latin See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue, but not an elegant scholar . His knowledge of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient authors was wide, but his See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste was not select, and his erudition was superficial . His See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon's Cyropaedia into Latin cannot be praised for accuracy . Among contemporaries he passed for one of the most formidable polemical or gladiatorial rhetoricians; and a considerable See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of his extant works are invectives, One of these, the Dialague against Hypocrites, was aimed in a spirit of vindictive hatred at the vices of ecclesiastics; another, written at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of Nicholas V., covered the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope See also:

• FELIX
• FELIX, ANTONIUS
• FELIX, LIA (1830– )

Felix with scurrilous abuse . But his most famous compositions in this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind are the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal invectives which he discharged against See also:

• FILELFO, FRANCESCO (1398-1481)

Filelfo and See also:

• VALLA, LORENZO, or LAURENTIUS (c. 1406-1457)

Valla . All the resources of a copious and. unclean Latin vocabulary were employed to degrade the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of his See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire; and every See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime of which humanity is capable was ascribed to them without discrimination .

In Filelfo and Valla Poggio found his match; and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy was amused for years with the spectacle of their indecent combats . To dwell upon such See also:

• LITERARY

literary infamies would be below the dignity of the historian, were it not that these habits of the early Italian humanists imposed a fashion upon Europe which extended to the later age of See also:

• SCALIGER

Scaliger's contentions with Scioppius and See also:

• MILTON
• MILTON, JOHN (1608–1674)

Milton's with See also:

• SALMASIUS, CLAUDIUS

Salmasius . The greater part of Poggio's See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long life was spent in attendance to his duties in the papal curia at Roane and else-where . But about the year 1452 he finally retired to Florence, where he was admitted to the burghership, and on the See also:

• DEATH

death of Carlo Aretino in 1453 was appointed See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor and historiographer to the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . He had already built himself a See also:

• VILLA

villa in Valdarno, which he adorned with a collection of antique See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture, coins and See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions . In 1435 he had married a girl of eighteen named Vaggia, of the famous Buondelmonte See also:

• BLOOD

blood . His declining days were spent in the See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge of his See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable Florentine office and in the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of his history . He died in 1459, and was buried in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of See also:

• SANTA

Santa Croce . A statue by See also:

• DONATELLO (diminutive of Donato) (c. 1386-1466)

Donatello and a picture by See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio del Pollajuolo remained to commemorate a See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen who chiefly for his services to humanistic literature deserved the notice of posterity . Poggio's works were printed at Basel in 1538, " ex aedibus Henrici Petri.' Dr Shepherd's Life of Poggio Bracciolini (1802) is a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good authority on his See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography . For his position in the history of the revival, see Voigt's Wiederbelebung See also:

• DES

des classischen Alterthums, and See also:

• SYMONDS, JOHN ADDINGTON (184o-180, English critic and poet, was born at Bristol, on the 5th of October 184o. He was the only son of John Addington Symonds, M.D. (1807—1871)
• SYMONDS, WILLIAM SAMUEL (1818-1887)

Symonds's Renaissance in Italy . (J .

A .