See also:

• SIMEON
• SIMEON (or SYMEON) OF DURHAM (d. after 1129)
• SIMEON, JOSEPH JEROME, COMTE (1749–1842)

SIMEON See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

DENIS See also:

• SIMEON DENIS POISSON (1781-1840)

POISSON (1781-1840)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French mathematician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• PITHIVIERS

Pithiviers in the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of Loiret, on the 21st of See also:

• JUNE

June 1781 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• SIMEON
• SIMEON (or SYMEON) OF DURHAM (d. after 1129)
• SIMEON, JOSEPH JEROME, COMTE (1749–1842)

Simeon See also:

• POISSON, SIMEON DENIS (1781-1840)

Poisson, served as a See also:

• COMMON

common soldier in the Hanoverian See also:

• WARS

wars; but, disgusted by the See also:

• ILL

ill-treatment he received from his patrician See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, he deserted . About the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of his son, Simeon See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

Denis, he occupied a small administrative See also:

• POST

post at Pithiviers, and seems to have been at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place during the revolutionary See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . Poisson was first sent to an See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, a surgeon at See also:

• FONTAINEBLEAU

Fontainebleau, and began to take lessons in bleeding and blistering, but made little progress . Having given promise of mathematical See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent he was sent to the Ecole Centrale of Fontainebleau, and was fortunate in having a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind and sympathetic teacher, M . Billy, who, when he speedily found that his See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil was becoming his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, devoted himself to the study of higher See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to follow and appreciate him, and predicted his future fame by the punning See also:

• QUOTATION

quotation from See also:

• LAFONTAINE, SIR LOUIS HIPPOLYTE, BART

Lafontaine': " See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

Petit Poisson deviendra See also:

• GRAND

grand Pourvu que Dieu lui prete See also:

• VIE

vie." In 1798 he entered the )r tole Polytechnique at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris as first in his See also:

• YEAR

year, and immediately began to attract the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of the professors of the school, who See also:

• LEFT

left him See also:

• FREE

free to follow the studies of his predilection . In "Soo, less than two years after his entry, he published two See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs, one on E . Bezout's method of elimination, the other on the number of integrals of an See also:

• EQUATION (from Lat. aequatio, aequare, to equalize)

equation of finite See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences . The latter of these memoirs was examined by S . F . See also:

• LACROIX, ANTOINE FRANCOIS ALFRED (1863— )
• LACROIX, PAUL (1806—1884)

Lacroix and A . M .

See also:

• LEGENDRE, ADRIEN MARIE (1752–1833)
• LEGENDRE, LOUIS (1752-1797)

Legendre, who recommended that it should be published in the Recueil See also:

• DES

des savants etrangers, an unparalleled See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour for a youth of eighteen . This success at once procured for Poisson an entry into scientific circles . J . L . See also:

• LAGRANGE, JOSEPH LOUIS (1736-1813)

Lagrange, whose lectures on the theory of functions he attended at the )tole Polytechnique, See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early recognized his talent, and became his friend; while P . S . See also:

• LAPLACE, PIERRE SIMON, MARQUIS DE (1749—1827)

Laplace, in whose footsteps Poisson followed, regarded him almost as his son . The See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his career, till his See also:

• DEATH

death on the 25th of See also:

• APRIL

April r84o, was almost entirely occupied in the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition and publication of his many See also:

• WORKS

works, and in discharging the duties of the numerous educational offices to which he was successively appointed . Immediately after See also:

• FINISHING

finishing his course at the Ecole Polytechnique he was appointed repetiteur there, an See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office which he See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad discharged as an See also:

• AMATEUR (Lat. amator, lover)

amateur while still a pupil in the school; for it had been the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of his comrades often to resort to his See also:

• ROOM

room after an unusually difficult lecture to hear him repeat and explain it . He was made professeur suppleant in 18o2, and full See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to J . See also:

• FOURIER, F
• FOURIER, FRANCOIS CHARLES MARIE (1772-1837)
• FOURIER, JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH (1768-1830)

Fourier in 18o6 . In 18o8 he became astronomer to the See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau des Longitudes; and when the Faculte des Sciences was instituted in a809 he was appointed professeur de in mecanique rationelle .

He further became member of the See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute in 1812, examiner at the military school at St Cyr in 1815, leaving examiner at the )/tole Polytechnique in 1816, councillor of the university in 182o, and geometer to the Bureau des Longitudes in succession to P . S . Laplace in 1827 . His father, whose early experiences led him to hate aristocrats, bred him in the stern creed of the first See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . Throughout the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire Poisson faithfully adhered to the See also:

• FAMILY

family principles, and refused to See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon . When the Bourbons were restored, his hatred against Napoleon led him to become a Legitimist—a conclusion which says more for the simplicity of his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character than for the strength or See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic of his See also:

• POLITICAL

political creed . He was faithful to the Bourbons during the See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred Days; in fact, was t This prediction is sometimes attributed to Laplace.with difficulty dissuaded from volunteering to fight in their cause . After the second restoration his fidelity was recognized by his See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation to the dignity of See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron in 1825; but he never either took out his diploma or used the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title . The revolution of See also:

• JULY

July 183o threatened him with the loss of all his honours; but this disgrace to the government of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Philippe was adroitly averted by F . See also:

• ARAGO, DOMINIQUE FRANCOIS JEAN (1786-1853)

Arago, who, while his " revocation " was being plotted by the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of ministers, procured him an invitation to dine at the Palais Royale, where he was openly and effusively received by the See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, who " remembered" him . After this, of course, his degradation was impossible, and seven years later he was made a peer of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, not for political reasons, but as a representative of French See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . As a teacher of mathematics Poisson is said to have been more than ordinarily successful, as might have been expected from his early promise as a repetiteur at the Ecole Polytechnique .

As a scientific worker his activity has rarely if ever been equalled . Notwithstanding his many See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official duties, he found time to publish more than three hundred works, several of them extensive See also:

• TREATISES

treatises, and many of them memoirs dealing with the most abstruse branches of pure and applied mathematics . There are two remarks of his, or perhaps two versions of the same remark, that explain how he accomplished so much: one, " La vie n'est bonne qu'a deux choses—a faire des mathematiques et a See also:

• LES

les professeur; " the other, " La vie c'est le travail." A See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of Poisson's works, See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up by himself, is given at the end of Arago's See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography . A lengthened See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of them would be out of place here, and all that is possible is a brief mention of the more important . There are few branches of mathematics to which he did not contribute something, but it was in the application of mathematics to See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical subjects that his greatest services to science were performed . Perhaps the most See also:

• ORIGINAL

original, and certainly the most permanent in their See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, were his memoirs on the theory of See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity and See also:

• MAGNETISM
• MAGNETISM, TERRESTRIAL

magnetism, which virtually created a new See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of mathematical physics . Next (perhaps in the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of some first) in importance stand the memoirs on See also:

• CELESTIAL, OR STELLAR

celestial See also:

• MECHANICS

mechanics, in which he proved himself a worthy successor to P . S . Laplace . The most important of these are his memoirs " Sur les inegalites seculaires des moyens mouvements des planetes," " Sur la variation des constantes arbitraires daps les questions de mecanique," both published in the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of the hcole Polytechnique (18o9) ; " Sur la See also:

• LIBRATION (Lat. libra, a balance)

libration de la tune," in Connaiss. d. temps (1821), &c . ; and " Sur la mouvement de la terre autour de son centre de gravite," in Mem. d. l'acad . (1827), &c .

In the first of these memoirs Poisson discusses the famous question of the stability of the planetary orbits, which had already been settled by Lagrange to the first degree of approximation for the disturbing forces . Poisson showed that the result could be extended to a second approximation, and thus made an important advance in the planetary theory . The memoir is remarkable inasmuch as it roused Lagrange, after an See also:

• INTERVAL

interval of inactivity, to compose in his old See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age one of the greatest of his memoirs, viz. that Sur la theorie des See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations des elements des planetes, et en particulier des variations des grands axes de leurs orbites . So highly did he think of Poisson's memoir that he made a copy of it with his own See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, which was found among his papers after his death . Poisson made important contributions to the theory of attraction . His well-known correction of Laplace's partial See also:

• DIFFERENTIAL

differential equation for the potential was first published In the Bulletin de in societe philomatique (1813) . His two most important memoirs on the subject are " Sur ?'attraction des spheroides " (Connaiss. d. temps, 1829), and " Sur ?'attraction d'un ellipsoide homogene " (Mem. d. l'acad., 1835) . In concluding our selection from his physical memoirs we may mention his memoir on the theory of waves (Mem. d. l'acad., 1825) . In pure mathematics, his most important works were his See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of memoirs on definite integrals, and his discussion of Fourier's series, which paved the way for the classical researches of L . Dirichlet and B . See also:

• RIEMANN, GEORG FRIEDRICH BERNHARD (1826–1866)

Riemann on the same subject; these are to be found in the Journal of the ?cote Polytechnique from 1813 to 1823, and in the Memoirs de l'academie for 1823 . In addition we may also mention his See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on the calculus of variations (Mem. d. l'acad., 1833), and his memoirs on the See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability of the mean results of observations (Connaiss. d. temps, 1827, &e.) .

Besides his many memoirs Poisson published a number of treatises, most of which were intended to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form See also:

• PART

part of a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• WORK

work on mathematical physics, which he did not live to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete . Among these may be mentioned his Traite de mecanique (2 vols . 8vo, 1811 and 1833), which was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long a See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard work; Theorie nouvelle de l'See also:

• ACTION

action cappillaire (4to, 1831) ; Theorie mathematique de la chaleur (4to, 1835) Supplement to the same (4to, 1837) ; Recherches sur la probabilite des jugements en matibres criminelles, &c . (4to,1837), all published at Paris . See F . Arago, Biographie de Poisson, read before the Academie des Sciences on the 16th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1850 . See also:

• POITOU

Poitou, and now the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town of the department of See also:

• VIENNE
• VIENNE, COUNCIL OF

Vienne, 61 m . S.S.W. of See also:

• TOURS

Tours on the railway to See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux . Pop . (1906), town, 31,532; See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune, 39,302 . See also:

• POITIERS

Poitiers is situated at the junction of the Boivre with the Clain (a tributary of the See also:

• LOIRE

Loire by the Vienne), and occupies the slopes and See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of a See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau which rises 130 ft. above the level of the streams by which it is surrounded on three sides . The town is picturesque; and its streets are interesting for their remains of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, especially of the Romanesque period, and the memories of great See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical events .

Blossac See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park, named after the See also:

• INTENDANT (from Lat. intendens, pres. part. of intendere, to apply the mind to, to watch over; cf. " superintendent ")

intendant of the " generality " of Poitiers (1751-1786), and situated on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the town, and the botanical See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, are the two See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal promenades . Till 1857 Poitiers contained the ruins of a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre more extensive than that of See also:

• NIMES
• NIMES, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Nemausensia)

Nimes; remains of Roman See also:

• BATHS

baths, constructed in the 1st and demolished in the 3rd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, were laid See also:

• BARE

bare in 1877; and in 1879 a See also:

• BURIAL

burial-place and the tombs of a number of See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian martyrs were discovered on the heights to the south-east—the names of some of the Christians being preserved in paintings and See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions . Not far from these tombs is a huge dolmen (the " See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre See also:

• LEVEE (from Fr. lever, to raise)
• LEVEE (from the French substantival use of lever, to rise; there is no French substantival use of levee in the English sense)

Levee "), 22 ft. long, 16 ft. broad and 6 or 7 ft. high, around which used to be held the great See also:

• FAIR

fair of St See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke . The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter, begun in 1162 by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II. of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and Eleanor of See also:

• GUIENNE

Guienne on the ruins of a Roman See also:

• BASILICA

basilica, and well advanced by the end of the 12th century, is a See also:

• BUILDING

building in the Romanesque and Early See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, the latter predominating . It consists of three naves almost equal in height and width, both of which decrease towards the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, thus enhancing the See also:

• PERSPECTIVE (Lat. peespicere, to see through)

perspective . Its length is 308 ft., and the See also:

• KEYSTONE

keystone of the central vaulted roof is 89 ft. above the See also:

• PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentu;n, a floor beaten or rammed hard, from pavire, to beat)

pavement . There is no See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse, and the exterior generally has a heavy See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . The principal front, the width of which is excessive in See also:

• PRO

pro-portion to its height, has unfinished side-towers 105 and See also:

• ITO, HIROBUMI, PRINCE (1841-1909)

Ito ft. in height, begun in the 13th century . Most of the windows of the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir and the transepts preserve their stained See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass of the 12th and 13th centuries; the end window, which is certainly the first in the order of time, contains the figures of Henry II. and Eleanor . The choir stalls, carved between 1235 and 1257, are among the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest in France . The See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• JEAN

Jean near the cathedral is the most ancient Christian See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Built as a See also:

• BAPTISTERY (Baptislerium, in the Greek Church 4wrurrilpiov)

baptistery in the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 4th century, it was enlarged in the 7th century, since when it has suffered little structural alteration .

It contains frescoes of the 12th century and a collection of tombs of the Merovingian period . The church of St Hilaire was erected at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 4th century over the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of the celebrated See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop . At first an See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory, it was rebuilt on a larger See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale by See also:

• CLOVIS [Chlodovech] (c. 466-511)

Clovis, and after-wards became, in the loth, nth and 12th centuries, a sumptuous collegiate church, of which the See also:

• NAVE

nave was flanked by triple aisles and surmounted by six cupolas . Great damage was done to it in the Wars of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion and the French Revolution, and the See also:

• FACADE

facade was entirely rebuilt in the 19th century . The See also:

• CONFESSIONAL (Late Lat. confessionale, neut. adj. from confessionalis, " pertaining to confession," Fr. confessional, Ital. confessionale)

confessional or oratory under the choir contains the See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of St Hilary and a Christian See also:

• SARCOPHAGUS (Gr. vapsorg yos, literally " flesh-eating," from vapt, flesh, ¢ayeiv, to eat)

sarcophagus of the 4th century . The church of St Radegonde, a ,great resort of pilgrims, commemorates the See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort of See also:

• CLOTAIRE (CHLOTIIACHAR)

Clotaire (d . 587), and preserves in its See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt the tomb of Radegonde, who founded at Poitiers the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• CROSS

Cross, and two others reputed to be those of St See also:

• AGNES, SAINT

Agnes and St Disciola . The choir and See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower above the entrance are of the 11th century, while the nave (See also:

• LATE

late 12th century) is in the Angevin style . In a See also:

• RECESS (Lat. recessus, a going back, withdrawal, from recedere, to withdraw)

recess in the nave known as the Chapelle du Pas de Dieu, there is a footprint which tradition asserts to be that of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ, who appeared in a See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision to St Radegonde . Notre-See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame la Grande, which See also:

• DATES

dates from the close of the i ith century, and represents a collegiate church of one or two hundred years older, has a sculptured Romanesque facade rivalled in richness only by that of St Pierre of See also:

• ANGOULEME
• ANGOULEME, CHARLES DE VALOIS, DUKE OF (1573-1650)

Angouleme .