Online Encyclopedia

ship, and impeached by the Commons on charges which, insufficient upon the face of them, secured his conviction . Richard was forced to send his See also:

MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister into See also:

ward at See also:

Windsor until the See also:

PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament was dissolved, when Suffolk once more appeared as the See also:

LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the king's party . But the opposition was insistent, and Suffolk, after Richard had been compelled to give his word that those who had advised him See also:

ill should See also:

ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer for it to the next parliament, fled over See also:

sea to See also:

CALAIS

Calais . One of the earliest of the many popular songs that bark against the Poles tells joyfully of this See also:

FLIGHT

flight of the detested " Jake." See also:

SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

Sentence of death by the gallows was passed in his See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence . The over-zealous governor of Calais who found him at his See also:

GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates, clad as a poor See also:

Fleming, his See also:

CHIN

chin shaved, packed him back to England, whence he escaped again, doubtless with the king's aid, reaching his native See also:

TOWN

town of Hull, where he saw for the last time his " goodly house of See also:

BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick." Old See also:

friends found him a ship that landed him in the See also:

Low Countries, and he died an See also:

EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile in See also:

Paris in 1389 .

The exile's son Michael, who had married Catherine, daughter of the earl of See also:

Stafford, was restored to the earldom in 1397, and, although his father's See also:

ATTAINDER (from the O. Fr. ataindre, ateindre, to attain, i.e. to strike, accuse, condemn; Lat. attingere, tangere, to touch; the meaning has been greatly affected by the confusion with Fr. taindre, teindre, to taint, stain, Lat. tingere, to dye)

attainder was revived by the See also:

ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of the first parliament of See also:

Henry IV., the earldom was restored once again in 1399, together with the castle and honour of Eye . His See also:

LIFE

life was that of a soldier, and he was with the See also:

HOST

host before See also:

HARFLEUR

Harfleur in 1415, when he died of a violent See also:

DYSENTERY (from the Gr. prefix Ova-, in the sense of " bad," and Evmpov, the intestine)

dysentery . Michael, the eldest son and heir, marched from his father's deathbed to See also:

AGINCOURT (AZINCOURT)

Agincourt, where he See also:

fell, See also:

DRAYTON, MICHAEL (1563-1631)

Drayton's ballad recalling how he plied his See also:

AXE (0. Eng. aex; a word common, in different forms, in the Teutonic languages, and akin to the Greek 41v17; the New English Dictionary prefers the spelling " ax ")

axe on the great See also:

day . By his wife, a daughter of the first See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

Norfolk, he had three daughters, but no one of them marrying, his lands passed with the earldom to his brother William . This William (1396-1450), the fourth earl of his name, had sailed with his father and elder brother to Harfleur, but had been sent See also:

home sick after the See also:

SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege . He returned with the " viage " of 1417, leading See also:

THIRTY

thirty mep-at-arms and ninety archers . Henry V. made him See also:

ADMIRAL

admiral of See also:

NORMANDY

Normandy, and until the crowning of Henry VI. in Paris in 1431 he served in See also:

France without, by his own See also:

account, coming home or seeing England . He held the chief command before See also:

Orleans after See also:

Salisbury had fallen to a See also:

CANNON (a word common to Romance languages, from the Lat. canna, a reed, tube, with the addition of the augmentative termination -on, -one)

cannon-shot from the See also:

CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, but was forced to surrender to Joan of Arc at Jargeau, where his brother See also:

Alexander was killed, another brother, John, being taken prisoner with the earl . A fourth brother, See also:

Thomas, a clerk, became See also:

HOSTAGE (through Fr. ostage, modern otage, from Late Lat. obsidaticum, the state of being an obses or hostage; Med. Lat. ostaticum, ostagium)

hostage to See also:

DUNOIS, JEAN, COUNT OF (1403-1468)

Dunois See also:

Queen See also:

Elizabeth's crowning he Fiore her See also:

SCEPTRE

sceptre . Having held many offices under See also:

EDWARD

Edward IV. he was ready to See also:

bear a sceptre at Richard's See also:

CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation, and, after Bosworth, to swear fealty to the Tudor See also:

DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty and to bear another sceptre for another Queen Elizabeth . He died in 1491, having safely kept his lands, his dukedom, and his See also:

head through perilous years . But each advance in See also:

RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank had brought danger and misfortune to the Poles .

Before the death of the second duke they had begun to pay the See also:

price of their matching with the royal until the vast See also:

RANSOM (from Lat. redemptio, through Fr. rancon)

ransom of the earl was paid down . After 1431 I house . In the next See also:

GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation their name was blotted out . Suffolk turned to English politics . Like his grandfather, he 1 John Pole, eldest son of Duke John and the Lady Elizabeth, found a king's uncle, another Gloucester, the chief of his enemies. had been created Earl of See also:

Lincoln by his uncle, Edward IV . Before he followed Richard to Bosworth, the young See also:

man had been chosen as heir to the See also:

THRONE

throne, See also:

CLARENCE, DUKES OF

Clarence's son See also:

Warwick being put aside . He survived King Richard and Henry VII. spared him . But he egged on See also:

SIMNEL, LAMBERT

Simnel's See also:

plot, joined the rebels in See also:

Ireland, and was killed at Stoke in 1487, leaving no issue by his wife, the daughter of the earl of See also:

Arundel . See also:

Edmund, his younger brother, (c . 1472—1513) should have succeeded in 1491 as duke of Suffolk, but on coming of See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age he agreed to satisfy himself with the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of earl of Suffolk, the king grudgingly restoring some portion of the estates forfeited by his brother . In 1499 he suddenly left the See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom, but was persuaded to return . But the death of the imprisoned earl of Warwick may have suggested to him that Henry's See also:

court was a dangerous See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place for those of the See also:

BLOOD

blood of See also:

York, and in 1501 he found his way to the See also:

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

Maximilian in See also:

TIROL (or TYROL 1)

Tirol with a See also:

SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme for the invasion of England .

Although the kaiser at first promised him men for the See also:

ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure, nothing came of his promises . Maximilian, persuaded by a See also:

GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of English See also:

MONEY

money, See also:

BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound himself not to succour English rebels . Suffolk, who had reassumed the ducal See also:

style, was attainted in 1504, and in the same See also:

YEAR

year was seized by the duke of Guelders . From the duke's hands the prisoner was taken by See also:

Philip, king of See also:

CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile, who surrendered him to England on a promise that his life should be spared . But in 1513, when Richard, his brother, was in arms in the French service, Edmund Pole was taken from his See also:

PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison in the See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower to the See also:

block . Richard Pole, who in 1501 escaped from England with Edmund, had been received by the king of See also:

Hungary, and afterwards by See also:

Louis of France, who assigned him a See also:

PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension . Commanding See also:

German Lanzknechts in the French service, he was the friend and See also:

COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion in arms of the See also:

chevalier See also:

Bayard . At the death of his brother Edmund, he took the title of the duke of Suffolk, claiming the throne of England . In 1514 Louis gave him the leading of 12,000 riotous German mercenaries to See also:

ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay the See also:

CONQUEST

conquest of England . The treaty of See also:

peace stayed the adventure, but Louis refused to surrender Richard, and allowed him to depart for the imperial city of See also:

METZ

Metz . See also:

Francis I. continued the See also:

PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of his See also:

ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance, and gave him employment . In 1522 the See also:

ANONYMOUS

anonymous writer of a See also:

journal describes the coming to Paris of " Richard de la Poulle, soydisant duc de Suffort et la See also:

BLANCHE, JACQUES EMILE (1861– )

Blanche See also:

Rose." In 1525 the See also:

White Rose was killed by the French king's See also:

side at See also:

PAVIA (anc. Ticinum, q.v.)

Pavia .

With him died the last descendant in the male line of William Pole, the Hull merchant . By one of the See also:

STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange chances of See also:

HISTORY

history, another family of the name of Pole, having no kinship with the house of Suffolk, owed, like the Suffolks, their See also:

ADVANCEMENT

advancement and their fall to a match with a princess of the royal house . Sir Richard Pole, a See also:

Buckinghamshire knight, was the son of See also:

Geoffrey Pole, a See also:

SQUIRE

squire whose wife, Edith St John, was See also:

SISTER

sister of the See also:

HALF

half-blood to the See also:

MOTHER

mother of Henry VII . About 1490 or 1491 he married the Lady See also:

Margaret, daughter of See also:

George, duke of Clarence . He died in 1505, and in 1513 King Henry VIII. created the widow countess of Salisbury, as some amends for the judicial See also:

MURDER

murder of her brother, the Earl of Warwick . Four years later, the See also:

BARONY

barony of Montague was revived for her eldest son Henry . Until the king's marriage with Anne See also:

BOLEYN (or BULLEN), ANNE (c. 1507–1536)

Boleyn, the countess of Salisbury was about the court as governess of her godchild, the Lady See also:

Mary . When her son, the famous See also:

CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal Pole, published his See also:

TREATISE

treatise, Defeating Gloucester's project of an See also:

ARMAGNAC

Armagnac match, Suffolk arranged for the young king's marriage with Margaret of See also:

ANJOU

Anjou, and brought home the See also:

BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride to See also:

Portsmouth in 1445 . In the year before he had been created See also:

marquess of Suffolk, being the fourth Englishman to take the style of marquess . His party and the queen's were on the point of overthrowing their opponent, Gloucester, when the " See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good duke " died suddenly in the hands of those who had arrested him . This death, followed by that of Cardinal See also:

Beaufort, left the See also:

field to Suffolk . Under a patent of 1443 Suffolk became earl of See also:

Pembroke at Duke See also:

HUMPHREY (or HUMFREY), LAWRENCE (1527?-1590)

Humphrey's death .

His honours were capped in 1448 with a dukedom of Suffolk, he being then admiral of England, governor of Calais, See also:

constable of See also:

Dover, and See also:

WARDEN

warden of the Cinque Ports . But it seemed that See also:

long service in the See also:

FOREIGN

foreign wars had not purged the offence of the name of Pole . All the old enmity which had driven his grandfather into exile was gathering against Suffolk . His peace policy had cost the cession of See also:

Maine and Anjou, while the blunders of his ally, See also:

Somerset, as See also:

LIEUTENANT

lieutenant in France, lost Normandy to England . See also:

Early in 1450 the Commons, in spite of Suffolk's See also:

APPEAL

appeal to his years of loyal service, accused him of See also:

TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason and he was sent to the Tower . A long See also:

INDICTMENT (from Anglo-Fr. enditernent, enditer, to charge; Lat. in, against, dictare, declare)

indictment was reinforced by new accusations, and the king could do no more for his minister than set him See also:

FREE

free under a sentence of five years' banishment . He sailed from See also:

IPSWICH

Ipswich on the May Day of 1450, but before he could enter the See also:

PORT

port of Calais he was cut off by a royal ship, the " See also:

Nicholas," whose See also:

MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master had him put overboard into the See also:

COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

cock-See also:

BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat, where his head was hacked off by an Irish See also:

KNAVE (O.E. cnafa, cognate with Ger. Knabe, boy)

knave's rusty See also:

SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword . His See also:

BODY

body, See also:

CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast headless upon Dover See also:

BEACH

beach, was carried by the king's orders to the Poles' vault in Wingfield See also:

church, where his effigy may still be seen . Who sent out the " Nicholas," and by whose orders Suffolk died, are questions which remain unanswered . He was the third See also:

HUSBAND

husband of Alice See also:

CHAUCER, GEOFFREY (? 1340-1400)

Chaucer, whom he married as the widow of Thomas, Earl of Salisbury, slain before Orleans . She was the daughter and heiress of Thomas Chaucer, of Ewelme, and, although See also:

DIRECT

direct See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence is wanting, the granddaughter, without doubt, of Geoffrey Chaucer, the poet . She lies at Ewelme, under a magnificent See also:

TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb .

John Pole (1442-1491), only son of the murdered duke, should have succeeded to the dukedom, his father having died unattainted . But the honours were apparently regarded as forfeited, and the dukedom was formally restored to the boy in 1455, the earldom of Pembroke being allowed to See also:

LAPSE (Lat. lapses, a slip or departure)

lapse . Although three generations of See also:

WARRIOR

warrior lords See also:

lay between him and the Hull warehouses, the origin of his house was still fresh in men's memories . John Paston, See also:

writing in 1465, could tell every name in the duke's pedigree back to " William See also:

POOL

Pool of Hull," who had been " first a merchant and after a knight," and " what the father of the said William was " John Paston knew " right well." The duke's father was an upstart for the See also:

CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd, whose See also:

BALLADS

ballads pelted him with the name of " Jac Napes," suggested by his See also:

FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar badge of the See also:

APE (Old Eng. ape; Dutch aap; Old Ger. a ffo; Welsh epa; Old Bohemian op; a word of uncertain origin, possibly an imitation of the animal's chatter)

ape's clog and See also:

CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain . Nevertheless a wife of royal blood was found for the young duke, King Edward IV.'s own sister Elizabeth . The marriage confirmed him a See also:

PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan of the White Rose . The son of Margaret's faithful minister rode against her man at the second See also:

BATTLE

battle of St Albans . Before he was of age he was steward of England at his brother-in-See also:

law's crowning, and at De unitate ecclesiastica, the whole family fell under the displeasure of the king, who resolved to make an end of them . The Lord Montague was the first victim, beheaded in 1539 on a See also:

charge of treasonable conversations, evidence having been wrung from his unhappy brother, Sir Geoffrey Pole . In 1541 the aged countess, attainted with her son Montague, met her death at the barbarous hands of an unskilful heads-man . Sir Geoffrey Pole, seeing that his house was doomed, fled the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and joined the cardinal in exile . He returned with him at Mary's See also:

ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession, both dying in 1558 .

His sons See also:

Arthur and Edmund, taken in 1562 as plotters against Queen Elizabeth, were committed to the Tower of London, where they died after eight years of imprisonment . See T . See also:

RYMER, THOMAS (1641—1713)

Rymer's Feodera; C . See also:

Frost, History of Hull (1827); Chronicon de Melsa (Rolls See also:

SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series) ; G . E . C., See also:

COMPLETE

Complete See also:

Peerage; Testamenta Eboracensia (See also:

Surtees See also:

Soc.) ; Hon. and Rev . H . A . See also:

Napier, Swincombe and Ewelme (1858) ; See also:

DIET

Diet . Nat . Biog., s.v . " Pole "; ; E .