POLISH  LITERATURE The Polish See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language belongs to the western See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues, and exhibits the closest See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities with the See also:

• CZECH (in Bohemian, Cech)

Czech or Bohemian and Lusatian Wendish . Unlike the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of other Slavonic countries, the Poles are comparatively poor in popular and legendary See also:

• POETRY

poetry, but such compositions undoubtedly existed in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times, as may be seen by the writings of their chroniclers; thus See also:

• GALLUS, C
• GALLUS, CORNELIUS (c. 70-26 B.C.)
• GALLUS, GAIUS AELIUS
• GALLUS, GAIUS CESTIUS
• GALLUS, GAIUS SULPICIUS

Gallus translated into Latin a poem written on Boleslaus the Brave, and a few old Polish songs are included in Wojcicki's Library of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient Writers . A See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DEAL

deal of the early literature written in See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland is in Latin . The earliest specimen of the Polish language is the so-called Psalter of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret, discovered in 1826 at the See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent of St See also:

• FLORIAN, JEAN PIERRE CLARIS DE (1755-1794)
• FLORIAN, SAINT

Florian . The date of the See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript appears to be the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and probably in its See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form it is only a copy of a much older See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text; there is also a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the fiftieth See also:

• PSALM (from the Gr. word * hXAew, to play the harp)

psalm belonging to the 13th century.' The ancient Polish hymn or See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• SONG

song, Piesn Boga Rodzica, was an address to the Virgin, sung by the Poles when about to fight . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest manuscript of this See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production is dated 1408, and is preserved at See also:

• CRACOW (Pol. Krakov; Ger. Krakau)

Cracow . By a See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend which subsequently See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of it was assigned to St See also:

• ADALBERT (originally VOYTECH), (c. 950-997)
• ADALBERT, or ADELBERT (c. 1000-1072)

Adalbert . See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Lodzia, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• POSEN
• POSEN (Polish Poznan)

Posen from 133 5 to 1346, composed several religious songs in Latin . The next See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of Polish literature to which we come is the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible of Queen See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia or Bible of Szaroszpatak . It is imperfect, and only contains the early books, viz. the See also:

• PENTATEUCH

Pentateuch, See also:

• JOSHUA, BOOK OF

Joshua, See also:

• RUTH, BOOK OF

Ruth and See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings; there are, however, fragments of three others . It is said to have been written for Sophia, the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth wife of Jagiello, about the See also:

• YEAR

year 1455 . It has been edited with great care by Malecki .

Five religious songs in Polish dating from the 15th century have been preserved; they are ascribed to See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew Slopuchowski, See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior of the monastery of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• CROSS

Cross on Lysa Gbra . There is also the fragment of a hymn in praise of Wycliffe . To these fragments may be added the See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer-See also:

• BOOK

book of a certain Waclaw, a See also:

• SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

sermon on See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, and some Polish glosses . These are all the existing memorials of the Polish language before the 16th century . Perhaps a few words should be said concerning the writers in Latin . See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin Gallus lived in Poland between Ilro and 1135 . The Latin From his name he has been supposed by some to See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles. have been a Frenchman or Walloon, and we must remember that Poland swarmed at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time with See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign ecclesiastics . See also:

• LELEWEL, JOACHIM (1786-1861)

Lelewel, the Polish historian, considers that it is merely a translation into Latin of some such name as Kura, signifying " a See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl." Others suppose him to have been an See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, or a See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk from the convent of St See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

Gall in See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland . He has plenty of legends to tell us, and writes altogether in a poetical See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, so that his See also:

• PROSE

prose seems to fall into See also:

• RHYTHM (Greek pvBµds, from bap, to flow)

rhythm unconsciously . His quotations from the See also:

• CLASSICS

classics, See also:

• SALLUST [Gams SALLUSTIUS CRlspus] (86–34 B.c.)

Sallust, See also:

• LUCAN

Lucan and others, show the extent of his See also:

• READING

reading . Gallus was followed by See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew Cholewa and See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent Kadlubek, two bishops of Cracow, and Bogufal or Boguchwal (Gottlob), bishop of Posen, who all used Latin . The See also:

• WORK

work of Kadlubek is more ornate in diction than that of Bogufal, and for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long time enjoyed great popularity .

He was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1160, educated at the university of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and died in Poland in 1223 as a Cistercian monk . His Latin, like that of Gallus, is far from classical, but he writes with spirit and throws a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good deal of See also:

• LIGHT

light upon 1 The Psalter is called after Margaret, the first wife of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis, who died in 1349, by a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere conjecture . See also:

• CARO, ANNIBALE (1507-1566)
• CARO, ELME MARIE (1826-1887)

Caro thinks it more probable that the book belonged to See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, his daughter.the events of his time . The See also:

• EDUCATION

education of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country was wholly in the hands of the ecclesiastics, many of whom were foreigners. in this way we must explain the great prevalence of the Latin language . Such a See also:

• SYSTEM

system would be sure to stifle all See also:

• NATIONAL

national outgrowth, and accordingly we have among the Poles none of those early monuments of the language which other countries boast . For instance, there are no bilini or legendary poems, such as are found among the Russians, although many passages in the ancient chroniclers from their poetical colouring seem to be borrowed from old songs or legends, and the first verses of some of these compositions have been preserved . Mention may here be made of other chroniclers such as Martin the See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

Pole (Polonus), who died in 1279 or 1280, and See also:

• JAN

Jan of Czarnkow, who died in 1389; the latter was the historian and panegyrist of Casimir the Great . With the reign of Casimir III . (1333–1370) must be associated the statutes of Wislica . Jadwiga, the wife of Jagiello, was mainly instrumental in creating the university of Cracow, which received a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter in 1364, but did not come into effective existence till its reconstitution in 1400 . In this institution for many years all the great men of Poland were trained—among others See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory of Sanok, See also:

• DLUGOSZ, JAN [JOHANNES LONGINUS] (1415-1480)

Dlugosz and See also:

• COPERNICUS (or KOPPERNIGK), NICOLAUS (1473-1543)

Copernicus . Casimir the Great may be said to have laid the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of this university .

Having obtained the consent of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban V., he established at Cracow a studiumgenerale on the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of the university of See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna . It consisted of three faculties—See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine and See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy . But the aristocratic youth still preferred frequenting the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities of See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague, See also:

• PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua and Paris, and accordingly the newly founded studium languished . Jadwiga, however, obtained from See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

Boniface IX. permission to create a new See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair, that of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology; and the university of Cracow was remodelled, having been reorganized on the same basis as that of Paris . Another university was founded later at See also:

• VILNA, or WILN0
• VILNA, or WILNO

Vilna by Batory, and one at Zamosc by the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor See also:

• ZAMOYSKI, JAN (1541-1605)

Zamoyski, There were also good See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools in various places, such as the Collegium Lubranskiego of Posen and the school of St Mary at Cracow . In the year 1474 a See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press was set up in the latter See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, where See also:

• GUNTHER, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1695-1723)

Gunther Zainer printed the first book . The first press from which books in the Polish language appeared was that of Hieronymus Wietor, a Silesian, who commenced See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing in 1515 . A few fragments printed in Polish had appeared before this, as the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord's Prayer in the statutes of the bishops of See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau in 1475, the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of Pope U;See also:

• BAN

ban in Latin, See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German and Polish in 1505, &c.; but the first See also:

• COMPLETE

complete work in the Polish language appeared from the press of this printer at Cracow in 1521, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, Speeches of the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

Wise King See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon . The translation was executed by Jan Koszycki, as the printer informs us in the See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface, and the work is dedicated to See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna Wojnicka, the wife of a castellan . In 1522, a Polish translation of See also:

• ECCLESIASTES (Heb. n5np, Kohelet, "Koheleth "; Sept. EKKarlveamrils; Jerome concionator)

Ecclesiastes appeared from that press, and before the conclusion of that year The See also:

• LIFE

Life of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ, with woodcuts, translated into Polish by Balthasar Opec . Many other presses were soon established . Printers of repute at Cracow, during the 16th and beginning of the 17th century, were Sybeneicher and Piotrkowczyk .

Little as yet had been produced in Polish, as the chroniclers still adhered to Latin; and here mention must be made of Jan Dlugosz, who called himself See also:

• LONGINUS, CASSIUS (c. A.D. 213-273)

Longinus . He was bishop ptugesa. of See also:

• LEMBERG (Pol. Lwdw, Lat. Leopolis)

Lemberg, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia, and has See also:

• LEFT

left us a very valuable See also:

• HISTORY

history which has merits of style and shows considerable See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research . So anxious was Dlugosz to make his work as perfect as he could that he learned See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian so as to be able to read the See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle of See also:

• NESTOR
• NESTOR (c. 1056-c. 1114)

Nestor . The best See also:

• PART

part of his book. is that which treats of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period between 1386 and 1480 . About 15oo was written an interesting little work entitled " See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of a Polish Janissary " (Pamietniki ianczara polaka) . Although written in the Polish language, it was probably the production of a Serb, See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael Constantinovich of Ostrovitza . He was taken prisoner by the See also:

• TURKS

Turks in 1455 and served ten years among the See also:

• JANISSARIES (corrupted from Turkish yeni cheri, new troops)

Janissaries, after which he escaped into See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary . About this time also flourished See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas Copernicus, a native of See also:

• THORN (O. Eng. porn, cf. Du. doorn, Ger. Dorn, &c)
• THORN (Polish Torun)

Thorn, one of the few Poles who have made themselves known beyond the limits of their country . The Poles See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call the period between 1548 and 1606 their See also:

• GOLDEN

golden See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . Poland was the great See also:

• LAND

land of eastern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and owing to the universal See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration encouraged by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, Protestantism was widely spread . Many of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility were Calvinists, and the Socini came to reside in the country . All this, however, was to pass away under the great Jesuit re-See also:

• ACTION

action .

At Rakow in Poland was published the See also:

• CATECHISM (from Gr. Karnxeiv, teach by word of mouth)

catechism of the Socinian doctrines in 16o5 . The See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits made their See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance in Poland in 1564, and soon succeeded in getting the schools of the country into their hands . Besides extirpating the various sects of Protestants, they also busied themselves with destroying the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church in Lithuania . Latin poetry was cultivated with great success by See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement Janicki (1516-1543), but the earliest poet of repute who wrote in Polish is Rej of Naglowice (1505–1569) . After a somewhat idle youth he betook himself to poetry . He was a See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant, and among other religious See also:

• WORKS

works translated the See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

Psalms . His best work was Zwierciadlo albo zywot poczciwego czlowieka (The See also:

• MIRROR (through O. Fr. mirour, mod. miroir, from a sup-posed Late Lat. miratorium, from mirari, to admire)

Mirror or Life of an See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

Honourable See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man)—a somewhat tedious didactic piece . He was also the author of a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• PLAY

play—a See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery we may See also:

• TERM

term it, and productions of this sort seem to have been See also:

• COMMON

common in Poland from a very early time—entitled Life of See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . This piece is interesting merely from an antiquarian point of view; there is but little poetry in it . It teems with anachronisms; thus we have mention of the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass and See also:

• ORGANS

organs, and also of a German servant . See also:

• LUCAS, CHARLES (1713–1771)
• LUCAS, JOHN SEYMOUR (1849– )
• LUCAS, SIR CHARLES (d. 1648)

Lucas Goinicki (1527–1603) wrote many See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical works, and Dworzanin polski, an See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of the Cortegiano of See also:

• CASTIGLIONE, BALDASSARE (1478–1529)
• CASTIGLIONE, CARLO OTTAVIO, COUNT (1784–1849)
• CASTIGLIONE, GIOVANNI BENEDETTO (1616–1670)

Castiglione . Jan Kochanowski' (1530-1584), called the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Polish poets, came of a poetical See also:

• FAMILY

family, having a See also:

• BROTHER

brother, a See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin and a See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew who all enriched the literature of xoahanow- their country with some productions .

Kochanowski See also:

• SKI (pronounced " skee," Icel. scidh, snow -shoe, properly " piece of wood ")

Ski . studied for some time at the university of Padua, and also resided in Paris, where he made the acquaintance of See also:

• RONSARD, PIERRE DE (1524-1585)

Ronsard . Returning to Poland, he became in 1564 secretary to See also:

• SIGISMUND (1368-1437)

Sigismund See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus . He has left The See also:

• GAME

Game of See also:

• CHESS

Chess, an imitation of See also:

• VIDA, MARCO GIROLAMO (c. 1489-1566)

Vida, and Proporzec albo hold pruski (The See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

Standard or See also:

• INVESTITURE (Late Lat. investitura)

Investiture of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia), where he describes the fealty done by See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert of See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg to Sigismund Augustus . He also executed a translation of the Psalms . He wrote a play—a piece of one See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act, with twelve scenes—The Despatch of the Greek Ambassadors . It is written in rhymeless five-See also:

• FOOT

foot iambics, and is altogether a product of the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance, reminding us of some of the productions of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• BUCHANAN
• BUCHANAN, CLAUDIUS
• BUCHANAN, GEORGE (1506–1582)
• BUCHANAN, JAMES (1791-1868)
• BUCHANAN, ROBERT WILLIAMS (1841-1901)

Buchanan . See also:

• RHYME

Rhyme is employed in the choruses only . It was acted on the marriage of the chancellor Jan Zamoyski with Christine RadziwiH, in the presence of King See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen and his wife, at Ujazdowo near See also:

• WARSAW
• WARSAW (Polish Warszawa, Ger. Warschau, Fr. Varsovie)

Warsaw in 1578 . The poet's most popular work, however, is his Treny or " See also:

• LAMENTATIONS (Lamentations of Jeremiah)

Lamentations," written on the See also:

• DEATH

death of his daughter See also:

• URSULA, ST

Ursula . These beautiful elegies have been justly praised by See also:

• MICKIEWICZ, ADAM (1798-1855)

Mickiewicz; they are enough to raise Kochanowski far above the level of a merely artificial poet . Besides poems in Polish, he also wrote some in Latin .

It will be observed that we get this See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double-sided authorship in many Polish writers . They composed for an exclusive. and learned circle, certainly not for the See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew, the German trader of the See also:

• TOWN

town, or the utterly illiterate See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant . It may be said with truth of Kochanowski that, although the form of his poetry is classical and imitated from classical writers, the See also:

• MATTER

matter is Polish, and there is much national feeling in what he has left us . Mention must also be made of his epigrams, which he styled " Trifles " (Fraszki); they are full of spirit and geniality . See also:

• STANISLAUS

Stanislaus Grochowski (1554–1612) was a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest; but his poetry is of little merit, although he was celebrated in his time as a writer of panegyrics . His See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire Babie K.olo (The See also:

• WOMEN

Women's Circle) gave offence on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its personalities . A great See also:

• PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan of the Catholics in the time of Sigismund III. was Caspar Miaskowski, whose Waleta Wloszlzonowska (Farewell to his Native Country) deserves mention . Szarzynski, who died See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young in 1581, deserves See also:

• NOTICE

notice as having introduced the His collected works were printed in 1584; they were many times reprinted, the best edition being that of Warsaw (4 vols., '884) . His life was written by Przyborowski (Posen, 1857).See also:

• SONNET (Ital. Sonetto, dim. of Suono, Fr. Sonnet)

sonnet to the Poles . This See also:

• SPECIES

species of poetry was afterward to be carried to great perfection by Mickiewicz and Gaszynski . Szymonowicz (1554–1624) was a writer of good pastorals . Although they are imitated from classical writers, he has introduced many scenes of national life, which he describes with much vigour .

Among the best are szynono- " WicZ . The Lovers," " The Reapers," and " The Cake " (Kolacz) . Mickiewicz is very loud in his praise, and considers him one of the best followers of See also:

• THEOCRITUS

Theocritus . The See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, however, of the Polish peasants was too miserable to admit of their being easily made subjects for bucolic poetry . There is an artificial See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air about the idylls of Szymonowicz which makes one feel too keenly that they are productions of the Renaissance; one of their best features is the humane spirit towards the miserable peasantry which they every-where display . Another excellent writer of pastorals was Zimorowicz, a native of Lemberg, who died at the early age of twenty-five . Some of his See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short lyrics are very elegant, and remind us of See also:

• HERRICK, ROBERT (1591-1674)

Herrick and See also:

• CAREW, GEORGE (d. about 1613)
• CAREW, RICHARD (1555–1620)
• CAREW, THOMAS (1595–1645?)

Carew—e.g. that beginning " Ukochana Lancelloto ! Ciebie nie proszg o zloto." Another writer of pastorals, but not of equal merit, was Jan Gawinski, a native of Cracow . Some good Latin poetry was written by Casimir Sarbiewski, better known in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of Europe as Sarbievius (d . 1640) . He was considered to have approached See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace more nearly than any other See also:

• MODERN

modern poet, and a See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal was given him by Pope Urban VIII . Martin Kromer (1512–1589) wrote a history of Poland in See also:

• THIRTY

thirty books, and another See also:

• VOLUME

volume, giving a description of the country and its institutions—both in Latin .

The history is written in an easy style and is a work of great merit . A poet of some importance was See also:

• SEBASTIAN
• SEBASTIAN, ST

Sebastian See also:

• FABIAN [FABIANUS], SAINT (d. 250)

Fabian Klonowicz (1545–1602), who latinized his name into Acernus, Klon being the Polish for See also:

• MAPLE, SIR JOHN BLUNDELL, BART

maple, and wrote in both Latin and Polish, and through his inclination to reform See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew down on himself the anger of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy . Some-times he is descriptive, as in his Polish poem entitled Flis (" The Boatman "), in which he gives a detailed account of the scenery on the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the See also:

• VISTULA (Ger. Weichsel, Polish Wisla)

Vistula . There is some poetry in this composition, but it alternates with very prosaic details . In another piece, Rhoxolania, in Latin, he describes the beauties of Galicia . Occasionally he is didactic, as in Worek Judaszow (The Bag of Judas) and See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria deorum, where, under the See also:

• ALLEGORY (iXXos, other, and ayopeuav, to speak)

allegory of the gods of See also:

• OLYMPUS

Olympus, he represents the struggles of parties in Poland, not without severely satirizing the nobility and ecclesiastics . A curious work called Quincunx, written by Orzechowski (1515–1566), is concerned with religious polemics . Andrew Modrzewski, a Protestant, in his work De republica emendanda (1551), recommended the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of a national church which should be See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, something upon the model of the See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican . A florid Jesuitical style of See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory became very popular in the time of Sigismund III., not without rhetorical See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, but frequently becoming See also:

• TAWDRY

tawdry . The chief representa- See also:

• SKARGA, PIOTR (1532-1612)

skarga. tive of this school was Piotr Skarga . (1536-1612), one of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main agents in extirpating Calvinism in Poland and the Greek Church in Lithuania . Among his numerous writings may be mentioned Lives of the See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

Saints, Discourses on the Seven Sacraments, and especially his sermons preached before the See also:

• DIET

diet, in which he lashed the Poles for their want of patriotism and prophesied the downfall of the country .

Mecherzynski, in his " History of Eloquence in Poland " (Historya wymowy w Polsce), especially praises his two funeral sermons on the See also:

• BURIAL

burial of Anna Jagiellonka, widow of Stephen Batory, and Anna of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, first wife of Sigismund III . Besides the Latin histories of Wapowski and Gwagnin (Guagnini, of Italian origin), we have the first historical work in Polish by Martin Bielski, a Protestant, viz . Kronika polska, which was afterwards continued by his son . The author was born in 1495 on his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate, Biala, and was educated, like so many other of his illustrious contemporaries, at the university of Cracow . He lived to the age of eighty; but, however great were the merits of his Chronicle, it was long considered a suspicious book on account of the leanings of the author to Calvinism . After his death his work was continued by his son See also:

• JOACHIM, JOSEPH (1831—1907)

Joachim (1540-1599) . There is also a Chronicle by See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew Paprocki . In 1582 was also published the Chronicle of Stryjkowski, full of curious learning, and still of great use to the student of history . Five years later appeared the Annales Poloniae of Sarnicki . The last three works are in Latin . A few words may be said here about the spread of See also:

• PRO

Pro- testantism in Poland, which is so intimately mixed up with the development of the national language . The spread of doctrines of Hus had entered the country in very Protestant- ism, early times, and we find Polish recensions of Bohemian See also:

• HYMNS

hymns; even the hymn to the Virgin previously mentioned is supposed to have a Czech basis .

The bishops were soon active against those who refused to conform to the doctrines of the Roman church . Thus we find that Bishop Andrew of Bnin seized five Hussite priests and caused them to be burnt in the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market of Posen in 1439 . A See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years afterwards a certain Katharina Malcher, on account of her Utraquist opinions, was condemned by Gamrat, the bishop of Cracow, to be burnt, which See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence was accordingly carried out in the ragmarket at Cracow . As early as 1530 Lutheran hymns were sung in the Polish language at Thorn . In See also:

• KONIGSBERG (Polish Krolewiec)

Konigsberg, John Seklucyan, a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal friend of See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther, published a collection of See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian Songs . He was born in Great Poland, and was at first a Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic priest in Posen, but afterwards embraced the Protestant faith and was invited by See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke Albert as a preacher to Konigsberg, where he died in 1578 . He executed the first translation of the New Testament in 155r . Four years afterwards appeared a complete Polish Bible published by Scharffenberg at Cracow . In x553 appeared at Brzesc the Protestant translation of the whole Bible made by a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of learned men and divines, and published at the expense of Nicholas RadziwiH, a very See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich Polish See also:

• MAGNATE (Late Lat. magnas, a great man)

magnate who had embraced the Protestant doctrines . This book is now of great rarity because his son See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher, having been induced to become a Roman Catholic by the Jesuit Skarga, caused all copies of his father's Bible which he could find to be burnt . One, however, is to be seen in the Bodleian Library, and another in the library of Christ Church at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford . A Socinian Bible was issued by See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon Budny in 1570 at Nieswiez, as he professed to find many faults in the version issued under the patronage of RadziwiH; in 1597 appeared the Roman Catholic version of the Jesuit Wujek; and in 1632 the so-called See also:

• DANZIG, or DANTSIC (Polish Gdansk)

Danzig Bible, which is in use among Protestants and is still the most frequently reprinted .

Up to this time Polish literature, although frequently rhe- torical and too much tinctured with classical influences, had still exhibited signs of See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius . But now, owing to the frivolous studies introduced by the Jesuits, the so-called macaronic period supervened, which lasted from 1606 to 1764, and was a time of great degradation for the language and literature . The former was now mixed with Latin and classical expressions; much of the literature See also:

• CON

con- sists of fulsome See also:

• PANEGYRIC

panegyric, verses written on the marriages and funerals of nobles, with conceits and fantastic ideas, devoid of all See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste, See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from their coats of arms . The poets of this period are, as may be imagined, in most cases mere rhymesters; there are, however; a few whose names are See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth recapitulating, such as Waciaw See also:

• POTOCKI, IGNATY (1741–1809)
• POTOCKI, STANISLAW FELIX (1752–1805)

Potocki (c . 1622-c . 1696), now known to have been the author of the Wojna Chocimska, or " War of See also:

• KHOTIN, or KHOTEEN (variously written Khochim, Choczim, and Chocim)

Khotin," the same See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign which afterwards formed the subject of the epic of Krasicki . At first the author was supposed to have been Andrew Lipski, but the real poet was traced by the his- torian Szajnocha . The epic, which remained in manuscript till 185o, is a genuine See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of Polish life; no picture so faithful appeared till the See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

Pan Tadeusz of Mickiewicz . More- over, Potocki had the good taste to avoid the macaronic style so much in See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue; his language is pure and vigorous . He does not hesitate to introduce occasionally satirical remarks on the luxury of the times, which he compares, to its disadvantage, with the simplicity of the old Polish life . There is also another poem attributed to Potocki called the New See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

Mercury . In one passage he censures King Michael for ceding See also:

• PODOLIA

Podolia to the Turks .

See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel Twardowski (1600-166o) was the most prolific poet of the period of the Vasas . His most important poem is Wladystaus IV., King of Poland, in which he sings in a very bombastic See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain the various expeditions of the Polish monarch . A See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter satirist appeared in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of Christopher Opalinski (1609-1656) . His works were published under the title of Juvenalis redivivus, and, although boasting but little poetical merit, give us very curious pictures of the times . Hieronymus See also:

• VESPASIAN

Vespasian Kohcowski (1633-1699) was a soldier-poet, who went through the See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns against the Swedes and See also:

• COSSACKS (Russ. Kazak; plural, Kazaki, from the Turki quzzaq, " adventurer, free-hooter ")

Cossacks; he has left several books of lyrics full of vivacity, a Christian epic and a Polish psalmody . Another poet was Andrew Morsztyn (born about 162o, died about the commencement of the 18th century), an astute courtier, who was See also:

• FINANCE

finance See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister (podskdrbi) under John Casimir, and was a devoted adherent of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French party at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, in consequence of which, in the reign of Sobieski, he was compelled to leave his native country and See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . His poems are elegant and See also:

• FREE

free from the conceits and pedantry of the earlier writers . In fact, he introduced into Poland the easy French manner of such writers as Voiture . He translated the See also:

• CID, THE

Cid of See also:

• CORNE