POLLOKSHAWS  , a See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police See also:

• BURGH [BOURKE, BURKE]
• BURGH, HUBERT DE (d. 1243)

burgh and burgh of See also:

• BARONY

barony of See also:

• RENFREWSHIRE

Renfrewshire, See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, on the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White See also:

• CART (A.S. crcet, Gaelic cairt; connected with " car ")

Cart, now virtually a suburb of See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow, with which it is connected by electric See also:

• TRAMWAY

tramway and the Glasgow & See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South-Western and Caledonian See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways . Pop . (19or), 11,183 . It is named from the shaws or See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods (and is locally styled " the Shaws ") and the lands of See also:

• POLLOK, ROBERT (1798-1827)

Pollok, which have been held by the Maxwells since the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The See also:

• FAMILY

family is now called See also:

• STIRLING
• STIRLING, JAMES (1692-1770)
• STIRLING, JAMES HUTCHISON (182o-1909)
• STIRLING, MARY ANNE [FANNY] (1815-1895)
• STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, (titular) EARL OF (1726—1783)
• STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, EARL OF (c. 1567-1640)

Stirling-See also:

• MAXWELL
• MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK (1831–1879)

Maxwell, the See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate and baronetcy having devolved in 1865 upon See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Stirling of Keir, who then assumed the surname of Maxwell . Pollok See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House adjoins the See also:

• TOWN

town on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west . The See also:

• STAPLE

staple See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton-See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning and See also:

• WEAVING

weaving, See also:

• SILK

silk-weaving, See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing, See also:

• BLEACHING

bleaching, See also:

• CALICO

calico-See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing and the manufacture of See also:

• CHENILLE (from the Fr. chenille, a hairy caterpillar)

chenille and See also:

• TAPESTRY

tapestry, besides See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, See also:

• POTTERIES, THE

potteries and large See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering See also:

• WORKS

works . Pollokshaws was created a burgh of barony in 1813, and is governed by a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council and See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost . About 2 M. south-west is the thriving town of Thornliebank (pop . 2452), which owes its existence to the cotton-works established towards the end of the 18th century . See also:

• POLL

POLL-TAX, a tax levied on the individual, and not on See also:

• PROPERTY

property or on articles of merchandise, so-called from the old See also:

• ENGLISH

English poll, a See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head . Raised thus per capita, it is sometimes called a capitation tax .

The most famous poll-tax in English See also:

• HISTORY

history is the one levied in 138o, which led to the revolt of the peasants under Wat See also:

• TYLER
• TYLER, JOHN (1790—1862)
• TYLER, MOSES COIT (1835—1900)
• TYLER, WAT [or WALTER] (d. 1381)

Tyler in 1381, but the first instance of the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind was in 1377, when a tax of a See also:

• GROAT (adapted from the Dutch groot, great, thick; cf. Ger. Groschen; the Med. Lat. grossus gives Ital. grosso, Fr. gros, as names for the coin)

groat a head was voted by both See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy and laity . In 1379 the tax was again levied, but on a graduated See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale . See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of Gaunt, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• LANCASTER, THOMAS, EARL OF (c. 1277-1322)

Lancaster, paid ten marks, and the scale descended from him to the peasants, who paid one groat each, every See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person over sixteen years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age being liable . In 1380 the tax was also graduated, but less steeply . For some years after the rising of 1381 See also:

• MONEY

money was only raised in this way from aliens, but in 1513 a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general poll tax was imposed . This, however, only produced about £5o,0oo, instead of £16o,000 as was expected, but a poll-tax levied in 1641 resulted in a See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue of about £400,600 . During the reign of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II. money was obtained in this way on several occasions, although in 1676-1677 especially there was a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal of resentment against the tax . For some years after 1688 poll-taxes were a favourite means of raising money for the See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . Sometimes a single See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment was asked for the See also:

• YEAR

year; at other times quarterly payments were required . The poll-tax of 1697 included a weekly tax of one See also:

• PENNY (Mid. Eng. peni or peny, from O. Eng. form penig, earlier penning and pending; the word appears in Ger. Pfennig and Du. penning; it has been connected with Du. pand, Ger. Pfand, and Eng. " pawn,". the word meaning a little pledge or token, or with G
• PENNY, GIANFRANCESCO (1488–1528)

penny from all persons not receiving See also:

• ALMS

alms . In 1698 a quarterly poll-tax produced £321,397 . Nothing was required from the poor, and those who were liable may be divided roughly into three classes .

Persons See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth less than £300 paid one See also:

• SHILLING

shilling; those worth £300, including the gentry and the professional classes, paid twenty shillings; while tradesmen and shopkeepers paid ten shillings . Non-jurors were charged See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double these rates . Like previous poll-taxes, the tax of 1698 did not produce as much as was anticipated, and it was the last of its kind in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . Many of the states of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America raise money by levying poll-taxes, or, as they are usually called, capitation taxes, the payment of this tax being a necessary preliminary to the exercise of the See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage . See S . Dowell, History of See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

Taxation and Taxes in England (1888), vol. iii.; and W . See also:

• STUBBS [STUBBES], PHILIP (c. 1555-c. 161o)
• STUBBS [STUnnE], JOHN
• STUBBS, WILLIAM (1825-1901)

Stubbs, Constitutional History (1896), vol. ii .