POLOTSK  , a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, in the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of See also:

• VITEBSK

Vitebsk, at the confluence of the Polota with the See also:

• DVINA

Dvina, 62 m. by See also:

• RAIL

rail N.W. of the town of Vitebsk . Pop . 20,751 . Owing to the continuous See also:

• WARS

wars, of which, from its position on the See also:

• LINE

line of communication between central Russia and the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west it was for many centuries the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene, scarcely any of its remarkable antiquities remain . The upper See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, which stood at the confluence of the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and had a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall with seven towers, is in ruins, as is the See also:

• LOWER

lower castle formerly enclosed with strong walls and connected with the upper castle by a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge . The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia in the upper castle, built in the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to ruins in the 18th century, whereupon the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop substituted a See also:

• MODERN

modern structure . Upwards of two-thirds of the inhabitants are See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews; the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder have belonged mostly to the Orthodox Greek See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church since 1839, when they were compelled to abandon the United Greek Church . See also:

• FLAX

Flax, See also:

• LINSEED

linseed, See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn and See also:

• TIMBER

timber are the leading articles of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce . Polotesk or Poltesk is mentioned in 862 as one of the towns given by the Scandinavian Rurik to his men . In 98o it had a See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of its own, Ragvald (Rogvolod or Rognvald), whose daughter is the subject of many legends . It remained an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent principality until the 12th century, resisting the repeated attacks of the princes of See also:

• KIEV
• KIEV, KIEFF, or KIYEFF

Kiev; those of See also:

• PSKOV

Pskov, Lithuania, and the Livonian Knights, however, proved more effective, and Polotsk fell under Lithuanian See also:

• RULE

rule in 1320 . About 1385 its See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence was destroyed by the Lithuanian prince Vitovt .

It was five times besieged by See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow in 15oo-18, and was taken by See also:

• IVAN (JOHN)

Ivan the Terrible in 1563 . Recaptured by See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen See also:

• BATHORY, SIGISMUND (ZSIGMOND), (1572-1613)

Bathory, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, sixteen years later, it became See also:

• POLISH

Polish by the treaty of 1582 . It was then a large and populous See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and carried on an active commerce . Pestilences and conflagrations were its ruin; the See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague of 1566 wrought See also:

• GREAT

great havoc among its inhabitants, and that of 1600 destroyed 15,000 . The castles, the town and its walls were burned in 1607 and 1642 . The Russians continued their attacks, burning and plundering the town, and twice, in 1633 and 1705, taking See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of it for a few years . It was not definitely annexed, however, to Russia until 1772, after the first dismemberment of Poland . In 1812 its inhabitants resisted the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French invasion, and the town was partially destroyed .