POLYAENUS  , a Macedonian, who lived at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome as a rhetorician and pleader in the and See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D . When the See also:

• PARTHIAN

Parthian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War (162–5) See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out, Polyaenus, too old to See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign, dedicated to the emperors See also:

• MARCUS

Marcus Aurelius and See also:

• LUCIUS

Lucius Verus a See also:

• WORK

work, still extant, called Strategica or Strategemata, a See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical collection of stratagems and See also:

• MAXIMS, LEGAL

maxims of See also:

• STRATEGY

strategy written in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and strung together in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of anecdotes . It is not strictly confined to warlike stratagems, but includes also examples of See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom, courage and cunning See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from See also:

• CIVIL

civil and See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• LIFE

life . The work is uncritically written, but is nevertheless important on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the extracts it has preserved from histories now lost . It is divided into eight books (parts of the See also:

• SIXTH

sixth and seventh are lost), and originally contained nine See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred anecdotes, of which eight hundred and See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-three are extant . Polyaenus intended to write a See also:

• HISTORY

history of the Parthian War, but there is no See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that he did so . His See also:

• WORKS

works on See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia, on See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes, and on See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics (perhaps identical with the Strategica) are lost . His Strategica seems to have been highly esteemed by the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• PLANTS

plants are quite See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy, and grow best in strong, loamy See also:

• SOIL

soil emperors. and to have been handed down by them as a sort of ~ tolerably well enriched with well-decayed dung and See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf-See also:

• MOULD

mould; See also:

• HEIRLOOM

heirloom . From Rome it passed to See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople; at the end of the 9th century it was diligently studied by See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo VI., who himself wrote a work on tactics; and in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the loth century See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine Porphyrogenitus mentioned it as one of the most valuable books in the Imperial library . It was used by See also:

• STOBAEUS, JOANNES

Stobaeus, Suidas, and the See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous author of the work IIepl aai(Tmv (see See also:

• PALAEPHATUS

PALAEPHATus) . It is arranged as follows: bks. i., ii., iii., strata-gems occurring in Greek history; bk. iv., stratagems of the Macedonian See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings and successors of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander the See also:

• GREAT

Great; bk. v., strata-gems occurring in the history of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily and the Greek islands and colonies; bk. vi., stratagems of a whole See also:

• PEOPLE

people (Carthaginians, Lacedaemonians, Argives), together with some individuals (See also:

• PHILOPOEMEN (253–184 B.C.)

Philopoemen, See also:

• PYRRHUS (c. 318–272 B.C.)

Pyrrhus, See also:

• HANNIBAL
• HANNIBAL (" mercy " or " favour of Baal ")

Hannibal) ; bk. vii., stratagems of the barbarians (See also:

• MEDEA (Gr. Mi/Seta)

Medea, Persians, Egyptians, Thracians, Scythians, Celts) ; bk. viii., stratagems of See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans and See also:

• WOMEN

women . This See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution is not, however, observed very strictly .

Of the See also:

• NEGLIGENCE (Lat. negligentia, from negligere, to neglect, literally " not to pick up ")

negligence or haste with which the work was written there are many instances : e.g. he confounds See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder and Dionysius the younger, See also:

• MITHRADATES

Mithradates See also:

• SATRAP [Pers. Khshatrapavan, i.e." protector (superintendent) of the country (or district)," Heb. sakhshadrapan, Gr. taerpan-ris (insc. of Miletus, Sitzungsber. Berl. Ak. 1900, 112), E% u3pa7eixav (insc. of Mylasa, Dittenberger, Sylloge, 95), ital. p6. rr

satrap of See also:

• ARTAXERXES

Artaxerxes and Mithradates the Great, Scipio the elder and Scipio the younger, See also:

• PERSEUS

Perseus, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Macedonia and Perseus the See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion of Alexander; he mixes up the strata-gems of See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar and See also:

• POMPEY

Pompey; he brings into immediate connexion events which were totally distinct; he narrates some events twice over, with See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations according to the different authors from whom he draws . Though he usually abridges, he occasionally amplifies arbitrarily the narratives of his authorities . He never mentions his authorities, but amongst authors still extant he used See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus, See also:

• THUCYDIDES (OovavMns)

Thucydides, See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon, See also:

• POLYBIUS (c. 204–122 B.C.)

Polybius, Diodorus, See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch, See also:

• FRONTINUS, SEXTUS JULIUS (c. A.D. 40-103)

Frontinus and Suetonius; amongst authors cf whom only fragments now remain he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew upon See also:

• CTESIAS

Ctesias, See also:

• EPHORUS (c. 400–330 B.C.)

Ephorus, See also:

• TIMAEUS (c. 345—c. 250 B.e.)

Timaeus, See also:

• PHYLARCHUS

Phylarchus and Nicolaus Damascenus . His See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style is clear, but monotonous and inelegant . In the forms of his words he generally follows See also:

• ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

Attic usage . The best edition of the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text is Wdlfflin and Melber (Teubner See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series, 1887, with bibliography and editio princeps of the Strateemata of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Leo) ; annotated See also:

• EDITIONS

editions by See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac See also:

• CASAUBON, FLORENCE ESTIENNE
• CASAUBON, ISAAC (1559-1614)

Casaubon 1589) and A . Coraes (1809); I . Melber, Ueber See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Quellen and See also:

• WERTH [WEERT], JOHANN, COUNT VON (c. 1595-1652)

Werth der Strategemensammlung Polyans (1885); Knott, De fide et fontibus Polyaeni (1883), who largely reduces the number of the authorities consulted by Polyaenus . Eng. trans. by R . Shepherd (1793) .