See also:

• POLYGLOTT (Gr. rails, many, and yX&,rra, tongue)

POLYGLOTT (Gr. rails, many, and yX&,rra, See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue)  , the See also:

• TERM

term for a See also:

• BOOK

book which contains See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side versions of the same See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text in several different See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages; the most important polyglotts are See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, or its parts, in which the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek originals are exhibited along with the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical versions, which are of value for the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the text and its See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation . The first enterprise of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind is the famous See also:

• HEXAPLA (Gr. for " sixfold ")

Hexapla of See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen in which the Old Testament Scriptures were written in six parallel columns, the first containing the Hebrew text, the second a transliteration of this in Greek letters, the third and See also:

• FOURTH

fourth the Greek See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations by See also:

• AQUILA
• AQUILA ('AxdXas), (1)
• AQUILA, CASPAR [KASPAR ADLER] (1488-1560)
• AQUILA, SERAFINO

Aquila and See also:

• SYMMACHUS

Symmachus, the fifth the See also:

• SEPTUAGINT, THE (Gr. of 0', Lat. LXX.)

Septuagint version as revised by Origen, the See also:

• SIXTH

sixth the See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation by Theodotion . Inasmuch, however, as only two languages, Hebrew and Greek, were employed the See also:

• WORK

work was rather diglott than See also:

• POLYGLOTT (Gr. rails, many, and yX&,rra, tongue)

polyglott in the usual sense . After the invention of See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing and the revival of philological studies, polyglotts became a favourite means of advancing the knowledge of Eastern languages (for which no See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• HELPS, SIR ARTHUR (1813-1875)

helps were available) as well as the study of Scripture . The See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series began with the Complutensian printed by Axnaldus Guilielmus de Brocario at the expense of See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal Ximenes at the university at See also:

• ALCALA (Moorish al Kala, the " Fortress " or " Castle ")

Alcala de Henares (Complutum) . The first See also:

• VOLUME

volume of this, containing the New Testament in Greek and Latin, was completed on the loth of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1514 . In vols. ii.–v . (finished on See also:

• JULY

July so, 1517) the Hebrew text of the Old Testament was printed in the first See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column of each See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page, followed by the Latin See also:

• VULGATE (from Lat. vulgus, the common people)

Vulgate and then by the Septuagint version with an interlinear Latin translation . Below these stood the See also:

• CHALDEE

Chaldee, again with a Latin translation . The sixth volume containing an appendix is dated 1515, but the work did not receive the papal See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction till See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1520, and was apparently not issued till 1522 . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief editors were Juan de Vergara, See also:

• LOPEZ, CARLOS ANTONIO (1790-1862)

Lopez de Zuniga (Stunica), See also:

• NUNEZ, PEDRO (PETRUS NoNlUS) (1492—1577)

Nunez de Guzman (Pincianus), See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio de Librixa (Nebrissensis), and See also:

• DEMETRIUS

Demetrius See also:

• DUCAS
• DUCAS (15th cent.)

Ducas . About See also:

• HALF

half a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century after the Complutensian came the See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp Polyglott, printed by See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher See also:

• PLANTIN, CHRISTOPHE (1514–1589)

Plantin (1569-1572, in 8 vols. See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio) .

Of this the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal editor was Arias Montanus aided by Guido See also:

• FABRICIUS, GAIUS LUSCINUS (i.e. " the one-eyed ")
• FABRICIUS, GEORG (1516-1571)
• FABRICIUS, HIERONYMUS
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN ALBERT (1668-1736)
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1745-18o8)

Fabricius Boderianus, Raphelengius, Masius, See also:

• LUCAS, CHARLES (1713–1771)
• LUCAS, JOHN SEYMOUR (1849– )
• LUCAS, SIR CHARLES (d. 1648)

Lucas of See also:

• BRUGES (Flemish Brugge, a name signifying the bridge or place of bridges)

Bruges and others . This work was under the patronage of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II. of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain; it added a new See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language to those of the Complutensian by including the See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac New Testament; and, while the earlier polyglott had only the See also:

• TARGUM

Targum of Onkelos on the See also:

• PENTATEUCH

Pentateuch, the Antwerp Bible had also the Targum on the Prophets, and on See also:

• ESTHER

Esther, See also:

• JOB

Job, See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

Psalms and the Salomonic writings . Next came Le See also:

• JAY (Fr. geai)
• JAY, JOHN (1745-1829)
• JAY, WILLIAM (1769-1853)

Jay's See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris Polyglott (1645), which embraces the first printed texts of the Syriac Old Testament (edited by See also:

• GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

Gabriel Sionita, a Maronite, but the book of See also:

• RUTH, BOOK OF

Ruth by See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham Ecchelensis, also a Maronite) and of the Samaritan Pentateuch and version (by Morinus) . It has also an Arabic version, or rather a series of various Arabic versions . The last great polyglott is See also:

• BRIAN (926-1014)

Brian See also:

• WALTON, BRIAN (1600-1661)
• WALTON, IZAAK (1593-1683)

Walton's (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1657), which is much less beautiful than Le Jay's but more completein various ways, including, among other things, the Syriac of Esther and of several apocryphal books for which it is wanting in the Paris Bible, See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian versions of the Pentateuch and Gospels, and the Psalms and New Testament in Ethiopic . Walton was aided by able scholars, and used much new See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript material . His prolegomena, too, and collections of various readings See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark an important advance in biblical See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism . It was in connexion with this polyglott that E . See also:

• CASTELL, EDMUND (16o6-1685)

Castell produced his famous Heptaglott See also:

• LEXICON

Lexicon (2 vols. folio, London, 1669), an astounding See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry and erudition even when See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance is made for the fact that for the Arabic he had the great MS. lexicon compiled and See also:

• LEFT

left to the university of See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge by the almost forgotten W . Bedwell . The liberality of Cardinal Ximenes, who is said to have spent half a million ducats on it, removed the Complutensian polyglott from the risks of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce . The other three editions all brought their promoters to the See also:

• VERGE (Lat. virga, a rod)

verge of ruin .

The later polyglotts are of little scientific importance, the best See also:

• RECENT

recent texts having been confined to a single language; but every biblical student still uses Walton and, if he can get it, Le Jay . Of the numerous polyglott editions of parts of the Bible it may suffice to mention the See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa psalter of 1516, edited by See also:

• GIUSTINIANI

Giustiniani, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Nebbio . This is in Hebrew, Latin, Greek, Chaldee and Arabic, and is interesting from the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the Chaldee text, being the first specimen of Western printing in the Arabic character, and from a curious See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note on See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus and the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of See also:

• AMERICA

America on the margin of See also:

• PSALM (from the Gr. word * hXAew, to play the harp)

Psalm xix . (A . W .