See also:

• POLYNESIA (Gr. iroXi,, many, and vnno-os, island)
• POLYNESIA, MELANESIA, MICRONESIA (q.v.)

POLYNESIA (Gr. iroXi,, many, and vnno-os, See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island)  , a See also:

• TERM

term sometimes used to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the whole of the oceanic islands in the central and western Pacific, but properly for the eastern of the three See also:

• GREAT

great divisions of these islands . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups thus included are See also:

• HAWAII (HAWAIIAN or SANDWICH ISLANDS)

Hawaii, the See also:

• ELLICE (LAGOON) ISLANDS

Ellice, See also:

• PHOENIX
• PHOENIX (Gr. 4oivt )

Phoenix, See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union, See also:

• MANIHIKI (MANAHIKI, MONAHIKI)

Manihiki and See also:

• MARQUESAS

Marquesas groups, See also:

• SAMOA

Samoa and See also:

• TONGA, or FRIENDLY ISLANDS (so called by Captain Cook)

Tonga, the See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook, Society, See also:

• TUBUAI, or AUSTRAL ISLANDS

Tubuai and Tuamotu groups, and many other lesser islands . (See PACIFIC OCEAN, See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section on See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island, and See also:

• SEPARATE

separate articles on the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal groups, &c.) The Polynesian See also:

• RACE

Race.—For the ethnological problems offered by See also:

• POLYNESIA, (Gr. iroXi,, many, and vnno-os, island)
• POLYNESIA, MELANESIA, MICRONESIA (q.v.)

Polynesia no thoroughly satisfactory solutions have yet been found . By some the term Polynesian has been treated as a synonym for Malayo=Polynesian, and has been made to include all the See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown races of Malaysia, See also:

• MELANESIA

Melanesia, See also:

• MICRONESIA (from Gr. µitcpbs, small, and viiaos, island)

Micronesia and Polynesia . Linguistically, physically and mentally this view is untenable . Whatever be the origin of the Polynesians, they are not See also:

• MALAYS

Malays, though, themselves of mixed See also:

• BLOOD

blood, they have probably certain racial elements in See also:

• COMMON

common with the latter, who are undoubtedly hybrids . There is every See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to believe that the Polynesians are ethnologically a far older race than the Malays, who, as they now exist, are a comparatively See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• PEOPLE

people; and thus See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller's and D . G . See also:

• BRINTON, DANIEL GARRISON (1837-1899)

Brinton's theory, that they See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Malays, fails . See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• DENIKER, JOSEPH (1852– )

Deniker declares the Polynesians a separate ethnic See also:

• GROUP

group of the Indo-Pacific See also:

• AREA

area, and in this view he is followed by A . H . See also:

• KEANE, JOHN JOSEPH (1839– )

Keane, who suggests that they are a branch of the Caucasic See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of mankind who possibly migrated in the See also:

• NEOLITHIC, or LATER STONE AGE (Gr. vEOr, new, and XLOos, stone)

Neolithic See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period from the See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic mainland .

Of the See also:

• MIGRATION

migration itself no doubt is now See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt, but the first entrance of the Polynesians into the Pacific must have been an event so remote that neither by tradition nor otherwise can it be even approximately fixed . The See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey of these Caucasians would naturally be in stages . Their earliest halting See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place was probably the See also:

• MALAY

Malay See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago, where a few of their See also:

• KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

kin linger in the See also:

• MENTAWI

Mentawi Islands on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• SUMATRA

Sumatra . Thence at a date within historic times a migration eastward took place . The See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of See also:

• SANSKRIT

Sanskrit roots in the Polynesian See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages appears to indicate that this migration was in pre-Sanskritic times . Whether anything like a definite date can be fixed for it may well be questioned . See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham Fornanderl has, however, with great See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability, traced back the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the Hawaiians to the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . He has studied the folk-See also:

• LORE
• LORE, AMBROISE DE (1396-1446)

lore of those islands exhaustively, and from this source comes to the conclusion that the Polynesian migration from the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Archipelago may be approximately assigned to the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 1st or to the 2nd century . The traditions of many of the Polynesian peoples tend to make Savaii, the largest of the Samoan Islands, their ancestral See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Pacific, and linguistic and other See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence goes to i An See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

Account of the Polynesian Race (1878), i . 168 . II support the theory that the first Polynesian See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement in the East Pacific was in Samoa, and that thence the various branches of the race made their way in all directions . Most likely Samoa was the first group permanently occupied by them .

Owing to the admixture of the Polynesians with the See also:

• PAPUANS (Malay pap4wah or puwah-puwah, " frizzled," " woolly-haired," in reference to their characteristic hair-dressing)

Papuans in See also:

• FIJI
• FIJI (Viii)

Fiji some authorities have thought the first settlement was in those islands, and that the settlers were eventually driven thence by the Papuan occupiers . We can, however, account for the presence of Polynesian blood in Fiji in another way, viz. by the intercourse that has been kept up between the people of Tonga and Fiji . If the first resting-place of the Polynesians was in that group, there is See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good reason to believe that Samoa was the first permanent home of the race . It used to be doubted whether these people could have gone from the Indian archipelago so far eastward, because the prevailing winds and currents are from the east . But it is now well known that at times there are See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly winds in the region over which they would have to travel, and that there would be no insuperable difficulties in the way of such a voyage . The Polynesians are invariably navigators . There is ample evidence that in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times they were much better See also:

• SEAMEN, LAWS RELATING TO

seamen than they are at See also:

• PRESENT

present . Indeed their skill in See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation has greatly declined since they have become known to Europeans . They used to construct decked vessels capable of carrying one or two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred persons, with See also:

• WATER

water and stores sufficient for a voyage of some See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks duration . These vessels were made of planks well fitted and sewn together, the See also:

• JOINTS

joints being caulked and pitched.' It is only in See also:

• RECENT

recent times that the construction of such vessels has ceased . The people had a • knowledge of the stars, of the rising and setting of the constellations at different seasons of the See also:

• YEAR

year; by this means they determined the favourable See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season for making a voyage and directed their course . The Polynesians were by no means a See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage people when they entered the Pacific .

Indeed their elaborate See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical legends show that they possessed a considerable amount of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization . Those who are See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar with these legends, and have studied native See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners and customs, see many unmistakable proofs that the Polynesians had, at their migration, considerable knowledge and culture, and that the race has greatly deteriorated . The Polynesians are physically a very See also:

• FINE

fine race . On some islands they See also:

• AVERAGE

average 5 ft. ro in. in height . De Quatrefages, in a table giving the stature of different races of men,2 puts the natives of Samoa and Tonga as the tallest people in the See also:

• WORLD

world . He gives 5 ft . 9.92 in. as their average height . They are well See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in proportion to their height . Their See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour is a brown, lighter or darker generally according to the amount of their exposure to the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun—being darker on some of the atolls where the people spend much See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in fishing, and among fishermen on the volcanic islands, and lighter among See also:

• WOMEN

women, chiefs and others less exposed than the bulk of the people . Their See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair is dark brown or See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black; smooth and See also:

• CURLY, JEAN NICOLAS (1774-1827)

curly, very different from the frizzly See also:

• MOP

mop of the Papuan or the lank straight locks of the Malay . They have very little See also:

• BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
• BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)

beard . Their features are generally fairly See also:

• REGULAR

regular and often beautiful; eyes invariably black, and in some persons oblique; jaws not projecting, except in a few instances; lips of See also:

• MEDIUM

medium thickness; the noses are naturally See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, well shaped and arched, but many are artificially flattened at the See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge in See also:

• INFANCY

infancy .

Their foreheads are fairly high, but rather narrow . The See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young of both sexes are good-looking . The men often have more regular features than the women . Formerly the men paid more See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance than the women . Polynesians generally are of singularly cleanly habits, love bathing, and have a See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for neatness and See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . Their clothing is See also:

• SIMPLE

simple: a See also:

• LOIN (through O. Fr. loigne or logne, mod. lunge, from Lat. Iambus)

loin See also:

• CLOTH

cloth for the men and for the women a See also:

• GIRDLE (O. Eng. gyrdel, from gyrdan, to gird; cf. Ger. Gurtel, Dutch gordel, from giirten and gorden; "gird" and its doublet " girth " together with the other Teutonic cognates have been referred by some to the root ghar—to seize, enclose, seen in Gr. )(s

girdle or See also:

• PETTICOAT

petticoat of leaves . Sometimes women cover the shoulders, and on great occasions the men robe themselves in tapa, bark-cloth . The men are usually 3 Coco-See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut fibre and the See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum which exudes from the See also:

• BREAD

bread-See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree are generally used for " caulking " and " pitching " canoes . 3 The Human See also:

• SPECIES

Species (See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

International Scientific See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series), pp . 57-6o.tattooed in elaborate designs from the See also:

• NAVEL (O. Eng. nafela, a word common to Teutonic languages; of. Ger. Nobel, Swed. nafvel; the Sanskrit is nabhila; the English root is also seen in " nave," the hub of a wheel)

navel to the thigh, and often around mouth and eyes . As a race the Polynesians are somewhat apathetic . An enervating See also:

• CLIMATE

climate and lavish natural resources incline them to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead easy lives .

On the more barren islands, and on those more distant from the See also:

• EQUATOR (Late Lat. aequator, from aequare, to make equal)

equator, they show more See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy . Under certain circumstances they become excitable, and See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of care-for-nothing spirit . As savages they were strict in their religious observances and See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion came into almost every See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• LIFE

life, and they have been, in most instances, easily led to accept See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . Their essential trait is their perennial cheerfulness, and their fondness for See also:

• DANCE
• DANCE (Fr. danse; of obscure origin, connected with Old High Ger. danson, to stretch)

dance and See also:

• SONG

song and every sort of amusement .3 They are shrewd, intelligent and possess much common sense . Where they have from early years enjoyed the advantages of a good See also:

• EDUCATION

education, Polynesian youths have proved themselves to possess intellectual See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of no mean order . They are almost invariably fluent speakers; with many of them See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory seems to be a natural See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift; it is also carefully cultivated . An orator will hold the See also:

• INTEREST

interest of his hearers for See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours together at a See also:

• POLITICAL

political gathering, and in his speech he will bring in historical allusions and precedents, and will make See also:

• APT

apt quotations from See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient legends in a manner which would do See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit to the best See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary orators . Many of them are very brave, and think little of self-See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice for others where See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty or See also:

• FAMILY

family See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour is concerned . Polynesian society is divided into the family and the See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan . Each clan has a name which is usually See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by one of the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest members, who is the chief or See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head for the time being . This clan See also:

• SYSTEM

system no doubt generally prevailed in early times, and was the origin of the principal chieftainships . But changes have been made in most of the islands .

In some the head of one clan has become See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king over several . In many cases large clans have been divided into sections under secondary heads, and have even been subdivided . As a See also:

• RULE

rule near relations do not intermarry . In some islands this rule is rigidly adhered to . There have been exceptions, however, especially in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of high chiefs; but usually great care is taken to prevent the union of those within the prescribed limits of See also:

• CON

con-sanguinity . See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

Children generally dwell with their kin on the See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, but they have equal rights on the See also:

• MOTHER

mother's side, and sometimes they take up their See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode with their mother's family . The only names used to See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express particular relationships are father and mother, son and daughter, See also:

• BROTHER

brother and See also:

• SISTER

sister . There is usually. no distinction between See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers (or sisters) and See also:

• COUSINS, SAMUEL (18o1-1887)

cousins, all the children of brothers and sisters speak of each other as brothers and sisters, and they See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call uncles and aunts fathers and mothers . Above the relationship of parents all are simply ancestors, no term being used for grandfather which would not equally apply to any more remote male ancestor . In the same way there is no distinctive term for grandchild . A See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man speaks of his grandchild as his son or daughter, or simply as his See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child.' See also:

• POLYGAMY, (Gr. nabs, many, and yayos, marriage)

Polygamy was often practised,, especially by chiefs, and also See also:

• CONCUBINAGE
• CONCUBINAGE (Lat. concubina, a concubine; from con-, with, and cubare, to lie)

concubinage . In some places a widow was taken by the brother of her deceased See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, or, failing the brother, by some other relative of the deceased, as an additional wife .

See also:

• DIVORCE

Divorce was an easy See also:

• MATTER

matter, and of frequent occurrence; but as a rule, a divorced wife would not marry again without the consent of her former husband . An adulterer was always liable to be killed by the aggrieved husband, or by some member of his clan . If the See also:

• CULPRIT

culprit himself could not be reached, any member of the clan was liable to suffer in his See also:

• STEAD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1849– )

stead . In some islands See also:

• FEMALE

female virtue was highly regarded . Perhaps of all the groups Samoa stood highest in this respect . There was a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• ORDEAL (O.Eng. ordal, ordael, judgment)

ordeal through which a See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride passed to prove her virginity, and a See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of her immorality brought disgrace upon all her relatives . But in other islands there was much freedom in the relations of the sexes . Owing to the almost promiscuous intercourse which prevailed among a portion of the race, in some groups titles descended through the mother and not through the father . In Hawaii there was a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar system of See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage 3 See also:

• WRESTLING (O. Eng. wrcestlian)

Wrestling and See also:

• BOXING (M.E. box, a blow, probably from Dan. bask, a buffet)

boxing, a kind of See also:

• HOCKEY (possibly derived from the " hooked " stick with which it is played; cf. O. Fr. hoquet, shepherd's crook)

hockey and See also:

• FOOTBALL

football, See also:

• CANOE (from Carib. candoa, the West Indian name found in use by Columbus; the Fr. canot, boat, and Ger. Kahn, are derived from the Lat. canna, reed, vessel)

canoe and See also:

• FOOT

foot races, walking-matches, See also:

• SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the root being common in Teutonic languages)

swimming, See also:

• ARCHERY

archery, cockfighting, fishing-matches and See also:

• PIGEON

pigeon-catching are among their pastimes . Of indoor See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games they have a number, many being of a gambling nature . Much time is spent, especially after the evening See also:

• MEAL

meal, in asking See also:

• RIDDLES (A.S. raedan, to interpret)

riddles, in rhyming, &c . The See also:

• RECITAL (from Lat. recitare, to read out, particularly of a public document)

recital of songs and myths is a common amusement, and on special occasions there is dancing .

The See also:

• NIGHT

night-dances were generally accompanied by much indecency and immorality . ' Dr See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis H . See also:

• MORGAN
• MORGAN, DANIEL (1736-1802)
• MORGAN, EDWIN DENNISON (1811-1883)
• MORGAN, JOHN HUNT (1825-1864)
• MORGAN, JOHN PIERPONT (1837–1913)
• MORGAN, LEWIS HENRY (1818-1881)
• MORGAN, SYDNEY, LADY (c. 1783-1859)
• MORGAN, THOMAS (d. 1743)

Morgan, in Ancient Society, pp . 419-423, makes the Polynesians to have distinctive terms for grandfather, grandmother, See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson and granddaughter . In this he is mistaken . It is evident from his own lists that the Hawaiian kupuna means simply an ancestor . In like manner moopuna simply means a descendant of any See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation after the first . relationship," brothers with their wives, and sisters with their husbands, pcssessing each other in common." There also, especially in the case of chiefs and chieftainesses, brothers and sisters some-times intermarried . But these customs did not prevail in other groups . It is almost certain that they did not prevail in Hawaii in early times, but that they were the resultof that deterioration in the race which their traditions and many of their customs indicate.' Women have always occupied a relatively high position among the Polynesians . In most groups they have great See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence and are treated with much respect .. In some cases they take hereditary titles and hold high offices .

As among their congeners in See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar, so also in parts of Polynesia, there may be a See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen or a chieftainess in her own right ; and a woman in high position will command as much respect, and will exercise as great authority, as a man would in the same position . Everywhere See also:

• INFANTICIDE

infanticide prevailed; in some of the smaller islands it was regulated by See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law in order to prevent over-See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population . It was also a very common practice to destroy the foetus, but parents were affectionate towards their children . The practice of adopting children was, and still is, common . Often there is an See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange made between members of the same clan; but sometimes there is See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption from without . See also:

• TATTOOING (Tahitian, tatu, from ta, mark)

Tattooing generally prevailed among the men, different patterns being followed in different groups of Islands . In some a larger portion of the See also:

• BODY

body is tattooed than in others . A youth was considered to be in his minority until he was tattooed, and in former times he would have no See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of marrying until he had, by submitting to this See also:

• PROCESS

process, proved himself to be a man . See also:

• PUBERTY (Lat. pubertas, from pubes, puber, mature, adult)

Puberty in the other See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex was generally marked by feasting, or some other demonstration, among the female See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends . Old See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age is generally honoured . Often an inferior chief will give up his See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title to a younger man, yet he himself will lose but little by so doing . The neglect of aged persons is extremely rare .

See also:

• PROPERTY

Property belonging to a clan is held in common . Each clan usually possesses See also:

• LAND

land, and over this no one member has an exclusive right, but all have an equal right to use it . The chief or recognized head of the clan or section alone can properly dispose of it or assign its use for a time to an outsider; and even he is expected to obtain the consent of the heads of families before he alienates the property . Thus land is handed down through successive generations under the nominal See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the recognized head of the clan . Changes have been made in many islands in this respect; but there can be little reason to doubt that the See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint ownership of property in clans was common among the entire race in former times . In early times the head of each clan was supreme among his own people, but in all matters he had associated with him the principal men or heads of families in the clan . Their See also:

• UNITED

united authority extended over all the members and the possessions of the clan, and they were See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of every other clan . There are in some places vestiges of this See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of society still remaining; the transition to a limited or to a despotic See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy may be traced by means of the ancient legends in some islands, and in others it is a matter of recent history . One clan being more numerous and stronger than another, and its chief being ambitious, it is easy to see how by conquering a neighbouring clan he increased the importance of his clan and extended his own See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . In some of the islands this transition process has hardly yet developed into an See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute monarchy . We may even see two or three stages of the progress . In one instance a certain clan has the right to nominate the principal chief over an entire See also:

• DISTRICT

district; though it is known as the ruling clan, its rule is mainly confined to this nomination, and to decision for or against See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war .

In all other respects the district enjoys the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of self-See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . In another case the nominal king over a district, or over an entire island, can be elected only from among the members of a certain clan, the monarchy being elective within that alone; but this king has little authority . In other cases a more despotic monarchy has grown up—the prowess of one man leading to the subjugation of other clans . Even in this case the chiefs or ' Morgan has founded one of his forms of family—the consanguine —on the supposed existence in former times among the Malays and Polynesians of the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of " intermarriage of brothers and sisters, own and See also:

• COLLATERAL (from Med. Lat. collateralis,—cum, with, and latus, lateris, side,—side by side, hence parallel or additional)

collateral, in a group." All the evidence he finds in support of this is (t) the existence of the custom above mentioned in Hawaii; and (2) the absence of special terms for the relationship of See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, aunt and See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin, this indicating, he thinks, that these were regarded as fathers, mothers, brothers and sisters . He admits that " the usages with respect to marriage which prevailed when the system was formed may not prevail at the present time." But he adds, " To sustain the See also:

• DEDUCTION (from Lat. deducere, to take or lead from or out of, derive)

deduction it is not necessary that they should " (Ancient Society, p . 408) . Morgan has given special terms for See also:

• GRAND

grand-father and grandmother, because it would prove too much to show that the people had no grandfathers, &c . But these terms are used for ancestors of any generation . The terms used for grandchildren, in like manner, are used for any generation of descendants . He says (p . 406) the terms of husband and wife are used in common by a group of sisters or brothers, but the fact is that the words used for husband and wife in Hawaii simply mean male and female . In some islands there are terms used for wife in the most strict sense .

The word wife is not used more exclusively among us than among some Polynesian people.heads of clans sometimes still hold their property and rule over their own people, only rendering a kind of feudal service and paying See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute to the king . The Polynesians are exceedingly fond of See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank and of titles . Much deference is paid to chiefs and to persons of rank; and special terms are generally employed in addressing these . Every See also:

• PART

part of a chief's body and all his belongings have names different from those employed for common people . The grade of rank which a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person occupies will often be indicated by the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language in which he is addressed . Thus, in Samoa there are four different terms for to come: sau is for a common man; maliu See also:

• MAI, ANGELO (1782—1854)

mai is a respectful term for a person without a title; susu mai for a titled chief; and afro mai for a member of the royal family . In addressing chiefs, or others to whom one wishes to be respectful, the singular number of the personal pronoun is rarely used; the dual is employed insteacj —the dual of dignity or of respect . Offices and titles are seldom hereditary in our sense of the term, as descending from father to son . They are rather elective within the limits of the clan, or the division of a clan . A common practice is for the holder of a high title to nominate a successor; and his nomination is generally confirmed by the chiefs, or heads of See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house-holds, with whom the right of See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election rests . In ancient times the authority of a high chief or king did not usually extend to any details of government . But in Hawaii there are traditions of a See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise king who interested himself in promoting the social well-being of the people, and made good See also:

• LAWS

laws for their guidance.2 Usually all matters affecting a district or an island were settled by the chiefs of the district, while those of a single See also:

• VILLAGE

village were settled by a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council consisting of the chiefs and heads of households in the village .

In some islands each clan, or each village, would feel itself at See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty to make war on another clan or village without consulting the views of any higher authority . Indeed the rule was for each clan or district to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle its own affairs . In the case of offences against individuals, either the person injured, or another member of his clan, would avenge the injury done . For most offences there was some generally recognized See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment—such as See also:

• DEATH

death for See also:

• MURDER

murder or See also:

• ADULTERY (from Lat. adulterium)

adultery; but often vengeance would fall upon another person instead of the wrongdoer . In avenging wrong, a member of the village or of the clan to which the offenaer belonged would serve equally well to satisfy their ideas of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice if the culprit himself could not be easily reached . Sometimes all the members of the family, or of a village, to which a culprit belonged would flee from their homes and take See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in another village, or seek the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of a powerful chief . In some places, in cases of See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime, the members of the family or village would convey the culprit See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound—sometimes even carrying him like a See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig that is to be killed—and place him with apologies before those against whom he had transgressed . The ignominy of such a proceeding was generally considered sufficient See also:

• ATONEMENT

atonement for the gravest offences . There were slaves in many islands, either persons conquered in war, or those who had been condemned to lose their personal liberty on account of evil conduct . Pottery was not manufactured by the Polynesians: a fact which, it has been argued, goes far to prove the remoteness of the Polynesian migration from the Malay Archipelago, where there is not a single tribe which does not possess the See also:

• ART

art . It may, however, be that, moving among small See also:

• CORAL

coral islands for scores of generations and thus without materials, they lost the art . Those of them who possessed pottery obtained it from the Papuans .

In most of their manufactures they were, however, in advance of the Papuans . They made use of the See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable See also:

• FIBRES
• FIBRES (or FIBERS, in American spelling; from Lat. fibra, apparently connected either with filum, thread, or findere, to split)

fibres abounding in the islands, the. women manufacturing cloth, chiefly from the bark of the See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper mulberry (Morus papyrifera), but also in some islands from the bark of the bread-fruit tree and the hibiscus . This in former times furnished them with most of their clothing . They also made various kinds of mats, baskets and fans from the leaves of the pandanus, the bark of the hibiscus, from species of bohmeria or other Urticaceous See also:

• PLANTS

plants . Some of their mats are very beautifully made, and in some islands they are the most valuable property the people possess . The people also use the various fibre-producing plants for the manufacture of See also:

• ROPES, JOHN CODMAN (1836–1899)

ropes, coarse See also:

• STRING

string and fine See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord, and for making fishing nets . The nets are often very large, and are netted with a See also:

• NEEDLE (O. Eng. ncedl; the word appears in various forms in Teutonic languages, Ger. Nadel, Dutch naal, the root being ne-, to sew, cf. Ger. nahen, and probably Lat. nere, to spin, Gr. vi)ats, spinning)

needle and mesh as in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand-netting among ourselves . The Polynesians, who have always been entirely without metals, are See also:

• CLEVER

clever workers in See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood . Canoe and house See also:

• BUILDING

building are trades usually confined to certain families . The large canoes in which they formerly made long voyages are no longer built, but various kinds of smaller canoes are made, from the commonest, which is simply a hollowed-out tree cut into form, to the finely shaped one built upon a See also:

• KEEL

keel, the joints of the various pieces being nicely fitted, and the whole stitched together with cord made from the husk of coconuts . Some of the larger canoes are ornamented with See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude See also:

• CARVING

carving; and in some islands they are somewhat elaborately decorated with inlaid mother-of-See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

pearl . The houses are generally well and elaborately made, but nearly all the ornamentation is put on the inside of the roof .

They manufacture several wooden utensils for See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household use, 2 See a remarkable example in Fornander's Account of the Polynesian Race, ii . 89 . such as dishes or deep See also:

• BOWLS

bowls, head-rests and stools . Having no I The Polynesians invariably believe in the existence of the spirit See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal or other vessels in which to See also:

• BOIL

boil water, all cooking is done by of man after the death of the body . Their traditions on the condibaking, generally in holes in the ground . They also make wooden tion of the dead vary considerably in different groups; yet there is a gongs, or drums . They used to make wooden fishhooks, clubs, See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general agreement upon See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main points . Death is caused by the spears and bows . They still make wooden fishspears and carved and inlaid combs . They employ the See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo for making drums and flutes . Formerly knives were made of bamboo, which is still some-times used for that purpose . In the manufacture of these things they employed adzes made of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell or hard wood, and a wooden See also:

• DRILL

drill pointed with stone, shell or See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone .

They made mother-of-pearl fishhooks, and they still use a part of those old hooks—or artificial bait—in See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination with See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel hooks, the native-made portion being generally shaped like a small See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish . For water-vessels, &c., they employ gourds and large coco-nut shells, in preparing which they pour in water and allow the pulp or the See also:

• KERNEL (O.E. cyrnel, a diminutive of " corn," seed, grain)

kernel to decay, so that it may be removed without breaking the rind or shell . Their drinking cups are made of See also:

• HALF

half a coco-nut shell . Sharks' See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth, shells and bamboo were formerly generally used as cutting See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments for shaving and surgical operations . They employ vegetable dyes for See also:

• PAINTING

painting their bark-cloth, calabashes, &c . In some islands they also use a red See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth for this purpose . Their cloth is generally ornamented with geometrical patterns . Any drawings of animals, &c., which they make are exceedingly inartistic, and no See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt is made at See also:

• PERSPECTIVE (Lat. peespicere, to see through)

perspective . Their musical instruments are few and rude —consisting of the drums and flutes already mentioned, and shell trumpets . The Polynesians were all polytheists . Without doubt many of their gods are deified men; but it is clear that some are the forces of Nature personified, while others appear to represent human passions which have become identified with particular persons who have an existence in their historical myths., But the conception which they had of Tangaloa (Taaroa and Kanaloa in some islands) is of a higher order . Among the Tahitians he was regarded as "the first and principal See also:

• GOD

god, uncreated and existing from the beginning, or from the time he emerged from po, or the world of darkness."' " He was said to be the father of all the gods, and creator of all things, yet was scarcely reckoned an See also:

• OBJECT

object of See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship."3 Dr See also: