See also:

• POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an art)

POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an See also:

• ART

art)  , a See also:

• TERM

term which may be held to designate any institution formed with a view to encourage or to illustrate various arts and sciences . It has, however, been used with different applications in several See also:

• EUROPEAN

European countries . In See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France the first See also:

• STOLE (Lat. stela and orarium, Fr. etole, It. stola, Sp. estola, Ger. Stela)

stole polytechnique was founded by the See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention at the end of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, as a See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical protest against the almost exclusive devotion to See also:

• LITERARY

literary and abstract studies in the places of higher learning . The institution is described as one " oi't l'on instruit See also:

• LES

les jeunes gens, destines a entrer clans les ecoles speciales d'artillerie, du genie, See also:

• DES

des mines, des ponts et chaussees, See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree en 1794 sous le nom d'ecole centrale des travaux publiques, et en 1795 sous celui qu'elle See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

porte aujourd'hui " (See also:

• LITTRE, MAXIMILIEN PAUL SMILE (1801-1881)

Littre) . In See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany there are nine technical colleges which, in like manner, have a See also:

• SPECIAL

special and See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial rather than a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general educational purpose . In See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal educational institution, which is not maintained or administered by the communal authorities, but is non-See also:

• LOCAL

local and provided by the Federal See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, is the Polytechnikum at See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich . In all the important towns of the Federation there are See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade and technical See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of a more or less special See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, adapted to the local See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries; e.g. schools for See also:

• SILK

silk-See also:

• WEAVING

weaving, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood-See also:

• CARVING

carving, watchmaking, or See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture . But the Zurich Polytechnikum has a wider and more comprehensive range of See also:

• WORK

work . It is a See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college designed to give instruction and practical training in those sciences which stand in the closest relation to manufactures and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce and to skilled See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry in general and its work is of university See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank . To the See also:

• ENGLISH

English public the word See also:

• POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an art)

polytechnic has only recently become See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar, in connexion with some See also:

• LONDON

London institutions of an exceptional character . In the reign of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William The First IV. there was an institution in London called after Polyiechnks the name of his See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort—" The See also:

• ADELAIDE
• ADELAIDE (Ger. Adelheid) (931-999)

Adelaide See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

Gallery " See also:

• TII

tII Engtsna . —and devoted rather to the display of new scientific inventions and curiosities than to See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research or to the teaching of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science .

It enjoyed an ephemeral popularity, and was soon imitated by an institution called the Polytechnic in See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

Regent See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street, with a somewhat more pretentious See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme, a diving-See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell, See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical and See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical apparatus, besides occasional illustrated lectures of a popular and more or less recreative character . In the popular mind this institution is inseparably associated with " See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor " See also:

• PEPPER
• PEPPER, WILLIAM (1843–1898)

Pepper, the author of The Boy's Playbook of Science and of Pepper's See also:

• GHOST (a word common to the W. Teutonic languages; O.E. vest, Dutch, 'geest, Ger. Geist)

Ghost . Both of these institutions, after a few years of success, failed financially; and in 1SSo Mr Quintin See also:

• HOGG, JAMES (1770-1835)
• HOGG, THOMAS JEFFERSON (1792–1862)

Hogg, an active and generous philanthropist, See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased the disused See also:

• BUILDING

building in Regent Street, and reopened it on an altered basis, though still retaining the name of Polytechnic, to which, however, he gave a new significance . He had during sixteen years been singularly successful in gathering together See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young shopmen and artisans in London in the eveninis and on See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday for religious and social intercourse, and in acquiring their confidence . But by rapid degrees his enterprise, which began as an evangelistic effort, See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed into an educational institution of a novel and comprehensive character, with classes for the serious study of science, See also:

• ART

art, and literature, a gymnasium, library, See also:

• READING

reading circles, laboratories for physics and See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry, conversation and debating clubs, organized See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country excursions, See also:

• SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the root being common in Teutonic languages)

swimming, See also:

• ROWING (O. Eng. rowan, to row, cf. Lat. remus, Gr. perµbr, oar)

rowing, and natural See also:

• HISTORY

history See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies, a savings See also:

• BANK

bank, and choral singing, besides religious services, open to all the members, though not obligatory for any . The founder, who from the first took the closest See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the students, well describes his own aims: " What we wanted to develop our See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute into was a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place which should recognize that See also:

• GOD

God had given See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man more than one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side to his character, and where we could gratify any See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason-able. See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste, whether athletic, intellectual, spiritual or social . I The success of this effort was remarkable . In the first See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter 1 . See also:

• GROUP

Group of spore-cases (sorus) on 6800 members joined, paying fees of 3s. per term, or See also:

• ROS, or DE
• ROS, SIR RICHARD (b. 1429)

ros . 6d. per See also:

• YEAR

year; and the members steadily increased, until in 1900 they reached a See also:

• TOTAL

total of 15,000 The See also:

• AVERAGE

average daily attendance is 4000; six See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred classes in different grades and subjects are held weekly; and upwards of See also:

• FORTY

forty clubs and societies have been formed in connexion with the recreative and social departments . The precedent thus established by private initiative has since been followed in the formation of the public institutions which, Later under the name of " Polytechnics," have become institutions so prominent and have exercised such beneficent of this See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence among the working See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of London . See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

Glass .

The principal resources for the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation and See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of these institutions have been derived from two funds—that administered under the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City Parochial Charities See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of 1883, and that furnished by the London See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

County See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council, at first under the terms of the Local See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

Taxation (Customs and See also:

• EXCISE (derived through the Dutch, excijs or accijs, possibly from Late Lat. accensare,—ad, to, and census, tax; the word owes something to a confusion with excisum, cut out)

Excise) Act of 1890, and the Technical Instruction Act 1889, but since the 1st of May 1904 under the See also:

• EDUCATION

Education Act 1902, as applied to London by the act of 1903 . More detailed reference to these two acts seems to be necessary in this place . The royal See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission of inquiry into the parochial charities of London was appointed in 1878, mainly at the instance The City of Mr See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• BRYCE, JAMES (1838- )

Bryce, and under the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of Parochial the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke of See also:

• NORTHUMBERLAND
• NORTHUMBERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN DUDLEY, VISCOUNT LISLE, EARL OF WARWICK
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN NEVILLE, EARL OF (c. 1430-1471)

Northumberland . Its See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report appeared Charities in 188o, giving particulars of the income of the Act. parishes, and revealing the fact that the funds had largely outgrown the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original purposes of the endowments, which were See also:

• ILL

ill adapted to the See also:

• MODERN

modern needs of the class for whose benefit they were intended . The act of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament of 1883 was designed to give effect to the recommendations of the commissioners It provided that while five of the largest parishes were to retain the management of their own charitable funds, the endowments of the remaining 107 parishes in the city should be administered by a corporate See also:

• BODY

body, to be en-titled " the Trustees of the London Parochial Charities" (other-See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise known in relation to the polytechnics as " the Central Governing Body " ), this body to include five nominees of the See also:

• CROWN

Crown and four of the See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation of London . The remaining members were to be chosen under a subsequent See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of the charity commission, which added four nominees of the Lon-See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

don County Council, two of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and one each appointed by the university of London, University College, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's College, the City and Guilds institute, and the governing bodies of the Bishopsgate and the Cripplegate See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations . For the purpose of framing the scheme, a special See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner, Mr James Anstie, Q.C., was temporarily attached to the charity commission, and it thus became the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of the commission to prepare a statement of the charity See also:

• PROPERTY

property possessed by the 107 parishes, distinguishing between the See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular and the ecclesiastical parts of the endowments . The See also:

• ANNUAL

annual income derived from the ecclesiastical fund was £35,000, and that from the secular portion of the fund £50,000 . The scheme assigned See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital grants amounting to £155,000 to the See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of open spaces, and £149,500 to various institutions, including See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries in Bishopsgate and Cripplegate, the See also:

• PEOPLE

People's See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace, the Regent Street and See also:

• NORTHAMPTON
• NORTHAMPTON, ASSIZE OF
• NORTHAMPTON, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Northampton Institutes, and the See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall . A capital sum of £49,355 out of the ecclesiastical fund _was devoted to the repair of city churches; and the See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance of the annual income of this fund, after allowances for certain vested interests, was directed to be paid to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners . This balance has varied by slight increases from year to year, and amounted in 1906 to £20,875 . The remaining fund thus set free for secular purposes was by the scheme largely devoted to the erection and maintenance of polytechnic institutions, or " industrial institutes," as they were at first called .

It was the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of Mr Anstie and his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-commissioners that in this way it would be possible to meet one of the most urgent of the intellectual needs of the See also:

• METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis, and to render service nearly akin to the original purposes of the obsolete charitable endowments . For the year 1906-1907 the grants made to the polytechnics and kindred institutions (the Working Men's College, College for Working See also:

• WOMEN

Women, &c.) by the Central Governing Body amounted to £39,140, and the total amount contributed by the Central Governing Body since its creation amounts to £543,000 . The general See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope and aims of the institutions thus contemplated by the commissioners are defined in the A Typical " general regulations for the management of an See also:

• INDUS

indus- Scheme trial institute," which are appended as a See also:

• SCHEDULE

schedule to under the the several schemes, and which run as follows: Act . The See also:

• OBJECT

object of this institution is the promotion of the industrial skill, general knowledge, See also:

• HEALTH

health and well-being of young men and women belonging to the poorer classes by the following means: i . Instruction in-- a . The general rules and principles of the arts and sciences applicable to any handicraft, trade or business . b . The practical application of such general rules and principles in any handicraft, trade or business . c . Branches or details of any handicraft, trade or business, facilities for acquiring the knowledge of which cannot usually be obtained in the workshop or other, place of business . The classes and lectures shall not be designed or arranged so as to be in substitution for the practical experience of the workshop or place of business, but so as to be supplementary thereto . ii .

Instruction suitable for persons intending to emigrate . iii . Instruction in such other branches and subjects of art, science, See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, literature and general knowledge as may be approved by the governing body . iv . Public lectures or courses of lectures, musical and other entertainments and exhibitions . v . Instruction and practice in gymnastics, See also:

• DRILL

drill, swimming and other bodily exercises . vi . Facilities for the formation and See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting of clubs and societies . vii . A library, museum and reading See also:

• ROOM

room or rooms . Within the limits prescribed, the governing body may from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time, out of the funds at their disposal, provide and maintain buildings and grounds, including workshops and laboratories suit-able for all the purposes herein specified, and the necessary See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture, fittings, apparatus, See also:

• MODELS

models and books, and may provide or receive by See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift or on See also:

• LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan See also:

• WORKS

works of art or scientific construction, or See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of interest and curiosity, for the purpose of the institute, and for the purpose of temporary See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition .

Other provisions in the scheme require: (1) that the educational benefits of the institute shall be available for both sexes equally, but that See also:

• COMMON

common rooms, refreshment rooms, gymnasia and swimming-See also:

• BATHS

baths may be established separately, under such suitable arrangements as may be approved by the governing body; (2) that the fees and subscriptions shall be so fixed as to place the benefits of the institute within the reach of the poorer classes; (3) that no intoxicating liquors, smoking or gambling shall be allowed in any See also:

• PART

part of the building; (4) that the buildings, ground and premises shall not be used for any See also:

• POLITICAL

political, denominational or sectarian purpose, although this See also:

• RULE

rule shall not be deemed to prohibit the discussion of political subjects in any debating society approved by the governing body; (5) that no See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person under the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of sixteen or above twenty-five shall be admitted to membership except on special grounds, and that the number thus specially admitted shall not exceed 5 %,- of the total number of members . These and the like provisions have formed the common basis for all the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan polytechnics . In 1890 a large sum was placed by the ,Local Taxation (Customs and Excise) Act at the disposal of the county and county The Tech- See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board Board See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough See also:

• COUNCILS

councils for the general purposes of tech- of the nical education, and in 1893 the London County London Council determined to devote a considerable portion county of this See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue to the further development and See also:

• SUS

sus- Council. tentation of polytechnics . While the funds granted by. the Central Governing Body may be employed in aid of the social and recreative as well as the educational purposes of the various institutes, it is a statutory See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation that the sums contributed by the London County Council should be applied to educational work only . Dr William See also:

• GARNETT, RICHARD (1835–1906)

Garnett, the educational adviser of the London County Council, has, in a published lecture delivered before the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress on technical education in See also:

• JUNE

June 1897, thus described the conditions under which the council offers See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial help to the London polytechnics:— The objects which the technical education board has had in view in its dealings with the polytechnics have been: 1 . To allow to the several governing bodies the greatest possible freedom in the conduct of social, recreative and even religious work within the provisions of the schemes of the Charity Commissioners . 2 . To secure to each polytechnic the services of an educational principal, who should be responsible to his governing body for the organization and conduct of the whole of the work of the institution . 3 . To provide in each polytechnic a permanent See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of teachers, who should be heads of their respective departments and give their whole time to the work of the institution, and thus to establish a corporate or collegiate See also:

• LIFE

life in the polytechnic . 4 . To ensure that all branches of experimental science are taught experimentally, and that the students have the opportunity of carrying out practical laboratory work, at an inclusive See also:

• FEE

fee not exceeding ten shillings for any one subject .

5 . To provide efficient workshop instruction in all practical trade subjects . 6 . To secure that the number of students under the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of any one teacher in laboratory or workshop classes, or in other classes in which personal supervision is of See also:

• PARAMOUNT (Anglo-Fr. paramont, up above, par el mont, up or on top of the mountain)

paramount importance, shall not exceed a stated limit (fifteen in the workshop, or twenty in the laboratory) . 7 . To exclude from classes students who, for want of preliminary training, are incapable of profiting by the instruction provided; and to this end to restrict the attendance at workshop classes to those who are actually engaged in the trades concerned, and have thus opportunities of acquiring the necessary See also:

• MANUAL

manual dexterity in the performance of their daily duties . 8 . To furnish an adequate fixed See also:

• STIPEND

stipend for all teachers, in place of a contingent interest in fees and grants . 9 . To encourage private subscriptions and donations . to . To establish an efficient See also:

• SYSTEM

system of inspection .

11 . To facilitate the See also:

• ADVERTISEMENT, or ADVERTISING (Fr. avertissement, warning, or notice)

advertisement of polytechnic classes, and especially to invite the co-operation of trade societies in. supporting their respective classes . 12 . To encourage the higher development of some special See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of study in each polytechnic . 13 . To utilize the polytechnic buildings as far as possible in the daytime by the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of technical See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day schools, or otherwise . 14 . To secure uniformity in the keeping of accounts . The regulations under which the council has attempted to secure its objects by means of grants have been changed from time to time as the work of the polytechnics has developed, but they provide that the council's aid should be partly in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a fixed See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant to each institution, partly a See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of the salaries of the principal and the permanent teachers, partly a grant on attendance, the See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale depending on the subject and character of the instruction, and partly a See also:

• SUBSIDY (through Fr. from Lat. subsidium, reserve troops, aid, assistance, from subsidere, literally " to sit or remain behind or in reserve,")

subsidy (15%) on voluntary contributions . In addition to the annual grants for maintenance, substantial grants for building and equipment are made from time to time . The scale of grants adopted by the council for the session 1907-1908 was the following:- i . A fixed grant assigned to each polytechnic .

ii . Three-fourths of the See also:

• SALARY

salary of the principal (subject to certain conditions) . iii . Fifty per cent. of the departments . iv . Ten per cent. of the salaries of other teachers . v . Fifteen per cent. on (voluntary) annual subscriptions donations . vi . Attendance grants on evening classes varying from Id. to 6d. per student-See also:

• HOUR

hour (subject to certain conditions of minimum attendance, eligibility, &c.) . vii . Special grants not exceeding £5o for courses of lectures on particular subjects required or approved by the council .

viii . Special grants towards any departments which the council may See also:

• DESIRE

desire to see established or maintained . ix . Equipment grants and building grants in accordance with the special requirements of the institutions . The above grants are See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of any contributions which the council may make towards secondary day schools or day schools of domestic See also:

• ECONOMY

economy or training colleges of domestic economy in the polytechnics . With a view to a due See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of labour, and also to the co-operation of the public bodies concerned, the "London Poly-technic Council" was created in 1894 . It was composed of salaries of heads of approved or representatives of the Central Governing Body, the technical education board of the London County Council, and the City and Guilds of London Institute, and its duty was to consult as to the See also:

• APPROPRIATION (from Lat. appropriare, to set aside)

appropriation of funds, the organiza-London tion of teaching, the holding of needful examina- Polytechnic tions, and the supervision of the work generally. council After ten years of work the London polytechnic council was dissolved in the summer of 1904 in consequence of the abolition of the technical education board of the London County Council, when the council became responsible for all grades of education . A statement below shows the number and names of the several institutions, and the extent to which they have been severally aided by the Central Governing Body and the London County Council . The " People's Palace" owes its origin in part to the popularity of a novel by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• BESANT, SIR WALTER (1836-1901)

Besant, entitled All Sorts and Conditions of Men, in which the writer pointed out The the sore need of the inhabitants of See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East London People's for social improvement and healthy recreation, Palace. and set forth an imaginary picture of a " Palace of Delight," wherein this need might be partly satisfied . Much public interest was awakened, large subscriptions were given, and the Central Governing Body aided the project; but the munificence of the drapers' See also:

• COMPANY

company in setting aside £7000 a year for its permanent maintenance released the London County Council from any obligation to make a grant . Apart from the social and recreative side of this popular institution, the educational See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, under the name of the East London Technical College, steadily increased in See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers and influence under the fostering care of the drapers' company and has now been re-cognized as a "school" of the university of London under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of " The East London College" and is being utilized by the London County Council in the same way as other " schools of the university." In the above table the grants are given to the nearest See also:

• POUND
• POUND (2)—(a)

pound . Up to See also:

• JULY

July 1907 the total See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure of the council upon the polytechnics, apart from the day schools, training colleges, &c., conducted in them, was about £525,000, almost exactly the same as that of the Central Governing Body .

The voluntary grants from the central governing body include a contribution towards a compassionate fund, and a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension fund based on endowment assurances for all permanent See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of the poly-technics in See also:

• RECEIPT (M.E. receite, derived through Fr. from Lat. recepta, participle of recipere, to receive)

receipt of salaries of not less than £See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo a year . The grants received from the board of education amourt to about £30,000 a year, while the fees of students and members produce about £45,000 . Voluntary subscriptions, including those from city companies and other See also:

• SOURCES

sources. of income, See also:

• PRO

pro-duce about £30,000 in addition, so that out of a total expenditure of about £200,000 a year the council now contributes 30%, the Central Governing Body 18%, fees 221%, the board of education 15% and city companies and other subscribers 15% . Grants to the London Polytechnics during the Session 1906-1907 . Central Governing Body . London County Council . Scheme . Scheme . Voluntary Buildings See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

Main-and Grants . Equipment. tenance . See also:

• BATTERSEA

Battersea Polytechnic 2,500 1,701 1,545 4,760 See also:

• BIRKBECK, GEORGE (1776-1841)

Birkbeck College . . 1,000 1,005 445 3,450 Borough Road Polytechnic 2,500 1,563 820 5,285 City of London College .

1,000 901 5.15 i 2 East London College . . 3,500 224 il5 3nil5 Northampton Institute . 3,350 1,555 3,415 4,525 See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern Polytechnic 1,500 2,183 2,660 4,145 Regent Street Polytechnic . 3,500 3,916 965 7,665 See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South-Western Polytechnic . 1,500 2,091 1,275 6,265 See also:

• WOOLWICH

Woolwich Polytechnic . nil 1,000 2,525 5,495 Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• CASS, LEWIS (1782–1866)

Cass's Institute . . nil 50 510 2,400 Total . £ 20,350 16,189 14,675 47,715 The Goldsmiths' Institute at New See also:

• CROSS

Cross owed its existence and its annual maintenance to the generous initiative of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient city gild whose name it See also:

• BORE

bore . It was therefore entirely independent of pecuniary subsidy from any other public body . In the year 1900 the number of class entries to this institute was 7574 . In 1904 the goldsmiths' company presented the premises, together with an annual subsidy, to the university of London for the purposes of a training college for teachers, so that from that date it ceased to be one of the London poly-technics, although, pending the provision of other premises, many of the technical evening classes have been continued under the London County Council by permission of the university with the approval of the company . The clothworkers' company has also contributed £18,000 to the Northern Polytechnic at See also:

• HOLLOWAY, THOMAS (1800-1883)

Holloway . In all these institutions the general aims have been practically the same, although special features have been differentiated See also:

• ALMS

alms and in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to meet the local needs and the wishes of Methods. the inhabitants .

In all there are laboratories and lecture rooms, trade classes, art studios, gymnasia, provision for manual training and domestic economy and applied science . In .nearly all, at first, mechanical and manual instruction were the prominent objects in view, partly owing to the conditions under which grants were made by the science and art See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department . But of See also:

• LATE

late increased See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention has been paid year by year to literary and humaner studies, and to general See also:

• MENTAL

mental cultivation, pursued pari passe with technical and scientific training . The aid of the London organization for university See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension, now a department of the university, has been especially serviceable in providing courses of lectures and classes in literary subjects at nearly all the polytechnics . As subsidiary to their main work, some of them have established junior continuation schools, with a view to provide suitable instruction for scholars who have See also:

• LEFT

left the public elementary schools and are not yet prepared to enter the technical and trade classes . Although the workshops and the classes for artisans are used chiefly in the evenings, there is an increasing number of day students : e.g. at the Northampton Polytechnic Institute in See also:

• CLERKENWELL

Clerkenwell there is a very important day school of See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering conducted on the "See also:

• SANDWICH
• SANDWICH, EDWARD MONTAGU, or MOUNTAGU, 1ST EARL OF (1625–1672)
• SANDWICH, JOHN MONTAGU, 4TH EARL OF (1718–1792)

sandwich system, " the students entering engineering works for the summer months and returning to the polytechnic for the winter session; at the Battersea Polytechnic there is a very important training college for teachers of domestic economy; at Regent Street there are day schools in engineering, See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, photo-See also:

• PROCESS

process and See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage-building; at the South-Western Polytechnic there are important schools of mechanical and electrical engineering and a training college for women teachers of See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical exercises; at the Northern Polytechnic, as at Battersea, there is a training college for teachers of domestic economy, and there are departments of commerce and of physics and chemistry, while the Woolwich Polytechnic receives in the daytime, by special arrangement with the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, a large number of engineering apprentices employed in the See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal . In See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, the schemes of the several institutions are so elastic that the governing bodies are at See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty to open any classes or to try any educational or recreative experiment for which they can find a genuine local demand . The total number of scholars in the polytechnics and their branch institutions is variously estimated at from 40,000 to 50,000. and the total number of See also:

• REGULAR

regular scholars in the evening schools of the council does not exceed 100,000 . These figures may be usefully compared with the See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census returns, which show that within the metropolitan See also:

• AREA

area there are 704,414 persons between the ages of thirteen and twenty-one . It is a noteworthy fact that, whereas in the population See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics for the whole of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales the number at each year of age is regularly diminished by See also:

• DEATH

death from eight years onwards, there is a steady increase in London, year by year, from fourteen up to the age of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty . This fact is owing to the See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration of young men and women from the provinces to the metropolis . The census commissioners in their report for 1901 (p .

15) computed that more thanone-third of the population of London were not natives . They show also that, if all England and Wales be taken together, the number of persons between twenty and twenty-one is less by 12.8% than the number between thirteen and fourteen; but that, taking London alone, the number of persons between twenty and twenty-one is greater by 14.4% than the number between thirteen and fourteen . Hence, the proportion of the inhabitants who are of an age to benefit by polytechnics and continuation schools is in London exceptionally large . It would not be right for Londoners to complain that there is thus See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast upon them the duty of providing suitable instruction for so many immigrants, for if the See also:

• GREAT

great city drains the rural districts of some of their best See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain and muscle, she gains much from their industry and productive See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . The figures, however, point to the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for taking every means possible to raise the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard, both physical and intellectual, of the London boy . The immigration into London of youths and young men means to a great extent the substitution of the provincially trained improver or See also:

• ARTISAN, or ARTIZAN

artisan for the less See also:

• FIT

fit London boy, who consequently falls into the ranks of the unskilled, then of the unemployed and ultimately of the unemployable . But it follows from the particulars thus given that neither the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of suitable provision for mental improvement and rational recreation for the wage-earning classes, nor the demand for such provision on the part of the workers themselves is commensurate with the moral and intellectual needs of a community of nearly seven millions of people (four and a See also:

• HALF

half millions within the administrative county) . The provision in evening schools, institutes, classes and polytechnics is still in some respects far inferior to that which is to be found in most See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German and Swiss towns, and needs to be greatly increased . In matters See also:

• RELATING

relating to the higher life, demand does not always precede supply; it is simply which is needed not only to satisfy the public demand, but to create it . As new and well-devised opportunities for mental culture are placed within reach, they will be more and more appreciated, new and healthier appetites will be stimulated, the art of employing leisure wisely and happily will be more systematically studied, and the polytechnics will become still more important centres of civilizing and educating influence than they have hitherto been . In particular, the reconstituted university of London has been placed in new and most helpful relation to the best of the polytechnics . By the statutes the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate of the university is empowered to include in the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of " schools of the university " all institutions which are duly equipped and able to furnish suitable instruction of an advanced and scholarly type; and also to recognize all thoroughly qualified professors in their several faculties and subjects as " teachers of the university," although some of their classes may meet in the evening only, and no student is to be prevented from taking a degree as an See also:

• INTERNAL

internal student of the university solely because he can attend classes only in the evening .

There is thus a way open for the due recognition of the polytechnics as part of the teaching machinery of the university, and for the See also:

• ADMISSION

admission of the best students as undergraduates, with all the rights of internal students . The great possibilities of the metropolitan university under its new conditions were at first hardly revealed or accurately foreseen . But there were during the session 19(36–1907 no less than eighty-six recognized "teachers of the university" on the staffs of the London polytechnics and more than 750 students who were working for London University degrees in the polytechnic classes . There is no reason to fear that the recreative, social, manual and industrial training, to which at first the special attention of the founder of the Regent Street j Polytechnic was directed, will suffer from a See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

fuller expansion of the See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic and literary side of " polytechnic " life . Rather it may be hoped that the due co-ordination of the practical with the purely intellectual purposes of these institutions will serve to give to all ,the students, whatever their future destination may be, a truer and broader conception of the value of mental culture for its own See also:

• SAKE

sake . See also a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper by Mr See also:

• SIDNEY
• SIDNEY (or SYDNEY), ALGERNON (1622-1683)
• SIDNEY, SIR HENRY (1529-1586)
• SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586)

Sidney See also:

• WEBB, MATTHEW (1848-1883)
• WEBB, SIDNEY (1859– )

Webb, The London Polytechnic Institutes, in the second See also:

• VOLUME

volume of special reports on educational subjects (1898) issued by the Education Department; the Report of the Central Governing Body of the London Parochial Charities; the Annual Reports of the London County Council; the Polytechnic See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine, published from time to time at the institute in Regent Street; and various See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs and papers contained in the Proceedings of the International Congress on Technical Education (1897), especially two—that by Mr Quintin Hogg, detailing his own See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early experience in See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding the first polytechnic, and that of Dr William Garnett, then secretary of the Technical Education Board . (J . G . F.; W .