See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

MARQUESS OF SEBASTIAO JOSE DE CARVALHO E MELLO See also:

• MARQUESS OF SEBASTIAO JOSE DE CARVALHO E MELLO POMBAL (1699-1782)

POMBAL (1699-1782)  , Portuguese statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Soure near Pomba, on the 13th of May 1699 . He was the son of Manoel de Carvalho e Athayde, a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman (fidalgo) and of his wife D . See also:

• THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa Luiza de Mendonca e Mello . He studied See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law at See also:

• COIMBRA

Coimbra University, served for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time as a private in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, and afterwards lived the See also:

• LIFE

life of a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man about See also:

• TOWN

town in See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon, sharing in the diversions of the " Mohocks " who then infested the streets . In 1733 he abducted and married D . Theresa de Noronha, a widow belonging to one of the most distinguished families in See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal . He then retired to Soure, where, on the recommendation of See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal de Motta, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John V. commissioned him to write a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical studies . In 1739 he was sent as Portuguese See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador to See also:

• LONDON

London, where he remained until 1745 . He was then transferred to See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . His first wife having died on the 7th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1739, he married, on the 18th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1745, Leonora Ernestine See also:

• DAUN (DHAUN), LEOPOLD JOSEF, COUNT VON (1705-1766)

Daun, daughter of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Daun . In 1749 he was recalled to take up the See also:

• POST

post of secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state for See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs and See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . The See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment was ratified on the 3rd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1750, by King See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph, who had succeeded John V. in that See also:

• YEAR

year .

Carvalho's career from 1750 to 1777 is See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• HISTORY

history of Portugal . Though he came into See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power only in his 51st year, without previous administrative experience, he was able to reorganize Portuguese See also:

• EDUCATION

education, See also:

• FINANCE

finance, the army and the See also:

• NAVY

navy . He also built up new See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, promoted the development of See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil and See also:

• MACAO (A-Ma-ngao, " Harbour of the goddess A-Ma "; Port. Macau)

Macao, and expelled the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits . His See also:

• COMPLETE

complete ascendancy over the mind of King Joseph See also:

• DATES

dates from the time of the See also:

• GREAT

great Lisbon See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake (Nov . 1, 1755) . Though the famous words " See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

Bury the dead and feed the living " were probably not spoken by him, they summarize his See also:

• ACTION

action at this time of calamity . In See also:

• JUNE

June 1759 his suppression of the so-called " Tavora See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot " gained for him the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of count of Oeyras; and in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1770 he was made See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess of See also:

• POMBAL, SEBASTIAO JOSE DE CARVALHO E MELLO, MARQUESS OF (1699-1782)

Pombal . His severe See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration had made many enemies, and his life had been attempted in 1769 . Soon after the See also:

• DEATH

death of King Joseph, in 1777, Pombal was dismissed from See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office; and he was only saved from See also:

• IMPEACHMENT (O. Fr. empeahement, empeschement, from em pecher or empescher, to hinder, Late Lat. impedicare, to entangle, pedica, fetter, pes, foot)

impeachment by the death of his bitterest opponent, the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen-See also:

• MOTHER

mother, See also:

• MARIANA, JUAN DE (1536-1624)

Mariana See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria, in January 1781 . On the 16th of August a royal See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree forbade him to reside within twenty leagues of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . He died at Pombal on the 8th of May 1782 . See, in addition to the See also:

• WORKS

works dealing with the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period 1750-1777 and quoted under PORTUGAL: History; S.J.C.M .

(Pombal), Relacao abrevaada, &c . (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1758) ; See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of the Court of Portugal, &c . (London, 1765) ; Anecdotes du ministere de Pombal (See also:

• WARSAW
• WARSAW (Polish Warszawa, Ger. Warschau, Fr. Varsovie)

Warsaw, 1781) ; Administration du See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis de Pombal (4 vols., See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, 1787) ; See also:

• CARUS, KARL GUSTAV (1789–1869)
• CARUS, MARCUS AURELIUS

Carus . do marques de Pombal (3 vols., Lisbon, 1820–1824) ; J . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, Count of Carnota, Memoirs of the Marquess of Pombal, &c . (London, 1843) ; F . L . Gomes, Le Marquis de Pombal, &c . (Paris, 1869); B . Duhr (S.J.), Pombal, &c . (See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im See also:

• BREISGAU

Breisgau, 1891) ; C . J. de Menezes, Os Jesuitas e o marques de Pombal (See also:

• OPORTO (i.e. o Porto, " the port ")

Oporto, 1893) . See also articles in the Revue See also:

• DES

des deux mondes for September 1870; the Revue bleue for September 1889, and the Revue historique for September 1895 and January 1896 .