PONIATOWSKI  , the name of a See also:

• POLISH

Polish princely See also:

• FAMILY

family of tion of the constitution of the 3rd of May 1791 he was See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian origin, tracing descent from Giuseppe Torelli, who appointed See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief, with instructions to guard the married about 165o an heiress of the Lithuanian family of See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the See also:

• DNIESTER (Tyras and Danaster or Danastris of classical authors, Nistrul of the Rumanians, and Turla of the Turks)

Dniester and See also:

• DNIEPER

Dnieper . On the outbreak of the Poniator, whose name he assumed. See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph, aided by See also:

• KOSCIUSZKO, TADEUSZ ANDRZEJ BONAWENTURA (1746-1817)

Kosciuszko, displayed The first of the Poniatowskis to distinguish himself was See also:

• GREAT

great ability . Obliged constantly to See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat, but disputing See also:

• STANISLAUS

STANISLAUS PONIATOWSKI (1677-1762), who only belonged to every point of. vantage, he turned on the pursuer whenever the family by See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption, being the reputed son of Prince Sapieha he pressed too closely, and won several notable victories . At and a Jewess . He was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Dereczyn in Lithuania, and was Polonna the Russians were repulsed with the loss of 3000 men; adopted by Sapieha's See also:

• INTENDANT (from Lat. intendens, pres. part. of intendere, to apply the mind to, to watch over; cf. " superintendent ")

intendant, Poniatowski . With his See also:

• FATHER

father at Dubienka the See also:

• LINE

line of the See also:

• BUG

Bug was defended for five days he attached himself to the party of Stanislaus Leszczynski, and against fourfold odds; at Zielence the Poles won a still more became See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles XII. of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden. See also:

• SIGNAL

signal victory . Finally the Polish arms converged upon See also:

• WARSAW
• WARSAW (Polish Warszawa, Ger. Warschau, Fr. Varsovie)

Warsaw, After the defeat of Pultowa he conveyed Charles XII. across and were preparing for a general engagement when a See also:

• COURIER (from the O. Fr. courier, modern courrier, from Lat. currere, to run)
• COURIER, PAUL LOUIS (1773`1825)

courier the Dnieper, and remained with him at See also:

• BENDER (more correctly BENDERY)

Bender . From there from the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital informed the generals that the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king had acceded he was sent to See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, where he extracted from the to the See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation of Targowica (see See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

POLAND: See also:

• HISTORY

History) and See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan Achmet III. a promise to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march to See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow . When the had at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time guaranteed the See also:

• ADHESION (from Lat. adhaerere, to adhere)

adhesion of the army. See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• VIZIER

vizier, Baltagi Mehemet, permitted the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter I. to All hostilities were therefore to be suspended . After an indigretreat unharmed from the banks of the Pruth, Poniatowski nant but fruitless protest, Poniatowski and most of the other exposed his See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason . He rejoined Leszczynski in the duchy generals threw up their commissions and emigrated . During of See also:

• ZWEIBRUCKEN

Zweibrucken, See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, of which he became See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor. the Kosciuszko rising he again fought gallantly for his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country After the See also:

• DEATH

death of Charles XII. in 1718 he visited Sweden; under his former subordinate, and after the fall'of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic and was subsequently reconciled with Leszczynski's See also:

• RIVAL

rival on resided as a private See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen at Warsaw for the next ten years. the See also:

• THRONE

throne of Poland, See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus II., who made him grand After See also:

• JENA

Jena and the evacuation of the Polish provinces by treasurer of Lithuania in 1724 .

On the death of Augustus.H . See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, Poniatowski was offered the command of the See also:

• NATIONAL

National he tried to secure the reinstatement of Leszczynski, who then Guard; he set about reorganizing the Polish army, and on the resumed his claims to the Polish See also:

• CROWN

crown.' He was taken prisoner creation of the grand duchy of Warsaw was nominated war at See also:

• DANZIG, or DANTSIC (Polish Gdansk)

Danzig by the Russians, and presently gave his See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister . During the war of 1809, when an See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian army to Augustus III., by whom he was made governor of See also:

• CRACOW (Pol. Krakov; Ger. Krakau)

Cracow. See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps under the See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

archduke See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand invaded the grand duchy, He died at Ryki on the 3rd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1762 . Poniatowski encountered them at the bloody See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Radzyn, His second son Stanislaus Augustus became king of Poland and though compelled to abandon Warsaw ultimately forced (see STANISLAUS II.) . Of the other sons, Casimir (1721—1780) the enemy to evacuate the grand duchy, and captured Cracow. was his See also:

• BROTHER

brother's See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor; See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew (1735—1773) entered the In See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon's See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign against Russia in 1812 Poniatowski Austrian service, rising to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of feldzeugmeister; and commanded the fifth army corps; and after the disastrous See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael (1736—1794) became See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• GNESEN (Polish, Gniezno)

Gnesen and See also:

• PRIMATE (from Low Lat. primas=one who held the first place, primas partes)

primate retreat of the grand army, when many of the Poles began to waver of Poland .