See also:

• PONTIAC
• PONTIAC (c. 1720-1769)

PONTIAC (c. 1720-1769)  , See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the See also:

• OTTAWA

Ottawa and See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader in the " See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

Conspiracy of See also:

• PONTIAC
• PONTIAC (c. 1720-1769)

Pontiac " in 1763-64, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born between 1712 and 1720 probably on the Maumee See also:

• RIVER

river, near the mouth of the Auglaize . His See also:

• FATHER

father was an Ottawa, and his See also:

• MOTHER

mother an Ojibwa . By 1755 he had become a chief of the Ottawa and a leader of the loose confederacy of the Ottawa, See also:

• POTAWATOMI
• POTAWATOMI (properly Potewalmik, fire-makers, in allusion to their secession from the Ojibway, and their establishment of a separate council-fire)

Potawatomi and Ojibwa . He was an ally of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and possibly commanded the Ottawa in the defeat (See also:

• JULY

July 9, 1755) of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• BRADDOCK
• BRADDOCK, EDWARD (1695?—1755),

Braddock . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1760 he met See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• ROGERS, HENRY DARWIN (18o8—1866)
• ROGERS, JAMES EDWIN THOROLD (1823-1890)
• ROGERS, JOHN (1627–c. 1665)
• ROGERS, JOHN (1829-1904)
• ROGERS, JOHN (c. 1500-1555)
• ROGERS, ROBERT (1727-1784?)
• ROGERS, S
• ROGERS, SAMUEL (1763-1855)
• ROGERS, WILLIAM (1819-1896)

Rogers, then on his way to occupy Michilimackinac and other forts surrendered by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, and agreed to let the See also:

• ENGLISH

English troops pass unmolested on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that he should be treated with respect by the See also:

• BRITISH

British . Like other See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians he soon realized the difference between French and English See also:

• RULE

rule—that the Indians were no longer welcomed at the forts and that they would ultimately be deprived of their See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting grounds by encroaching English settlements . French hunters and traders encouraged Indian disaffection with vague promises of help from France; in 1762 an Indian " See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet " among the Delawares on the Muskingum preached a See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of the Indians to expel the Fort See also:

• PITT, THOMAS (1653-1726)
• PITT, WILLIAM (1759-1806)

Pitt with a See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison of 330 men under See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• SIMEON
• SIMEON (or SYMEON) OF DURHAM (d. after 1129)
• SIMEON, JOSEPH JEROME, COMTE (1749–1842)

Simeon Ecuyer was attacked on the 22nd of See also:

• JUNE

June and was besieged from the 27th of July to the 1st of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, when the Indians withdrew to meet arelief expedition of 500 men, mostly Highlanders, under See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Bouquet (1719-1766), who had set out from See also:

• CARLISLE
• CARLISLE, EARLS OF

Carlisle, See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania, on the 18th of July, and relieved Fort See also:

• LIGONIER, JOHN (JEAN Louts) LIGONIER, EARL (168o--1770)

Ligonier (on the site of the See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough of Ligonier, Westmoreland See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, See also:

• PENN, WILLIAM (1621–1670)
• PENN, WILLIAM (1644-1718)

Penn.) on the 2nd of August, but was surprised on the 5th, and fought (5th and 6th) the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Bushy Run (25 M . S.E. of Fort Pitt), finally flanking and routing the Indians after tricking them by a feinted See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat of a See also:

• PART

part of his force . Bouquet reached Fort Pitt on the loth of August . At Michilimackinac (Mackinac), See also:

• MICHIGAN
• MICHIGAN, LAKE
• MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

Michigan, on the 4th of June, the Indians gained See also:

• ADMISSION

admission to the fort by a See also:

• TRICK

trick, killed nearly a See also:

• SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score of the garrison and captured the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder, including Captain See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Etherington, the See also:

• COMMANDER

commander, besides several English traders, including See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander Henry (1739-1824).1 Some of the captives were seized by the Ottawa, who had taken no part in the attack; a part of these were released, and reached See also:

• MONTREAL

Montreal on the 13th of August . Seven of the prisoners kept by the Ojibwa were killed in See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• BLOOD

blood by one of their chiefs . Fort See also:

• SANDUSKY

Sandusky (on the site of Sandusky, See also:

• OHIO

Ohio) was taken on the 16th of May by See also:

• WYANDOT

Wyandot; and Fort St See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph (on the site of the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• NILES

Niles, Mich.) was captured on the 25th of May and it men (out of its garrison of 14) were massacred, the others with the commandant, See also:

• ENSIGN (through the Fr. enseigne from the Latin plural insignia)

Ensign See also:

• SCHLOSSER, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1776—1861)

Schlosser, being taken to See also:

• DETROIT

Detroit and exchanged for Indian prisoners .

On the 27th of May Fort See also:

• MIAMI

Miami (on the site of Fort See also:

• WAYNE, ANTHONY (1745-1796)

Wayne, See also:

• INDIANA

Indiana) surrendered to the Indians after its commander, Ensign See also:

• HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL (18o9-1894)

Holmes, had been treacherously killed . Fort Ouiatanon (about 5 M. See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the present See also:

• LAFAYETTE

Lafayette, Indiana) and Fort Presque Isle (on the site of See also:

• ERIE

Erie, Penn.) were taken by the Indians on the 1st and 16th of June respectively; and Fort Le Boeuf (on the site of See also:

• WATERFORD

Waterford, 1 Henry, a native of New See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick, N.J., had become a See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur-trader at Fort Michilimackinac in 1761 . He was rescued by Wawatam, an Ottawa, who had adopted him as a See also:

• BROTHER

brother; in 1764 he took part in Colonel See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Bradstreet's expedition; in 1770, with See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson, the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester and others, formed a See also:

• COMPANY

Company to mine See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper in the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• SUPERIOR

Superior region; was a fur-trader again until 1796; and then became a See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant in Montreal . His Travels and Adventures in See also:

• CANADA

Canada and the Indian Territories between the Years 176o and 1776 (1809; reprinted 1901) is a valuable See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the fur See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade and of his adventures at Michilimackinac . He is not to be confused with his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew of the same name, also a fur-trader, whose See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal was published in 1897 in 3 vols., as New See also:

• LIGHT

Light on the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early See also:

• HISTORY

History of the Greater Northwest . II Penn.) was surprised on the 18th, but its garrison escaped, and seven (out of 13) got safely to Fort Pitt . Fort Venango (near the site of the present Venango, Penn.) was taken and burnt about the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time by some Senecas (the only See also:

• IROQUOIS

Iroquois in the conspiracy), who massacred the garrison and later burned the commander, Lieut . See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

Gordon . About Soo Senecas on the 14th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September surprised a See also:

• WAGON, or WAGGON

wagon See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train, escorted by 24 soldiers, from Fort Schlosser (2 M. above See also:

• NIAGARA
• NIAGARA, FORT

Niagara Falls), drove most of them over the brink of the See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

Devil's Hole (below the See also:

• CATARACT (from the Lat. form cataracta of the Gr. Karapplucrgss, a floodgate, or waterfall, properly something which rushes down)

cataract), and then nearly annihilated a party from Fort Niagara sent to the See also:

• RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

rescue . In 1763, although the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main attacks on Detroit and Fort Pitt had failed, nearly every See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor fort attacked was captured, about 200 settlers and traders were killed, and in See also:

• PROPERTY

property destroyed or plundered the English lost about £1oo,000, the greatest loss in men and property being in western Pennsylvania . In June 1764 Colonel John Bradstreet (1711–1774) led about 1200 men from See also:

• ALBANY
• ALBANY, DUKES OF
• ALBANY, LOUISE MAXIMILIENNE CAROLINE, COUNTESS OF (1752-1824)

Albany to Fort Niagara, where at a See also:

• GREAT

great gathering of the Indians several See also:

• TREATIES

treaties were made in July; in August he made at Presque Isle a treaty (afterwards annulled by General See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• GAGE
• GAGE, LYMAN JUDSON (1836– )
• GAGE, THOMAS (1721–1787)

Gage) with some See also:

• DELAWARE

Delaware and See also:

• SHAWNEE

Shawnee chiefs; and in September made treaties (both unsatisfactory) with the Wyandot, Ottawa and Miami at Sandusky, and with various chiefs at Detroit . He sent Captain See also:

• HOWARD (FAMILY)
• HOWARD, CATHERINE (d. 1542)
• HOWARD, JOHN (1726-1790)
• HOWARD, LORD WILLIAM (1563–1640)
• HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (1830-19o9)
• HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626–1698)

Howard to occupy the forts at Michilimackinac, See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green See also:

• BAY

Bay and Sault Ste See also:

• MARIE

Marie, and Captain See also:

• MORRIS
• MORRIS [MORRISON], CLARA (1849– )
• MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR (1752–1816)
• MORRIS, JOHN (1810-1886)
• MORRIS, RICHARD (1833–1894)
• MORRIS, ROBERT (1734–1806)
• MORRIS, SIR LEWIS (1833–1907)
• MORRIS, WILLIAM (1834-1896)

Morris up the Maumee river, where he conferred with Pontiac, and then to Fort Miami, where he narrowly escaped See also:

• DEATH

death at the hands of the Miami; and with his men Bradstreet returned to See also:

• OSWEGO

Oswego in November, having accomplished little of value .

An expedition of 15oo men under Colonel Bouquet See also:

• LEFT

left Carlisle, Pennsylvania, in August, and near the site of the present Tuscarawas, Ohio, induced the Indians to See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release their prisoners and to stop fighting—the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical end of the conspiracy . Pontiac himself made submission to Sir William Johnson on the 25th of July 1766 at Oswego, New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York . In See also:

• APRIL

April 1769 he was murdered, when drunk, at See also:

• CAHOKIA

Cahokia (nearly opposite St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis) by a Kaskaskia Indian bribed by an English trader; and he was buried near the St Louis Fort . His death occasioned a See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in which a remnant of the See also:

• ILLINOIS

Illinois was practically annihilated in 1770 at Starved See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

Rock (between the present Ottawa and La Salle), Illinois, by the Potawatomi, who had been followers of Pontiac . Pontiac was one of the most remarkable men of the Indian See also:

• RACE

race in See also:

• AMERICAN

American history, and was notable in particular for his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power (rare among the Indians) of organization . See See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• PARKMAN, FRANCIS (1823-1893)

Parkman, The Conspiracy of Pontiac (2 vols., See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, 1851; loth ed., 1896) .