See also:

• POPOCATEPETL (Aztec popoca " to smoke," tepetl " mountain ")

POPOCATEPETL (Aztec popoca " to See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke," tepetl " See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain ")  , a dormant See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano in See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico in See also:

• LAT

lat . 18° 59' 47" N., See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . 98° 33' I" W., which with the neighbouring Ixtaccihuatl (Aztec " See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white woman ") forms the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern limit of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin known as the " Valley of Mexico." As it lies in the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• PUEBLA
• PUEBLA (full title La Puebla de los Angeles, and more recently, Puebla de Zaragoza)

Puebla and is the dominating feature in the views from the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of that name, it is sometimes called the Puebla volcano . It is the second highest See also:

• SUMMIT

summit in Mexico, its shapely, See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-covered See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone rising to a height of 17,876 ft., or 438 ft. See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of that of See also:

• ORIZABA (Aztec, Citlaltepetl, " star mountain ")
• ORIZABA (Indian name Ahuaializ-apan, pleasant waters)

Orizaba . This See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation was reported by the Mexican See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological survey in 1895, and as the Mexican See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical Society calculated the elevation at 17,888 ft., it may be accepted as nearly correct . The bulk of the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain consists of See also:

• ANDESITE

andesite, but See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

porphyry, See also:

• OBSIDIAN

obsidian, See also:

• TRACHYTE (Gr. rpaxus, rough)

trachyte, See also:

• BASALT

basalt, and other similar rocks are also represented . It has a stratified cone showing a long See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of activity . At the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the eastern slope stretches a vast See also:

• LAVA

lava See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field—the " malpays " (malepais) of Atlachayacatl—which, according to See also:

• HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, BARON
• HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON (1767-1835)

Humboldt, lies 6o to 8o ft. above the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain and extends 18,000 ft. See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east to See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west with a breadth of 6000 ft . Its formation must be of great antiquity . The ascent of See also:

• POPOCATEPETL (Aztec popoca " to smoke," tepetl " mountain ")

Popocatepetl is made on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-eastern slope, where rough roads are kept open by See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur See also:

• CARRIERS

carriers and See also:

• TIMBER

timber cutters . Describing his ascent in 1904, Hans Gadow states that the forested region begins in the foot-hills a little above 8000 ft., and continues up the slope to an elevation of over 13,000 ft . On the See also:

• LOWER

lower slopes the See also:

• FOREST

forest is composed in great See also:

• PART

part of the long-leaved Pinus liophylla, accompanied by See also:

• DECIDUOUS (from Lat. decidere, to fall down)

deciduous oaks and a variety of other trees and shrubs .

From about 9500 ft. to 11,500 ft. the Mexican " oyamel," or See also:

• FIR

fir (Abies religiosa) becomes the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• SPECIES

species, interspersed with See also:

• EVERGREEN

evergreen See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak, arbutus and See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder . Above this See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt the firs gradually disappear and are succeeded by the short-leaved Pinus montezumae, or Mexican " ocote "—one of the largest species of See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine in the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . These continue to the upper See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree-See also:

• LINE

line, accompanied by red and See also:

• PURPLE

purple See also:

• PENTSTEMON

Pentstemon and See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue lupins in the open spaces, some ferns, and occasional masses of alpine See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers . Above the tree line the vegetation continues only a comparatively short distance, consisting chiefly of tussocks of coarse grass, and occasional flowering See also:

• PLANTS

plants, the highest noted being a little Draba . At about 14,500 ft. horses are See also:

• LEFT

left behind, though they could be forced farther up through the loose lava and ashes . On the snow-covered cone the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun is intense, though the thermometer recorded a temperature of 34° in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . The reflection of light from the snow is See also:

• BLINDING

blinding . The rim of the See also:

• CRATER

crater is reached at an elevation of about 17,500 ft . Another description places the snow-line at 14,268 ft., and the upper tree-line a thousand feet lower . A detailed description of the volcano was published by the Mexican geological survey in 1895 according to which the crater is elliptical in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, 2008 by 1312 ft., and has a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of 16J7 ft. below the summit of the highest See also:

• PINNACLE (from Lat. pinnaculum, a little feather, pinna; the Gr. rrspirylov, diminutive of irsipuE, wing, is also used in this sense)

pinnacle and 673 ft. below the lowest part of the rim, which is very irregular in height . The steep, ragged walls of the crater show a great variety of See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, intensified by the light from the deep blue See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky above . Huge patches of sulphur, some still smouldering, are everywhere visible, intermingled with the white streaks of snow and See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice that fill the crevices and See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the ledges of the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black rocks .

The See also:

• WATER

water from the melted snow forms a small See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake at the bottom of the crater, from which it filters through fissures to the heated rocks below and thence escapes as See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam or through other fissures to the See also:

• MINERAL

mineral springs at the mountain's See also:

• BASE

base . The See also:

• INDIAN

Indian sulphur miners go down by means of ladders, or are lowered by rope and windlass, and the mineral is sent down the mountain See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side in a chute 2000 to 3000 ft . Some observers See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report that steam is to be seen rising from fissures in the bottom of the crater, and all are See also:

• UNITED

united in speaking of the fumes of burning sulphur that rise from its depths . That volcanic influences are still See also:

• PRESENT

present may be inferred from the circumstance that the snow cap on Popocatepetl disappeared just before the remarkable See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of earthquakes that shook the whole of central Mexico on the 3oth and 31st of See also:

• JULY

July 1909 . It is believed that Diego de Ordaz was the first See also:

• EUROPEAN

European to reach the summit of Popocatepetl, though no See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of this remains further than that See also:

• CORTES
• CORTES, HERNAN

Cortes sent a party of ten men in 1519 to ascend a burning mountain . In 1522 Francisco Montano made the ascent and had himself let down into the crater a depth of 400 or 500 ft . No second ascent is recorded until See also:

• APRIL

April and See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1827 (see Brantz See also:

• MAYER, JOHANN TOBIAS (1723-1762)
• MAYER, JULIUS ROBERT (1814-1878)

Mayer, Mexico, vol. ii.) . Other ascents were made in 1834, 1848 and subsequent years, members of the Mexican geological survey spending two days on the summit in 1895 .