PORT  See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

ARTHUR See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

Scale of a mile e K a Roads Raiheame "houb Forts - Batteries p Entrenchments II1=£hrlung B=Sung-shvh IL.= See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Kikuan B=See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Okuda R1, See also:

• R2(rt-s2)

R2.= See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

Pan-See also:

• LUNG

lung redoubts See also:

• CONTOUR

Contour. at intervals of 40 metres metres131.2 feet) men had been killed and wounded in three See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks . The Russians strengthened their See also:

• WORKS

works around the captured forts in such a way as effectually to prevent farther advance, and the See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese 3rd See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

Army had now to resign itself to a methodical See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege . Small sorties, partial attacks'. and duels between the Japanese guns and the Attacks generally more powerful See also:

• ORDNANCE (a syncopated form of " ordinance " or " ordonnance," so spelt in this sense since the 17th century)

ordnance of the fortress continued . on the The siege approaches were first directed against theTemple- north Waterworks See also:

• GROUP

group, which was stormed on the 19th and front . 20th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . Pan-Lung was connected with the Japanese lines by covered ways, approaches were begun towards several of the eastern forts, and on the 20th of September 18o-See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

Metre See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill was stormed, though the See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest was untenable under the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire from 203-Metre Hill . The Japanese were now beginning to pay more See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the western See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the fortress, and from the 19th to the 22nd there was hard fighting around 203-Metre Hill, the attack being eventually repulsed with the loss of 2000 men . Operations in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west were thereupon abandoned for the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time being, and the eastern forts remained the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective of the attack . Heavier howitzers had been sent for from See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, and on the Ist of See also:

• OCTOBER

October the first batteries of 28 centimetre (II in.) howitzers came into See also:

• ACTION

action . They fired a See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell weighing 485 lh with a bursting See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of 17 lb . On the 12th, the Japanese took the trenches between the Waterworks See also:

• REDOUBT (Fr. redoute, from Med. Lat. reductus, a place of retreat, refuge, reducere, lead back, retire; the intrusive b is due to the O. Fr. redoubter, to fear, Lat. dubitare, to doubt)

Redoubt and Erh-Lung, and cut the See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply . Saps were then pushed on against Erh-Lung, and to help in their progress a See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian advanced See also:

• WORK

work called " G " was captured on the 16th, by a skilfully combined attack of See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry and See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery .

From this time forward there was a desperate struggle at the See also:

• SAP

sap-heads on the north front .2 On the 26th of October another See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault was made on Chi-Kuan I A particular feature of these See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• NIGHT

night-fights was the effective use of the defenders' searchlight, not only to show up the enemy but to See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind him . 2 See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

Hand grenades and extemporized See also:

• TRENCH, RICHARD CHENEVIX (1807-1886)

trench mortars were used on both sides with very See also:

• GREAT

great effect . The Japanese hand grenades consisted of about 1 lb of high explosive in a See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case; the Russian cases were of all sorts, including old See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese shell . The Japanese employed See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire-netting screens to stop the Russian grenades . Various means were tried for the destruction of entanglements . Eventually it was found that the best See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan was to sap through them . Fort and See also:

• BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

Battery, and was continued at intervals, varied by Russian See also:

• COUNTER

counter-attacks, till the 2nd of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November . By this time the Japanese were becoming disheartened . They had incurred an additional loss of 13,000 men without substantial gain, except a lodgment on the See also:

• COUNTERSCARP (_" opposite scarp," Fr. contrescarpe)

counterscarp of Sung-Shu . This prepared the way for See also:

• MINING

mining, which had already been begun at Erh-Lung . On the 17th of November seven mines were exploded at Sung-Shu, which blew in the back of the counterscarp galleries . At Erh-Lung on the loth of November three mines were exploded, which See also:

• HALF

half filled the ditch, and the Japanese later on sapped across to the escarp over the debris .

At Chi-Kuan, the counterscarp See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery had been breached by an See also:

• ILL

ill-managed Russian mine on the 23rd of October and the Japanese got in through the See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach and made a lodgment . They did not, however, get See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the whole of the counterscarp galleries before about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of November . On the 22nd of November the Japanese assaulted the trench See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Chi-Kuan battery . It was captured and retaken by counter-attack twice between 6 p.m. and 1 a.m . In this fight each side was using corpses as breastworks . On the 26th of November another assault was made on the same lines as that of the 30th of October . By this time the besiegers were sapping under the escarps of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern forts, and it would have been better to delay . But the situation was serious in the extreme . In See also:

• MANCHURIA

Manchuria See also:

• KUROPATKIN, ALEXEI NIKOLAIEVICH (1848– )

Kuropatkin's army had reasserted itself . From See also:

• EUROPE

Europe Rozhestvenski's See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron was just setting See also:

• SAIL

sail for the Far East . See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• OYAMA, IWAO, PRINCE (1842– )

Oyama sent his principal See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff See also:

• OFFICERS

officers to stimulate See also:

• NOGI, KITEN, COUNT (1849— )

Nogi to fresh efforts, and some exhausted See also:

• UNITS, DIMENSIONS OF
• UNITS, PHYSICAL

units of the besieging army were replaced by fresh troops from Japan . With See also:

• IOO

Ioo,000 men and this urgent need of immediate victory, Nogi and the marshal's staff officers See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound tp make a third See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general assault .

The siege works had indeed made considerable progress . The ditches of Sung-Shu and Erh-Lung were partially filled . They held most of the ditch of Chi-Kuan Fort and were cutting down the escarp, and two See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels had been made only 30 yds. from the Chinese See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

Wall at G " and Pan-Lung . The general attack was made at I p.m . At Sung-Shu the stormers got into the fort, but suffered much from the artillery on the western side of the Lun-ho valley, and were beaten out of it again in 20 minutes; 2000 men tried in vain to get up the Lun-ho valley to take Sung-Shu in See also:

• REAR

rear . At Erh-Lung they could not get over the See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• PARAPET (Ital. parapetto, Fr. parapet, from para, imperative of Ital. porare, to cover, defend, and petto, breast, Lat. pectus; the German word is Brustwehr)

parapet . At " G " they took a portion of the Chinese Wall and lost it again, other trenches with a See also:

• CROSS

cross fire being behind . At Pan-Lung the See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine guns on the Wall prevented them from leaving the parallel . At Chi-Kuan Fort the terreplein of the fort had been covered with entanglements defended by machine guns on the See also:

• GORGE

gorge parapets, and the Japanese could make no way . Briefly, there was a furious fight all along the See also:

• LINE

line, and nothing gained . On the 27th cf November, after losing 12,000 men, the assault was abandoned . On the north front the Japanese returned to mining .

But so urgent was the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of speedy victory that the fighting had to continue elsewhere . And at last, after every other point Y03- had been attempted, the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of the attack was directed Metre on 203-Metre Hill . A battery of iI-See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch howitzers was fftU. established only one mile away . On the 28th of November assaults were made and failed . On the 30th of November an attack with fresh troops failed again . On the 1st of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December there was a heavy hombardmentby the big howitzers, which obliged the Russians to take shelter in rear of the ruined works . On the 2nd of December the Russians tried a counter-attack . During the next two days the artillery were busy . The See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers sapped up to the ruins of the western work, saw the shelters on the See also:

• REVERSE

reverse slope and directed artillery fire by See also:

• TELEPHONE (Gr. rjXs, far, and dxwvr7, voice)

telephone . See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty-six guns swept the ground with shrapnel . Finally on the 5th of December the Japanese attacked successfully . Their losses in the last ten days at 203 Metre Hill had been probably over io,000 .

Those of the Russians were about 5000, chiefly from artillery fire . This was the turning-point of the siege . At once the i i-inch howitzers, assisted by telephone from 2o3-Metre, opened upon the Russian See also:

• SHIPS

ships; a few days later these were wholly hors de combat, and at the See also:

• CAPITULATION (Lat. capitulum, a little head or division; capitulare, to treat upon terms)

capitulation only a few destroyers were in a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escaPe . The siege was now pressed with vigour by the construction of batteries at and around 203 Metre, by an infantry advance against the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main western defences, and by renewed operations against the eastern forts . The escarp of Chi-Kuan was blown up, and at the cost of Boo men, General Sameyeda (i ith See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division), personally leading his stormers, captured the great fort on the 19th of December . The escarp of Ehr-Lung was also blown up, and the ruins of the fort were stormed by the 9th division on the 28th of December, though a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere handful of the defenders prolonged the fighting for eight See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours and the assailants lost woo men . Sung-Shu suffered a worse See also:

• FATE

fate on the 31st, the greater See also:

• PART

part of the fort and its defenders being blown up, and on this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the whole See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the eastern front Fall of collapsed . The Japanese 7th and 1st divisions were now Port advancing on the western main line; the soul of the Port defence, the brave and capable General Kondratenko, Arthur . had been killed on the 15th of December, and though the Japanese seem to have anticipated a further stand,' Stessel surrendered on the 2nd of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1905, with 24,000 effective and slightly wounded and 15,000 wounded and sick men, the remnant of his See also:

• ORIGINAL

original 47,000 . The See also:

• TOTAL

total losses of the 3rd Japanese Army during the siege were about 92,000 men (58,000 casualties and 34,000 sick) . Meanwhile the Japanese See also:

• NAVY

navy had scored two important successes . After months of See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

blockade and See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor fighting, the Russian Port See also:

• NAVAL

Naval Arthur squadron had been brought to action on the loth of See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August .

See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral Vitheft, Makarov's successor, had put to See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea shortly after the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the 3rd Army on the 1 As regards See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food and See also:

• AMMUNITION

ammunition, the resources of the defence were not by any means exhausted, and General Stessel and other See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior officers of the defence were tried by courts-See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial, and some of them convicted, on the charge of premature surrender.mountains . Japan had partially accomplished her task, ,but had employed all her trained men in this partial accomplishment . It was questionable, even in October 19o4, whether she could endure the drain of men and See also:

• MONEY

money, if it were prolonged much further . On the other hand, in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia opposition to the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, which had never been popular, gradually became the central feature of a widespread See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement against irresponsible See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . Thus while the armies in Manchuria faced one another with every appearance of confidence, behind them the situation was exceedingly See also:

• GRAVE

grave for both parties . A See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• EQUILIBRIUM (from the Lat. aequus, equal, and libra, a balance)

equilibrium was established, only momentarily disturbed by Kuropatkin's offensive on the Sha-ho in October, and by the Sandepu incident in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, until at last Oyama fought a battle on a See also:

• GRAND

grand .scale and won it . Even then, however, the results See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell far See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of anticipation, and the armies settled down into equilibrium again . After the battle of Liao-Yang Kuropatkin reverted for a moment to the plan of a concentration to the rear at Tieling .. Politically, however, it was important to hold See also:

• MUKDEN (Chinese Sheengking)

Mukden, the Manchurian See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, and since the Japanese, as on previous occasions, reorganized instead of pursuing, he 'decided to stand his ground, a See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution which had an excellent effect on his. army . Moreover, growing in strength day by day, and aware that the Japanese had outrun their See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, he resolved, in spite of the despondency of many of his senior officers, to take the offensive . He disposed of about 200,000 men, the Japanese had about 170,000 . The latter layy entrenched north of Liao-Yang, from a point -9 M. west of the See also:

• RAIL

rail-way, through Yentai Station and Yenta' Mines, to the hills farther east .

, There had been a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal of See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain, and the ground was heavy . Kuropatkin's intention, was to work round the Japanese right on the hills with his eastern wing (Stakelberg), to 'move his western wing (Bilderling) slowly southwards, entrenching each See also:

• STRIP

strip of ground gained, and finally with the centre-i.e . Bilderling's See also:

• LEFT

left—and Stakelberg, to envelop and crush the 1st Army, which formed the Japanese right, keeping the 4th Army (See also:

• NOZU, MICHITSURA, MARQUESS (184o-19o8)

Nozu) and the 2nd Army (Oku) in countenance by means of Bilderliig's main See also:

• BODY

body . The manoeuvre began on the 5th of October, and by the evening of the loth, after four days of fairly heavy advanced-guard fighting, chiefly between Bilderling and Nozu, Stakelberg was in his assigned position in the mountainous See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, facing west towards Liao-Yang, with his left on the Taitseho . The advance of Bilderling, however,_ necessarily methodical and slow in any ,case, had taken more time than was anticipated . Still, Bilderling crossed the Sha-ho and made some progress towards Yentai, and the Sha-ho. demonstration was so far effectual that See also:

• KUROKI, ITEI, COUNT (1844– )

Kuroki's warn- ings were almost disregarded by the Japanese headquarters . The See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the 1st Army, however, took his See also:

• MEASURES

measures well, and Stakelberg found the greatest trouble in deploying his forces for action in this difficult country . Oyama became convinced of the truth on the 9th and loth, and prepared a great counter-attack . Kuroki with only a portion of the 1st Army was left to defend at least 15m. of front, and the entire 2nd and 4th Armies and the general reserves were to be thrown upon Bilderling . On the i ith the real battle opened . Kuroki displayed the greatest skill, but he was' of course pressed back by the four-tp-one superiority of the Russians . Still the result of Stakelberg's attack, for which he was unable to deploy his whole force, was disappointing, but the main Japanese attack on Bilderling was not much more satisfactory, for the Russians had entrenched every step of their previous advance, and fought splendidly .

The Russian commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief states in his work on the war that Bilderling became engaged a fond instead of gradually withdrawing as Kuropatkin intended, and at, any See also:

• RATE

rate it is unggestioned that in consequence of the serious position. of affairs on the western wing,, not only did Stakelberg use his reserves to support Bilderling, when the 12th division of Kuroki's army was almost at its last gasp and must have yielded to fresh pressure, but Kuropatkin himself suspended the general offensive on the 13th of October . In the fighting of the 13th–16th of October the Russians gradually gave back, as far as the line of the Sha-ho, the Japanese following until the armies faced roughly north and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south on parallel fronts . The fighting, irregular but severe, continued . Kuropatkin was so far averse to See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat that he ordered a new offensive, which was carried out on the 16-17th . Putilov and See also:

• NOVGOROD
• NOVGOROD (formerly known as V elikiy-Novgorod, Great Novgorod)

Novgorod hills, south of the Sha-ho, were stormed by the Russians, and the Japanese made several efforts to retake these positions without success . Kuropatkin wished to continue the offensive, but his See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps commanders offered so much opposition to a further offensive that he at last gave up the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea . The positions of the See also:

• RIVAL

rival armies from the 18th of October, the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the battle of the Sha-ho, to the 26th of January 1905, the opening of the battle of Sandepu (Heikoutai)—a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period almost entirely devoid of incident—may be described by the old-fashioned See also:

• TERM

term " winter quarters." The total losses of the Russians are stated as 42,000 men, but this is very considerably exaggerated ; the Japanese acknowledged 20,000 casualties . In January 1905, apart from Mishchenko's See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry See also:

• RAID

raid in rear August See also:

• LAND

land front of Port Arthur . The battle opened about See also:

• NOON

noon, !e' 20 m. south of the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour; the forces engaged on each side varied somewhat, but See also:

• TOGO, HEIHACHIRO, COUNT (1847– )

Togo finally had a superiority . Admiral Vitheft was killed . As the Russians became gradually weaker, the Japanese closed in to within 3 M. range, and See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Ukhtomsky (who succeeded to the command on Vitheft's fall) gave up the struggle at nightfall . The Russians scattered, some vessels heading southward, the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority with the admiral making for Port Arthur, whence they did not again emerge .

All the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest were either forced into neutral ports (where they were interned) or destroyed, among the latter being the third-class cruiser " Novik," which had already earned a brilliant reputation for daring, and now steamed half round Japan before she was brought to action and run ashore . The victors blockaded Port Arthur, until near the close of the siege, when, after going ashore and examining the remnant of the Russian See also:

• FLEET

fleet from 203-Metre Hill, Togo concluded that it would be safe to return to Japan and give his ships a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete refit . Kaimura's squadron, after various adventures, at last succeeded on the 14th of August in engaging and defeating the Russian See also:

• VLADIVOSTOK

Vladivostok squadron (Admiral Jessen) . Thus the Russian See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag disappeared from the Pacific, and thenceforward only the Baltic fleet could See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope seriously to See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge the supremacy of the Japanese navy . The See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of the war on land, although it included two battles on a large scale and numerous minor operations, was principally a test of endurance . After Liao-Yang there were no extended operations, the See also:

• AREA

area of conflict being confined to the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast side of the Hun-ho and the fringe of the Zwerih -tiles o , d Russian Japanese __ s .. See also:

• RAILWAYS

Railways ... . +r., to over lo,000 Russians . Both sides stood fast in the old positions up to the See also:

• VERGE (Lat. virga, a rod)

verge of the last and greatest battle . Kuropatkin was reinforced, and appointed Kaulbars to succeed Grippenberg and Bilderling to the command of the 3rd Army vacated by Kaulbars . On the other hand, Nogi's 3rd Army, released by the fall of Port Arthur, was brought up on the Japanese left, and a new army under Kawamura (5th), formed of one of the Port Arthur and two reserve divisions, was working from the upper Yalu through the mountains towards the Russian left rear . The Russian line in front of Mukden from the Hun-ho, through the Putilov and Novgorod hills on the Sha-ho, to the mountains, was 47 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, the armies from right to left being II .

(Kaulbars), III . (Bilderling) and I . (Linievich); a general reserve was at Mukden . On the other side from left to right, on a line 4o m. long, were Oku (2nd Army), Nozu (4th), Kuroki (1st) and Kawamura (5th), the general reserve in rear of the centre at Yentai and the 3rd Army in rear of Oku . Each side had about 310,000 men See also:

• PRESENT

present . The entire front of 'both armies was heavily en-trenched . The Russians had another offensive in contemplation XxIIr . 3owhen the Japanese_ forestalled them by advancing on the Zest of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February . The 5th Army. gradually drove in Kuropatkin's small detachments in the mountains, and came up : Mukden. in line with Kuroki, threatening to envelop the Russian left . The events ' on , this side and misleading See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information induced Kuropatkin to pay particular attention to his left . The Japanese 1st and 5th Armies were now engaged (25th February), and elsewhere all was quiet . But on the 27th the fighting spread to the centre, and Nogi (originally behind Oku) was on the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march to envelop the Russian right, He was held under observation throughout by Russian cavalry, but it seems that little attention was paid to their reports by Kuropatkin, who was still occupied with Kuroki and Kawamura, and even denuded his right of its reserves to reinforce his left .

With a battle-front exceeding two days' See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

marches the wrong See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of reserves ' by both sides was a grave misfortune . Kuropatkin was 'at last condinced, on the 28th of February, of the danger from the west, and did all in his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a solid line of defence on the west side of Mukden . Nogi's first attack (ist–2nd March) had not much success, and a heavy counterstroke was delivered on the 2nd.' Fighting for localities arid alterations in the interior distribution of the opposing forces occupied much time, and by the 3rd, though the battle had become severe, Kuropatkin had merely See also:

• DRAWN

drawn in his right and right centre (now facing W. and S.W. respectively) a little nearer Mukden . His centre on the Sha-ho held. See also:

• FIRM

firm, Kuroki and Kawamura made but slight progress against his left in the mountains . Nogi and Oyama were equally impressed with the strength of the new (west)' Russian front, and like See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

Grant at See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg in 1864, extended farther and farther to the outer flank, the Russians following suit . The Japanese marshal now sent up his army reserve, which had been kept far to the rear at Yentai, to help Nogi . It was not before the evening of the 6th of Mardi that it came up with the 3rd Army and was placed in position opposite the centre of the Russian west front . On [r of Oyama's forces (January 8th–16th) the only See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the relative positions of Oyama and Kuropatkin as they stood after the battle of the Sha-ho was that the Japanese had extended somewhat west-wards towards the Hun-ho . The Russians, 300,000 strong, were now organized in three armies, commanded by Generals Linievich, Grippenberg and Kaulbars; the total strength of the . Japanese 1st, 2nd and 4th Armies and reserve was estimated by the Russians at 220,000 . Towards the end of January, Kuropatkin took the offensive . He wished to inflict a severe See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow before the enemy could be reinforced by the See also:

• LATE

late besiegers of Port Arthur, and sent Grippenberg with seven divisions against Oku's two on the Japanese left .

The battle of Sandepu (Heikoutai), fought in a terrible See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm on the 26th and 27th of January 1905, came near to being a great Russian victory . But the usual decousu of Russian operations and their own magnificent,resistance saved the Japanese, and after two days' severe fighting, although Grippenberg had not been checked, Kuropatkin, in See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of a counter-attack by Oyama, decided to abandon the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt . The losses were roughly 8000 Japanese the rest of the line severe See also:

• LOCAL

local fighting had continued, but the Russian positions were quite unshaken, and Kuropatkin's reserves—which would have been invaluable in backing up the counter-attack of the 2nd of March—had returned to face Nogi . He had organized another counterstroke for the 6th, to be led by Kaulbars, but this collapsed unexpectedly after a brief but severe fight . Kuropatkin now decided to draw in his centre and left towards Mukden . On the 7th, the various columns executed their movement to the Hun-ho with complete success, thanks to good staff work . The Japanese followed up only slowly . Nogi and Kaulbars stood fast, facing each other on the west front; after the arrival of the general reserve, Nogi was able to prolong his line to the north and eventually to See also:

• BEND

bend it inwards towards the Russian line of retreat . Bilderling and Linievich were now close in to Mukden and along the Hun-ho . On the other side Oku had taken over part of Nogi's line, thus freeing the 3rd Army for further See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension to the north-west, and the rest of the 2nd Army, the 4th, the Ist and the 5th were approaching the Hun-ho from the south (March 8th) . On this day the Russian fighting between Nogi and Kaulbars was very severe, retreat on and Kuropatkin now made up his mind to retreat Tieing. towards Tieling . On the 9th, by Oyama's orders, Nogi extended northward instead of further swinging in south-east-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward, Oku now occupied all the original line of the 3rd Army, Nozu alone was left on the south front, and Kuroki and Kawamura began to engage Linievich seriously .

But Nogi had not yet reached the Mukden-Tieling railway when, on the night of the 9th, every preparation having been made, Kuropatkin's retreat began . On the loth, covered by Kaulbars, who held off Nogi, and by strong rearguards at and east of Mukden, the movement continued, and though it was not executed with entire precision, and the rearguards suffered very heavily, the Russians managed to draw off in safety to the northward . On the evening of the loth, after all their long and hardly contested enveloping marches, Nogi's left and Kawamura's right met north of Mukden . The circle was complete, but there were no Russians in the centre, and a See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map of the positions of the Japanese on the evening of the loth shows the seventeen divisions thoroughly mixed up and pointing in every direction but that of the enemy . Thus the further pursuit of the Russians could only be under-taken after an See also:

• INTERVAL

interval of re-organization by the northernmost troops of the 5th and 3rd Armies . But the material loss inflicted on the Russians was far heavier than it had ever been before . It is generally estimated that the Russian losses were no less than 97,000, and the Japanese between 40,000 and 50,000 . Japan had had to put forth her supreme effort for the battle, while of Russia's whole strength not one-tenth had been used . But Russia's strength in Europe, with but one line whereby it could be brought to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear in the Far East, was immaterial, and on the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre of war a See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the Russian See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field forces had been killed, wounded or taken . It remains to narrate briefly the tragic career of the Russian Baltic fleet . Leaving See also:

• LIBAU (Lettish, Leepaya)

Libau on the 13th-15th of October 1904, the Roshest- fleet steamed down the North Sea, expecting every night venski' s to be attacked by See also:

• TORPEDO

torpedo-boats . On the 21st, in their voyage. excitement, they opened fire on a fleet of See also:

• BRITISH

British trawlers on the Dogger See also:

• BANK

Bank (q.v.), and several fishermen were killed .

This incident provoked the wildest indignation, and Russia was for some days on the verge of war with See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . A British fleet " shadowed " Rozhestvenski for some time, but eventually the Russians were allowed to proceed . On reaching See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar, Rozhestvenski heard of the fall of Port Arthur, and the question of returning to Russia arose . But a reinforcement under Rear-Admiral Nebogatov was despatched from the Baltic via See also:

• SUEZ

Suez See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in March 1905, and the See also:

• ARMADA, THE

armada proceeded by the Straits of Malacca, Nebogatov joining at Kamranh See also:

• BAY

Bay in See also:

• COCHIN
• COCHIN, DENYS MARIE PIERRE AUGUSTIN (1851L'Evolution de la vie (1895); Le Monde exterieur (1845); Contre les barbares (1899)

Cochin See also:

• CHINA

China . The See also:

• UNITED

united fleet was formidable rather in number than in quality; the battleships were of very unequal value, and the faster vessels were tied to the movements of many " lame ducks." Rozhestvenski had, moreover, numerous See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store-ships, colliers, &c . Nevertheless, the Japanese viewed his approach with considerable anxiety, and braced themselves for a final struggle . Of the various courses open to him, Togo prudently See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose that of awaiting Rozhestvenski in horxe See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters . The Russians left Kamranh on the 14th of May, and for a time disappeared into the Pacific._ It was assumed thatthey were making for Vladivostok either via Tsushima strait or by the Pacific . Rozhestvenski chose the former course, and on the 27th of May the fleets met near Tsushima . About 1.45 p.m., the Battle of Russians, who were still in a close cruising formation, Tsushima attempted to open out for battle as the Japanese ap- (Sea of proached . The Russian battleships, originally heading Japan) . N.N.E., swerved to the E. as the Japanese battle squadron passed across their front .

Togo's fire was concentrated first on the " Osliabia," the leading Russian battleship, and by 2.25 she was hors de combat . At this time both the battle-fleets were See also:

• RUNNING

running E . Togo, concentrating his fire on each See also:

• SHIP

ship in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession; and seeking by See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed to See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head off the Russians, now inclined towards the S.E., and the Russians conformed . At 3, the Russian See also:

• FLAGSHIP

flagship See also:

• SUVAROV

Suvarov" had fallen out of the line, though still firing . Rozhestvenski himself had been wounded, and the command had devolved on Nebogatov . Shortly afterwards the Russians suddenly turned N., and sought to pass, across the See also:

• WAKE (A.S. wacan, to " wake " or " watch ")
• WAKE, THOMAS (1297-1349)
• WAKE, WILLIAM (1657-1737)

wake of Togo's battle-fleet, up the straits . Thereupon the leading Japanese ships promptly turned together, covered by the rear ships, which ran past them on the original course and then came round in succession; this manoeuvre was so well executed that the Japanese again headed off their enemy, who swerved for the second time towards the E . The Japanese thereupon executed the same manoeuvre as before, and steamed S.E. again (about 4.40) . They were not unscathed, but the Russians were suffering far more severely . Meanwhile, the cruisers on both sides had been heavily engaged . The Russian cruisers kept on the right of their battleships, while the Japanese, very superior in speed, ran S., S.E. and E. across the rear of the enemy's main squadron, and about 3 ranged up alongside the Russian cruisers . The latter were slower, and hampered by the See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd of damaged battleships, store-ships and colliers; before 5 they were in the greatest confusion, which was presently increased by the battleship squadron, now turned back and heading W., with Togo in pursuit .

The Russians again See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out northward; but some of the Japanese squadrons hung on to the remnant of the enemy's battle-fleet, and the others dealt with the numerous Russian vessels that were unable to keep up . Then Togo called off his ships, and gave the torpedo See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft See also:

• ROOM

room and the night in which to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act . At day-See also:

• LIGHT

light the larger ships joined in again, and before long the whole Russian fleet, with few exceptions, had been captured or sunk . After the disasters of Mukden and Tsushima, and being threatened with See also:

• INTERNAL

internal disorder in See also:

• EUROPEAN

European Russia, the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar, early in See also:

• JUNE

June, accepted the See also:

• MEDIATION (Lat. medius, middle)

mediation of the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of The the United States, and pour parlers were set on See also:

• FOOT

foot . See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace of The war meanwhile drifted on through May, June and Ports' See also:

• JULY

July . Linievich, who succeeded Kuropatkin shortly after m See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath the battle of Mukden, retired slowly northward, re-organizing his forces and receiving fresh reinforcements from Europe . A Japanese expedition occupied Saghalien (July 8-3o), and another, General Hasegawa, advanced through See also:

• KOREA
• KOREA, or COREA (CH'AO HSIEN, DAI HAN)

Korea towards Vladivostok . But the fighting was desultory . The peace negotiations were opened at See also:

• PORTSMOUTH
• PORTSMOUTH, EARLS OF
• PORTSMOUTH, LOUISE DE

Portsmouth, New See also:

• HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire, on the 9th of August, and by the end of the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month the belligerents had agreed as to the main points at issue, that Russia should cede the half of Saghalien, annexed in 1875, surrender her See also:

• LEASE (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. laxare, to loosen)

lease of the Kwangtung See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula and Port Arthur, evacuate Manchuria and recognize Japan's See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in Korea . The treaty of peace was signed on the 23rd of August 1905 . RUSSO-See also:

• TURKISH

TURKISH See also:

• WARS

WARS (1828-29 and 1877-78) . The earlier wars between Russia and See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey possess little military See also:

• INTEREST

interest to-day, and are scarcely remembered except as the occasion of Suvarov's exploits .

The first of the three 19th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century (18o6–1812) wars, however, though much less vigorously fought than the preceding wars, at any rate introduced the " Eastern question " into European politics as a See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor affecting the See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance of power, and its cessation at the moment of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon's advance on See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow had a great effect on the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor's Russian See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign . The second war is more celebrated . It was a reflex of the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek War of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence, and began with the invasion of See also:

• RUMANIA
• RUMANIA, or ROUMANIA [Romdnia]

Rumania by the Russians in May 1828 . One corps invested and took See also:

• BRAILA (in Rumanian Braila, formerly IBRAILA)

Braila, another passed by See also:

• BUCHAREST (Bucuresci)

Bucharest and besieged See also:

• RUSTCHUK (Bulg. Russe); the capital of the department of Rustchuk, Bulgaria, on the right bank of the Danube, where it receives the E. Lem. Pop. (r906) 33

Rustchuk and See also:

• SILISTRIA (Bulgarian Silistra)

Silistria, and a third crossed the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube below Isacka . The first and the last were united as an army under the tsar and advanced through the See also:

• DOBRUDJA (Bulgarian Dobritch, Rumanian Dobrogea)

Dobrudja on See also:

• SHUMLA (Bulgarian Shumen, Turkish Shumna)

Shumla . But after a considerable amount of fighting it was decided that the See also:

• TURKS

Turks here were too strong for the invaders, and the tsar See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew off his forces by degrees towards See also:

• VARNA

Varna, which was besieged next . But the Shumla troops were thus gradually set See also:

• FREE

free to join the Turkish field army under the grand See also:

• VIZIER

vizier, which, however, merely menaced, without seriously attacking, the besiegers of Varna . The See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place surrendered on the loth of October 1828, and the tsar at once turned upon the grand vieier, attacked him on the See also:

• RIVER

river Kamchik (15th October) and forced him to retreat to Aidos . Meantime, however, Silistria offered a gallant resistance . Even when the besiegers were reinforced from the main army they could not See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master the defence, and when winter came on the siege was abandoned, and the Russians drew off into Rumania into winter quarters . In See also:

• ASIA

Asia, meanwhile, a Russian army under Prince Paskievich had advanced from See also:

• TIFLIS

Tiflis, and captured See also:

• KARS

Kars and other places, while the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black Sea fleet secured the surrender of See also:

• POTI

Poti . Paskievich next defeated the Turks at Akhalzik (27th August), captured Ardahan, and advanced by See also:

• BAYAZID, or BAJAZET

Bayazid to the upper See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates .

But coming there into conflict with the fierce Kurds, he gave up further enterprises and, leaving garrisons in the strong places, took his army back into the See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus for the winter . In 1829 See also:

• DIEBITSCH, HANS KARL FRIEDRICH ANTON

Diebitsch took over the command of the 70,000 men on the Danube, and resolved to carry the war over the Balkans . As a preliminary the fleet seized Sozopolis (Sisepol) . A second and vigorously pressed siege of Silistria ended with the surrender of the place on June 3oth, the Turkish operations for the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of the Sozopolis See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison and the See also:

• RELIEF

relief of Silistria being See also:

• DILATORY (from Lat. dilatus, from differre, to put off or delay)

dilatory as before . The Turkish army was at this time in See also:

• PROCESS

process of reorganization on a European See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model, which added to the difficulties of their situation . The grand vizier, Reschid Mehmet, in May attempted to combine the Rustchuk and Shumla garrisons for the expulsion of the Russians from Varna, but unsuccessfully, the two columns being beaten in detail . Soon afterwards Diebitsch, with part of the army investing Silistria, marched against him and defeated him at Tcherkovna (11th June) . Immediately after this Diebitsch carried out the brilliant passage of the Balkans and advanced to See also:

• ADRIANOPLE
• ADRIANOPLE (anc. Hadrianopolis; Turk. Edirne, or Edreneh; Slay. Odrin)

Adrianople, which laid See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE