PORTUGUESE See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

EAST See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

AFRICA, or See also:

• MOZAMBIQUE [Sao Sebastiao de Mocambique]

MOZAMBIQUE  . This Portuguese See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession, bounded E. by the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Ocean, N. by See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, W. by the Nyasaland See also:

• PROTECTORATE

Protectorate, See also:

• RHODESIA (so named after Cecil Rhodes)

Rhodesia and the See also:

• TRANSVAAL

Transvaal, S. by Tongaland (See also:

• NATAL

Natal), has an See also:

• AREA

area of 293,500 sq. m . It is divided in two by the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• ZAMBEZI

Zambezi . The See also:

• NORTHERN

northern portion, between the ocean and See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• NYASA

Nyasa and the See also:

• SHIRE

Shire river, is a compact See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block of territory, squarish in shape, being about 400 m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long by 36o m. broad . See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South of the Zambezi the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province consists of a See also:

• STRIP

strip of See also:

• LAND

land along the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast varying from 5o to 200 m. in See also:

• DEPTH

depth . Along the Zambezi itself Portuguese territory extends See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west as far as the Loangwa confluence, some 600 m. by river . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—The coast-See also:

• LINE

line extends from 26° 52' S. to 10° 4o' S., and from south to See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north makes a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve with a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general trend outward, i.e. to the east . It has a length of 1430 M . Some 40 M. north of the Natal (Tongoland) frontier is the deep indentation of Delagoa See also:

• BAY

Bay (q.v.) . The land then turns outward to Cape See also:

• CORRIENTES
• CORRIENTES (San Juan de Corrientes)

Corrientes, a little north of which is See also:

• INHAMBANE

Inhambane Bay . Bending westward again and passing several small islands, of which the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief is Bazaruto, See also:

• SOFALA

Sofala Bay is reached . Northward the Zambezi with a wide See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta pours its See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters into the ocean .

From this point onward the coast is studded with small islands, mainly of See also:

• CORAL

coral formation . On one of these islands is See also:

• MOZAMBIQUE [Sao Sebastiao de Mocambique]

Mozambique, and immediately north of that See also:

• PORT

port is Conducia Bay . Somewhat farther north are two large bays—Fernao Veloso and Memba . There is a See also:

• GREAT

great difference in the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the coast north and south of Mozambique . To the north the coast is much indented, abounds in rocky headlands and rugged cliffs while, as already stated, there is an almost continuous fringe of islands . South of Mozambique the coast-line is See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low, sandy and lined with See also:

• MANGROVE

mangrove swamps . Harbours are few and poor . The difference in character of these two regions arises from the fact that in the northern See also:

• HALF

half the ocean current which flows south between See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar and the mainland is See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the coast, and scours out all the softer material, while at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the coral animalcules are See also:

• BUILDING

building in deep waters . But south of Mozambique the ocean current forsakes the coast, allowing the See also:

• ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand and alluvial See also:

• MATTER

matter . North of Fernao Veloso and Memba the largest bays are See also:

• PEMBA

Pemba (where there is commodious anchorage for heavy See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught vessels), Montepuesi and Tunghi, the last named having for its northern See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm Cape Delgado, the limit of Portuguese territory . Orographically the backbone of the province is the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain which forms the eastern escarpment of the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau . It does not See also:

• PRESENT

present a uniformly abrupt descent to the plains, but in places—as in the See also:

• LOWER

lower Zambezi See also:

• DISTRICT

district—slopes gradually to the coast .

The Lebombo Mountains, behind Delagoa Bay, nowhere exceed 2070 ft. in height; the Manica plateau, farther north, is higher . Mt Doe rises to 7875 ft. and Mt Panga to 7610 ft . The Gorongoza See also:

• MASSIF

massif with Mt Miranga (6550 ft.), Enhatete (6050 ft.), and Gogogo (5900 ft.) lies north-east of the Manica plateau, and is, like it, of granitic formation . Gorongoza, rising isolated with precipitous See also:

• OUTER

outer slopes, has been likened in its aspect to a frowning citadel . The chief mountain range, however, lies north of the Zambezi, and east of Lake See also:

• CHILWA (incorrectly SHIRWA)

Chilwa, namely, the Namuli Mountains, in which Namuli See also:

• PEAK, THE

Peak rises to 886o ft., and Molisani, Mruli and Mresi attain altitudes of 6500 to 8000 ft . These mountains are covered with magnificent forests . Farther north the river basins are divided by well-marked ranges with heights of 3000 ft. and over . Near the south-east See also:

• SHORE

shore of Nyasa there is a high range (5000 to 6000 ft.) with an abrupt descent to the lake—some 3000 ft. in six See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles . The See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country between Nyasa and See also:

• IBO

Ibo is remarkable for the number of fantastically shaped See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite peaks which rise from the plateau . The plateau lands west of the escarpment are of moderate See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation—perhaps averaging 2000 to 2500 ft . It is, however, only along the Zambezi and north of that river that Portuguese territory reaches to the continental plateau . Besides the Zambezi (q.v.) the most considerable river in Portuguese East Africa is the See also:

• LIMPOPO, or CROCODILE

Limpopo (q.v.) which enters the Indian Ocean about too m. north of Delagoa Bay .

The See also:

• KOMATI

Komati (q.v.), Sabi, Busi and Pungwe south of the Zambezi; the Lukugu, Lurio, Montepuesi (Mtepwesi) and Msalu, with the See also:

• ROVUMA

Rovuma (q.v.) and its affluent the Lujenda, to the north of it, are the other See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers of the province with considerable drainage areas . The Sabi rises in Mashonaland at an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of over 3000 ft., and after flowing south for over 200 m. turns east and pierces the mountains some 170 M. from the coast, being joined near the Anglo-Portuguese frontier by the Lundi . Cataracts entirely prevent See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation above this. point . Below the Lundi confluence the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of the Sabi becomes considerably broader, varying from half a mile to two miles . In the. See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season the Sabi is a large stream and even in the " dries " it can be navigated from its mouth by shallow draught steamers for over 15o m . Its general direction through Portuguese territory is east by north . At its mouth it forms a delta 6o m. in extent . The Busi (220 m.) and Pungwe (180 m.) are streatns north of and similar in character to the Sabi . They both rise in the Manica plateau and enter the ocean in Pungwe Bay, their mouths but a mile or two apart . The lower reaches of both streams are navigable, the Busi for 25 m., the Pungwe for about too m . At the mouth of the Pungwe is the port of See also:

• BEIRA

Beira . Of the north-Zambezi streams the Lukugu, rising in the hills south-east of Lake Chilwa, flows south and enters the ocean not far north of See also:

• QUILIMANE, or KILMANE (the former being the Portuguese spelling)

Quilimane .

The Lurio, rising in the Namuli Mountains, flows north-east, having a course of some 200 m . The Montepuesi and the Msalu drain the country between the Lurio and Rovuma basins . Their See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks are in general well defined and the wet season rise seems fairly See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The central plateau consists of gneisses, granites and See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists of the usual East See also:

• AFRICAN

African type which in See also:

• PART

part or in whole are to be referred to the Archaean See also:

• SYSTEM

system . The next See also:

• OLDEST

oldest rocks belong to the See also:

• KARROO

Karroo See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . Their See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal occurrence is in the Zambezi See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin, where at Tete they contain workable seams of See also:

• COAL

coal, and have yielded plant remains indicating a Lower Karroo or Upper Carboniferous See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . Sandstones and shales, possibly of Upper Karroo age, See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a narrow See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt at the edge of the See also:

• FOOT

foot-plateau . Upper Cretaceous rocks See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop out from beneath the superficial deposits along the coast belt between Delagoa Bay and Mozambique . The Cenomanian period is represented in Conducia by the beds with Puzosia and Acanthoceras, and in Sofala and Busi by the beds with Alectryonia See also:

• UNGULATA

ungulata and Exogyra See also:

• COLUMBA, SAINT (Irish, Colum)

columba . The highest Cretaceous strata occur in Conducia, where they contain the huge ammonite Pachydiscus conduciensis . The . See also:

• EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

Eocene formation is well represented in See also:

• GAZALAND

Gazaland by the nummulitic limestones which have been found to extend for a considerable distance inland .

Basalts occur at several localities in the Zambezi basin . On the flanks of See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Milanje there are two volcanic cones which would appear to be of comparatively See also:

• RECENT

recent date; but the most interesting igneous rocks are the rhyolitic lavas of the Lebombo range . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate is unhealthy on the coast and along the banks of the Zambezi, where See also:

• MALARIA

malaria is endemic . With moderate care, however, Europeans are able to enjoy tolerably See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• HEALTH

health . On the uplands and the plateaus the climate is temperate and healthy . At Tete, on the lower Zambezi, the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual mean temperature is 77.9° F., the hottest See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month being See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, 83.3°, and the coldest See also:

• JULY

July, 72.5° . At Quilimane, on the coast, the mean temperature is 85.1°, maximum 106.7° and minimum 49.1° . The cool season is from See also:

• APRIL

April to See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August . The rainy season lasts from See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, and the dry season from May to the end of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . November is a month of See also:

• LIGHT

light rains . During the monsoons the districts bordering the Mozambique Channel enjoy a fairly even mean temperature of 76.1°, maximum mean 88.7°, and minimum mean 65.3° . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—The fauna is See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich, See also:

• GAME

game in immense variety being plentiful in most districts .

The See also:

• CARNIVORA

carnivora include the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion, both of the yellow and See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black-maned varieties, See also:

• LEOPARD

leopard, spotted See also:

• HYENA

hyena, See also:

• JACKAL
• JACKAL (Turk. chakal)

jackal, See also:

• SERVAL (Felis serval)

serval, See also:

• CIVET

civet See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

cat, See also:

• GENET

genet, See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting See also:

• DOG

dog (See also:

• LYCAON

Lycaon pictus) in the Mozambique district, mongoose and spotted See also:

• OTTER
• OTTER (0. Eng. ate, otor, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch and Ger. Otter, Dan. odder, Swed. utter; it is to be referred to the root seen in Gr. 6&ep, water)
• OTTER, SEA

otter, the last-named rare . Of ungulata the See also:

• ELEPHANT

elephant is plentiful, though large tuskers are not often shot . The black See also:

• RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros is also See also:

• COMMON

common, and south of the Zambezi are a few specimens of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white rhinoceros (R. simus) . The rivers and marshes are the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of numerous hippopotami, which have, however, deserted the lower Zambezi . The See also:

• WART (Lat. verruca)

wart-hog and the smaller red hog are common . A See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• ZEBRA

zebra is plentiful, and herds of See also:

• BUFFALO

buffalo (See also:

• BOS, LAMBERT (1670—1717)

Bos caller) are numerous in the plains and in open See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods . Of antelopes the finest are the See also:

• ELAND (= elk)

eland and See also:

• SABLE
• SABLE, AMERICAN
• SABLE, CHINESE
• SABLE, MADELEINE DE SOUVRE, MARQUISE DE (1599—1678)
• SABLE, RUSSIAN

sable See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope . The See also:

• KUDU (koodoo)

kudu is rare . See also:

• WATERBUCK (Wasserbok)

Waterbuck, hartebeeste (Bubalis lichtensteini), brindled See also:

• GNU

gnu and tsesebe (south of the Zambezi, replaced north of that river by the lechwe and puku), See also:

• REEDBUCK (Dutch rietbok)

reedbuck, See also:

• BUSHBUCK (Boschbok)

bushbuck, impala, See also:

• DUIKER (diver), or DUIKERBOK

duiker, See also:

• KLIPSPRINGER

klipspringer and See also:

• ORIBI, or OUREBI

oribi are all common . The See also:

• GIRAFFE

giraffe is not found within the province . Of See also:

• EDENTATA

edentata the scaly See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

ant-eater and See also:

• PORCUPINE (Fr., pore-epic, " spiny pig ")

porcupine are numerous . Among See also:

• RODENTIA

rodentia See also:

• HARES

hares and rabbits are abundant .

There are several kinds of monkeys and lemuroids, but the anthropoids are absent . Crocodiles, lizards, chameleons, land and river tortoises are all very numerous, as are pythons (some 18 ft. long), cobras, puff-adders and vipers . Centipedes and scorpions and See also:

• INSECTS

insects are innumerable . Among insects mosquitos, locusts, the tsetse See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly, the See also:

• HIPPO

hippo-fly, cockroaches, See also:

• PHYLLOXERA (Gr. 4suXXov, leaf, and Erlpbs, dry)

phylloxera, ter-mites, soldier ants and flying ants are common plagues . As has been indicated, the Zambezi forms a dividing line not crossed by certain animals, so that the fauna north of that river presents some marked contrasts with that to the south . See also:

• BIRD

Bird-See also:

• LIFE

life is abundant . Among the larger birds flamingoes are especially common in the Mozambique district . See also:

• CRANES (so called from the resemblance to the long neck of the bird, cf. Gr. 'y pavor, Fr. grue)

Cranes, herons, storks, pelicans and ibises are numerous, including the beautiful crested See also:

• CRANE (in Dutch, Kraan; O. Ger. Kraen; cognate, as also the Lat. grus, and consequently the Fr. grue and Span. grulla, with the Gr. dpavos)
• CRANE, STEPHEN (1870-1900)
• CRANE, WALTER (1845– )
• CRANE, WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )

crane and the See also:

• SADDLE (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Sattel, Dut. zadel, also in Russ. siedlo and Lat. sella, for sedla; it is not derived directly from Lat. sedile, which means a chair, but all the words are to be referred to the root sad-, which gives

saddle-billed See also:

• STORK (A. S. store, Ger. Storch)

stork (Mycteria senegalensis), the last-named comparatively rare . The See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle, See also:

• VULTURE

vulture, See also:

• KITE

kite, See also:

• BUZZARD

buzzard and See also:

• CROW (Dutch, kraal, Ger. Krdhe, Fr. corbeau, Lat. corvus)

crow are well represented, though the crested eagle is not found . Of game birds the See also:

• GUINEA

guinea See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl, See also:

• PARTRIDGE (Du. Patrijs, Fr. perdrix, from Lat. perdix, apparently onomatopoeic from the call of the bird)
• PARTRIDGE, JOHN BERNARD (1861– )
• PARTRIDGE, WILLIAM ORDWAY (1861– )

partridge, See also:

• BUSTARD (corrupted from the Lat. Avis tarda, though the application of the epithet' is not easily understood)

bustard, See also:

• QUAIL (0. Fr. Quaille, Mod. Fr. Caille, Ital. Quaglia, Low Lat. Quaquila, Du. Kwakkel and Kwartel, Ger. Wachtel, Dan. Vagtel)

quail, See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• GOOSE (a common Teut. word, O. Eng. gOs, pl. ges, Ger. Gans, O. Norse gas, from Aryan root, ghans, whence Sans. hansa, Lat. anser (for hanser)
• GOOSE (GAME OF)

goose, See also:

• TEAL (O.E. tele)

teal, widgeon, mallard and See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether kinds of See also:

• DUCK

duck are all common . Other birds numerously represented are parrots (chiefly a smallish See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green bird—the See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey See also:

• PARROT (according to Skeat, from Fr. Perrot or Pies-rot, the diminutive of the proper name Pierrel)

parrot is not found), ravens, hornbills, buntings, finches, doves, a variety of See also:

• CUCKOO

cuckoo, small wag-tails, a See also:

• STARLING (0. Eng. staer steam, and slerlyng; Lat. surnus; Fr. etourneau)

starling with a beautiful burnished See also:

• BRONZE

bronze-green plumage, See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur-winged plovers, See also:

• STILT

stilt birds, ruffs and kingfishers . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—The flora is varied and abundant, though the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of the natives to See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn the grass during the dry season gives to large areas for nearly half the See also:

• YEAR

year a blackened, desolate See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance .

Six varieties of palms are found—the coco-See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut, raphia, wild date, borassus (or See also:

• FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

fan See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm), hyphaene and See also:

• PHOENIX
• PHOENIX (Gr. 4oivt )

Phoenix spinosa . The coconut is common in the coast regions and often attains too ft.; the date palm, found mostly in marshy ground and by the banks of small rivers, is seldom more than 20 ft. in height . Of the many See also:

• TIMBER

timber trees a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar is found in the lower forests; See also:

• IRONWOOD

ironwood and See also:

• EBONY (Gr. E(3evos)

ebony are common, and other trees resemble satin and See also:

• ROSEWOOD

rosewood, The Khaya senegalensis, a very large See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree found in ravines and by river banks, affords durable and easily-worked timber; there are several varieties of vitex and of ficus, notably the sycamore, which bears an edible See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit . Excellent hardwood is obtained from a species of grewia . Other characteristic trees are the mangrove (along the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea shore), See also:

• SANDAL (from the Latinized form of Gr. vavb4Atov or vav&aAov: this probably represents the Persian sandal, slipper; it is not to be referred to Gr. stasis, board)

sandal-See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum See also:

• COPAL (Mexican copalli, incense)

copal, See also:

• BAOBAB

baobab and bombax, and, in the lower See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, dracaenas (See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon trees), candalabra See also:

• EUPHORBIA

euphorbia, and many species of creepers and flowering shrubs . The thorny smilax and many other prickly creepers and shrubs are abundant . Acacias are numerous, including the gum-yielding variety, while landolphia See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber vines grow freely in the forests . Among See also:

• PLANTS

plants of economic value the See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco plants are found, as well as the See also:

• CASTOR

castor oil and other oleaginous plants . Bananas, mangoes and pineapples grow in great profusion . Among See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers See also:

• CRINUM

crinum lilies, See also:

• LOTUS

lotus, gentians, gladioli, lobelias, violets (scentless), red and yellow immortelles (confined to the higher elevations) and yellow and See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue amomums are common . Of See also:

• GRASSES

grasses the See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo is common . Phragrnites communis, See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear grass, with its waving, snowy plumes, grows 12 to 14 ft. and is abundant along the river banks and along the edges of the marshes .

(For the flora of the Nyasa region see B RITISII CENTRAI . AFRICA.) Inhabitants.—Portuguese East Africa is sparsely inhabited, the estimated See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population (1909) being 3,120,000; 90 % of the inhabitants belong to various See also:

• BANTU

Bantu tribes, from whose ranks most of the natives employed in the Transvaal See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold mines are recruited . The most important in the northern half of the province are the See also:

• YAOS, or AJAWA

Yaos (q.v.) and the Ma Kua (Makwa) . The Makwa, notwithstanding the presence of See also:

• ARABS

Arabs, Banyans (See also:

• HINDUS

Hindus) and Battias in all the coast districts, have preserved in a remarkable degree their purity of See also:

• RACE

race, although their See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language has undergone considerable See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change (see BANTU See also:

• LANGUAGES

LANGUAGES) . Most of the country between the Rovuma and the Zambezi is populated by branches of this race, governed by numerous See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty chiefs . The Makwa are divided into four families or See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups—the Low Makwa, the Lomwe or Upper Makwa, the Maua and the Medo . Yao possess the country between the Msalu river and Nyasa . The dominant race between the Zambezi and the Mazoe are the Tavala, other tribes in the same region being the Maravi, Senga, Muzimba and Muzuzuro . They are mainly of Zulu origin . Between the Zambezi and the Pungwe are the Barue, Batoka, &c . In the district south of the Pungwe river, known as Gazaland, the ruling tribes are of Zulu origin, all other tribes of different stock being known as Tongas . For the most part these Tongas resemble the Basutos .

They are of peaceful disposition . They occupy themselves with stock-raising and See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture . The white inhabitants numbered about 9000 in 19o9 . They are chiefly Portuguese and See also:

• BRITISH

British and nearly a half live in Lourenco Marques . There are many Portuguese half-castes . Chief Towns.—The chief towns are Louren90 Marques, Mozambique, Quilimane, Inhambane, Beira, See also:

• CHINDE

Chinde and Sofala, all separately noticed . The other See also:

• EUROPEAN

European settlements are Chingune (see SOFALA), Angoxa and Ibo on the coast, and Sena, Tete and Zumbo on the Zambezi . Angoxa lies midway between Quilimane and Mozambique, See also:

• DATES

dates from the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and is a small and little frequented port . Ibo, founded by the Portuguese at the beginning of the 17th century, is built on an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island, likewise called Ibo, in 120 20' S., 400 38' E. off the northern arm of Montepuesi Bay, and 18o m. north of Mozambique . Ibo Island is one of a See also:

• GROUP

group known as the Querimba See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

archipelago . The See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour is sheltered but shallow . The See also:

• TOWN

town attained considerable dimensions in the 17th century and was made the headquarters of the Cape Delgado district in the 18th century .

The most prominent buildings are two forts, one disused . The other, called See also:

• SAN

San Joao, is See also:

• STAR

star-shaped and was built, according to an inscription over the gateway, in 1791 . The Zambezi towns (Sena, Tete and Zumbo) See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the limits of penetration made by the Portuguese inland . Comparatively important places in the 17th and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early part of the 18th centuries, with the decline of Portuguese See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power they See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into a ruinous See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . The opening up of Rhodesia and British Central Africa in the last See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the 19th century gave them renewed life . Sena, some 150 M. by river from Chinde, is built at the foot of a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill on the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Zambezi, from which it is now distant 2 m., though in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 16th century the river flowed by it . Sena possesses an 18th-century fort, amodern See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house and a See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church dedicated to St Marcal . Tete, founded about the same time as Sena, is also on the south See also:

• BANK

bank of the Zambezi . It is about 14o m. by the river above Sena . Since 1894 there has been a See also:

• REGULAR

regular service of steamers between Tete and Chinde . Of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient town little remains See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the strongly-built fort and the church . The new town dates from about 186o, when there was a revival of the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in gold dust and See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory .

This trade, however, became practically See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct by 1903; the gold dust See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic through exhaustion of supplies, and the ivory trade through diversion to other routes . A transit trade to British possessions north and south of Tete has been See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, and in 1906 some gold mines in the neighbourhood began crushing ore . Zumbo is picturesquely situated just below the Loangwe confluence and commands large stretches of navigable See also:

• WATER

water on the Loangwe and middle Zambezi . The 17th-century town was deserted in consequence of the hostility of the natives . In 1859 See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David See also:

• LIVINGSTONE, DAVID (1813-1873)

Livingstone found on its site nothing but the ruins of a few houses . Since then a new See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement has been made, and Zumbo has acquired some transit trade with Rhodesia . On the line of railway from Beira to Rhodesia the most important town is Massi Kessi (Portuguese Macequece) in the centre of the Manica goldfields . It lies 250o ft. above the sea, 194 m. north-west of Beira by See also:

• RAIL

rail, and is close to the British frontier . Along the railway from Louren90 Marques to the Transvaal frontier are stations marking the position of small settlements . The last Portuguese station is named Ressano See also:

• GARCIA
• GARCIA (DEL POPOLO VICENTO), MANOEL (1775-1832)

Garcia; the first Transvaal station Komati Poort . Communications.—The Zambezi is navigable by light draught steamers throughout its course in Portuguese territory with one break at the Kebrassa Rapids—400 m. fram its mouth . By means of the Shire affluent of the Zambezi there is See also:

• DIRECT

direct steamer and rail-way connexion with British Central Africa .

The navigability of the other rivers of the province has been indicated . From Louren90 Marques See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways run to See also:

• SWAZILAND (native name Pungwane)

Swaziland and the Transvaal, and from Beira there is a railway to Rhodesia . These lines, built to See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

foster trade with countries beyond Portuguese territory, See also:

• LINK

link the ports named to the British railway systems in South and Central Africa . The route for a railway to connect Beira with Sena was surveyed in 1906-1907, a route from Quilimane to the Zambezi being also surveyed . A light railway (5o m. long) goes inland from Matamba, on Inhambane Bay, serving northern Gazaland . Native See also:

• CARAVAN (more correctly Karwan)

caravan routes See also:

• TRAVERSE

traverse every part of the country, but these are See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere tracks, and in general communication is difficult and slow . Lourenco Marques, Beira, Mozambique and other ports are in telegraphic communication with See also:

• EUROPE

Europe via South Africa and See also:

• ZANZIBAR

Zanzibar, and a See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)
• CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844– )

cable connects Mozambique with Madagascar . Inland See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph lines connect the ports with the adjacent British possessions . British, German and Portuguese steamship lines maintain regular communication between Louren90 Marques and other ports and Europe and See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . In 1908 some 1700 vessels of 3,400,000 tons visited the ports of the province . Agriculture and Other See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—The country from the Rovuma to the Zambezi is of great fertility, the richest portion being that between Angoxa and Quilimane . In•the basin of the Zambezi the See also:

• SOIL

soil is fertilized by the inundations of the river .

The low coast land of the See also:

• GAZA (or `AllAH, mod. Ghuzzeh)
• GAZA, THEODORUS (c. 1400-1475)

Gaza country is almost equally fruitful . A great part of the country is suitable for the growth of the See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• CANE

cane, See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, ground-nuts, coffee and tobacco . The two last named plants, as also cotton, See also:

• VANILLA

vanilla, See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea and See also:

• CLOVES

cloves, are not a success in the Quilimane region, where coco-nuts and ground-nuts are the chief crops . Rubber vines are largely grown in the Mozambique district and the Mozambique See also:

• COMPANY

Company has large plantations of coffee and sugar . There are numerous sugar factories and rice plantations in the Zambezi district . The natives devote their See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the raising of oleaginous crops and of See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize, See also:

• CASSAVA

cassava, beans, &c . See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

Wheat and other cereals are grown in the valley of the Zambezi . Large herds of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle are raised . The system prevails in many districts of dividing the land into prazos (large agricultural estates) in which the natives cultivate various crops for the benefit of the European leaseholder, who is also tax-See also:

• COLLECTOR

collector for his district and can claim the tax either in labour or produce . See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

Fish are plentiful along the coast, and pearls are obtained off the Bazaruto Isles . Turtles are caught in the Querimba archipelago . See also:

• SPIRITS

Spirits, sugar, See also:

• FIBRES
• FIBRES (or FIBERS, in American spelling; from Lat. fibra, apparently connected either with filum, thread, or findere, to split)

fibres and pottery are practically the only commodities manufactured .

The hunting of game for ivory and skins affords employment to large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of See also:

• PEOPLE

people . See also:

• MINERAL

Mineral Resources.—There are immense deposits of coal in the neighbourhood of 'Fete and near Delagoa Bay, and adjoining the coalfields ironstone of the best quality is plentiful . See also:

• MALACHITE

Malachite and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper are found in the interior, north-west of Mozambique . The whole of the region north of Delagoa Bay to the Zambezi and inland to and beyond the Portuguese frontier is auriferous, and ancient gold workings abound . Many writers have sought to identify this region with the land of See also:

• OPHIR

Ophir . In Manica several gold mines are worked . In 1906-1907 a rich formation similar to the See also:

• AMERICAN

American " placer " deposits was discovered in the Manica goldfields . Gold mines are also worked at Missale and Chifumbaze, to the north of Tete . The Missale mines are just south of the frontier of British Central Africa . See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

Petroleum is found near Inhambane, as is also a curious elastic-like substance named inhangellite, resembling See also:

• BITUMEN

bitumen, chiefly de-rived from masses of a gelatinous alga (see See also:

• KEW

Kew Bulletin, No . 5, 1907) . See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce.—The chief exports are rubber, sugar, coal (from the Transvaal), beeswax, coco-nuts, See also:

• COPRA (a Spanish and Portuguese adaptation of the Malay kopperah, and Hindustani khopra, the coco-nut)

copra and mangrove bark, ivory (including See also:

• HIPPOPOTAMUS (" river-horse," Gr. lames, horse and aoraµbs, river)

hippopotamus See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)