See also:

• POSEN
• POSEN (Polish Poznan)

POSEN (See also:

• POLISH

Polish Poznan)  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, archiepiscopal see and fortress of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• POSEN
• POSEN (Polish Poznan)

Posen, situated in a wide and sandy See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain at the confluence of the Cybina and the See also:

• WARTHE (Polish, Warta)

Warthe, 150 M . E. from See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin and 103 M. from See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau . Pop . (1885), 68,315; (1895), 73,239; (1905), 136,808, of whom nearly one-See also:

• HALF

half are Germans and about one-tenth See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . Posen lies at the centre of a network of See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways connecting it with Berlin, Breslau, See also:

• THORN (O. Eng. porn, cf. Du. doorn, Ger. Dorn, &c)
• THORN (Polish Torun)

Thorn, See also:

• KREUZBURG

Kreuzburg, and Schneidemifhl . The inner See also:

• LINE

line of fortifications was removed in 1902 and the city has been completely modernized . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• PART

part of Posen, on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Warthe, comprises the old See also:

• TOWN

town (Alstadt) and the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter created by the Prussians after 1793 . On the right bank See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie Wallischei (a See also:

• DISTRICT

district inhabited by Poles) and some other suburbs . Posen has fifteen See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic and three Evangelical churches and several synagogues . The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral contains many interesting See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of See also:

• ART

art, but, with the exception of the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic Marienkirche of the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, none of the churches is notable . The old town-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall is a See also:

• QUAINT (O. Fr. cointe, from Lat. cognitus, known, probably influenced by association with Lat. corn plus, neat)

quaint See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation of Romanesque forms . The royal See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, begun in 1905 and completed in 1910 at a cost of £250,000, is a pretentious See also:

• BUILDING

building in what is officially called Romanesque See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style .

It was intended as an effort to conciliate the Poles, and was opened by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William II., with imposing ceremonies, on the loth of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1910 . Posen possesses an " Emperor William " library with 200,000 volumes, and the Raczynski library with 50,000 . Other principal buildings are the two theatres, the Emperor See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick museum, founded in 1894, the See also:

• POLISH

Polish museum and the various public offices . See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries include the manufacture of agricultural machinery, See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture and See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, also milling and See also:

• BREWING

brewing . There is an active See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, both by See also:

• RAIL

rail and See also:

• RIVER

river, in See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool and potatoes . Posen is the headquarters of the V. See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, and has a See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison of 6000 men . Posen, one of the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest towns in See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland and the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of some of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Polish princes, including Boleslaus I., became the seat of a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian bishopric about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the loth century . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement was on the right bank of the Warthe, but the new town, established on the opposite bank by See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German settlers about 1250, soon became the more important part of the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double city . Posen became a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DEPOT (from the Fr. depot, Lat. depositum, laid down; the French accent marks are usually dispensed with in English)

depot for the trade between Germany and western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand and Poland and See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia on the other . Many See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign merchants made the city their residence, and these included a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of Scots, who exported produce to See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh . The city attained the See also:

• CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax of its prosperity in the 16th century, when its See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, according to one estimate, reached 8o,000 . The intolerance shown to the Protestants, the troubles of the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, the See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague and other causes, soon conspired to See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change this See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of affairs, and in the 18th century the population sank to 12,000 .

New See also:

• LIFE

life was infused into the city after its See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation by See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia at the second See also:

• PARTITION

partition of Poland in 1793, and since this date its growth has been rapid . See Lukaszewicz, Historisch-statistisches Bild der Stadt Posen 968–1793 (Ger. trans., Posen, 1881); See also:

• OHLENSCHLAGER, ADAM GOTTLOB (1779-1850)

Ohlenschlager, Kurzgefasste Geschichte and Beschreibung der Stadt Posen (Posen, 1886) ; Warschauer, Stadtbuch von Posen (Posen, 1892) ; and Fiihrer durch Posen (Posen, 1895) .