See also:

• POSIDONIUS (c. 130-50 B.C.)

POSIDONIUS (c. 130-50 B.C.)  , nicknamed " the See also:

• ATHLETE (Gr. aOX177'7r; Lat. athleta)

Athlete," Stoic philosopher, the most learned See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time' (so See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo rwv KaO' ins as 4aXov60cwv sroX vµa%o raros, See also:

• GALEN (or GALENUS), CLAUDIUS
• GALEN, CHRISTOPH BERNHARD, FREIHERR VON (16o6-1678)

Galen E1-so-s- µovtxciraros) and perhaps of all the school . A native of See also:

• APAMEA

Apamea in See also:

• SYRIA

Syria and a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of See also:

• PANAETIUS (c. 185-18o to I10-108 B.C.)

Panaetius, he spent after his teacher's See also:

• DEATH

death many years in travel and scientific researches in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain (particularly at Gades), See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul, See also:

• LIGURIA

Liguria, See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily and on the eastern shores of the Adriatic . When he settled as a teacher at See also:

• RHODES
• RHODES, CECIL JOHN (1853-1902)
• RHODES, JAMES FORD

Rhodes (hence his surname " the Rhodian ") his fame attracted numerous scholars; next to Panaetius he did most, by writings and See also:

• PERSONAL

personal intercourse, to spread Stoicism in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• WORLD

world, and he became well known to many leading men, such as See also:

• MARIUS, GAIUS (r55–86 B.c.)

Marius, Rutilius See also:

• RUFUS, GAIUS VALGIUS
• RUFUS, LUCIUS VARIUS (c 74—14 B.c.)

Rufus, See also:

• POMPEY

Pompey and See also:

• CICERO

Cicero . The last-named studied under him (78–77 B.C.), and speaks as his admirer and friend . He visited See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, e.g. on an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy in 86 B.C., but probably did not See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle there as a teacher . His See also:

• WORKS

works, now lost, were written in an attractive See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and proved a mine of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information to later writers . The titles and subjects of more than twenty of them are known . In See also:

• COMMON

common with other See also:

• STOICS

Stoics of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, he displayed eclectic tendencies, following the older Stoics, Panaetius, See also:

• PLATO

Plato and See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle . His admiration for Plato led him to write a commentary on the See also:

• TIMAEUS (c. 345—c. 250 B.e.)

Timaeus; in another way it is shown by important modifications which he made in psychological See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine . Unquestionably more of a polymath than a philosopher, he appears uncritical and superficial . But at the time his spirit of inquiry provoked Strabo's See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism as something See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien to the school (TO aLTLOJW')'LKOY Kai TO O.pLQTOTEXtrOY, 57E13 EKKXtPOVOLY 01 , pETEpot) . In natural See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography, natural See also:

• HISTORY

history, See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics and See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy he took a genuine See also:

• INTEREST

interest .

He sought to determine the distance and magnitude of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, to calculate the See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth and the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon on the tides . His history of the period from 146 to 88 B.C., in fifty-two books, must have been a valuable storehouse of facts . Cicero, who submitted to his criticism the See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs which he had written in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek of his consulship, made use of writings of See also:

• POSIDONIUS (c. 130-50 B.C.)

Posidonius in De natura deorum, bk. ii., and De divinatione, bk. i., and the author of the pseudo-Aristotelian See also:

• TREATISE

treatise De m undo also borrowed from him . See See also:

• ZELLER, EDUARD (1814-1908)

Zeller, Philosophic der Griechen, iii . 1, 570–584 (in Eng. trans., See also:

• ECLECTICISM (from Gr. fr)

Eclecticism, 56–7o) ; C . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, Fragmenta historicorum graecorum, iii . 245–296; J . See also:

• BAKE, JAN (1787-1864)

Bake, Posidonii Rhodii reliquiae (See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden, 181o), a valuable monograph; R . Scheppig, De Posidonio reruon gentium terrarum scriptore (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1869) ; R . Hirzel, Untersuchungen zu Ciceros philosophischen Schriften, i . 191 seq., ii . 257 seq., 325 seq., 477–535, 756–789, iii .

342–378 (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1877) ; Thiaucourt, Essai sur See also:

• LES

les traitis philosophiques de Ciceron (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1885) ; Schmekel, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Philosophic der mittlern Sloe (1892); See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold, Untersuchungen fiber See also:

• THEOPHANES

Theophanes von Mytilene and Posidonius von Apamea (1882) .