POSTAGE  STAMPS For all See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical purposes the See also:

• HISTORY

history of postage stamps begins in the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom . A See also:

• POST

post-paid envelope was in See also:

• COMMON

common use in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in the See also:

• YEAR

year 1653 . Stamped postal See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter-See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper (carta postale bollata) was issued to the public by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the Sardinian States in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1818, and stamped postal envelopes were issued by the same government from 182o until 1836.1 Stamped wrappers for See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers were made experimentally in See also:

• LONDON

London by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• WHITING
• WHITING (Gadus merlangus)

Whiting, under the name of " go-frees," in 183o . Four years later (See also:

• JUNE

June 1834), and in See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance of what Whiting had already done, Charles See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

Knight, the well-known publisher, in a letter addressed to See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Althorp, then See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer, recommended similar wrappers for See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption . From this See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion apparently See also:

• ROWLAND, HENRY AUGUSTUS (1848-1901)

Rowland See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, who is justly regarded as the originator of postage stamps, got his See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea . Meanwhile, however, the adhesive See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp was made experimentally by See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• CHALMERS, ALEXANDER (1759-1834)
• CHALMERS, GEORGE (1742-1825)
• CHALMERS, GEORGE PAUL (1836-1878)
• CHALMERS, JAMES (1841-1901)
• CHALMERS, THOMAS (1780-1847)

Chalmers in his See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing-See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office at See also:

• DUNDEE
• DUNDEE, JOHN GRAHAM OF CLAVERHOUSE, VISCOUNT (c. 1649-1689)

Dundee in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1834.2 These experimental stamps were printed from See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary type, and were made adhesive by a See also:

• WASH, THE

wash of See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum . Chalmers had already won See also:

• LOCAL

local distinction by his successful efforts in 1822, for the See also:

• ACCELERATION (from Lat. accelerare, to hasten, celer, quick)

acceleration of the Scottish mails from London . Those efforts resulted in a saving of See also:

• FORTY

forty-eight See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours on the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• MAIL

mail See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey, and were highly appreciated in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . Rowland Hill brought the adhesive stamp under the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of the commissioners of post office inquiry on the 13th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1837 . Chalmers made no public mention of his stamp of 1834 until November 1837 . Rowland Hill's pamphlet led to the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons on the 22nd of November 1837, " to inquire into the rates and modes of charging postage, with a view to such a reduction thereof as may be made without injury to the See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue." This committee reported in favour of Hill's proposals; and an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act was passed in 1839, authorizing the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury to See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix the rates of postage, and regulate the mode of their collection, whether by prepayment or otherwise . A See also:

• PREMIUM (Lat. praemium, profit, reward, prae+emere, to buy)

premium of £200 was offered for the best, and boo for the next best, proposal for bringing stamps into use, having regard to i Stamp-See also:

• COLLECTOR

Collector's See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine, v .

161 seq.; J . E . See also:

• GRAY
• GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
• GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
• GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
• GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
• GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
• GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
• GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
• GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
• GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
• GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
• GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
• GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)

Gray, Illustrated See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue of Postage Stamps, 6th ed., 167 . 2 See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick Chalmers, See also:

• SIR

Sir Rowland Hill and James Chalmers, Inventor of the Adhesive Stamp (London, 1882), passim . See also the same writer's pamphlet, entitled The Position of Sir Rowland Hill made See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain (1882), and his The Adhesive Stamp: a Fresh See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

Chapter in the History of Post-Office Reform (1881) . Compare See also:

• PEARSON, CHARLES HENRY (1830-1894)
• PEARSON, JOHN (1612-1686)
• PEARSON, JOHN LOUGHBOROUGH (1817-1897)

Pearson Hill's See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract, A Paper on Postage Stamps, in reply to Chalmers, reprinted from the Philatelic See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

Record of November 1881 . Pearson Hill has therein shown conclusively the priority of publication by Sir Rowland Hill . He has also given See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of James Chalmers's See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express See also:

• ACKNOWLEDGMENT (from the old acknow, a compound of on- and know, to know by the senses, which passed through the forms oknow, aknow and acknow; acknowledge is formed on analogy of " knowledge ")

acknowledgment of that priority . But he has not weakened the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the priority of invention by Chalmers . " (r) the convenience as regards the public use; (2) the See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security against See also:

• FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin fabricare, to construct)

forgery; (3) the facility of being checked and distinguished at the post office, which must of See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity be rapid; and (4) the expense of the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production and circulation of the stamps." To this invitation 2600 replies were received, but no improvement was made upon Rowland Hill's suggestions . A further See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

Minute, of the 26th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1839, announced that the treasury had decided to require that, as far as practicable, the postage of letters should be prepaid, and such prepayment effected by means of stamps . Stamped covers or wrappers, stamped envelopes, and adhesive stamps were to be issued by government .

The stamps were engraved by Messrs See also:

• PERKINS, CHARLES CALLAHAN (1823-1886)
• PERKINS, JACOB (1766-1849)

Perkins, See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon & Petch, of See also:

• FLEET

Fleet See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street, from Hill's designs, and the See also:

• MULREADY, WILLIAM (1786–1863)

Mulready envelopes and covers by Messrs Clowes & Son, of Blackfriars . The stamps were appointed to be brought into use on the 6th of May 184o, but they appear to have been issued to the public as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the 1st of May . The See also:

• PENNY (Mid. Eng. peni or peny, from O. Eng. form penig, earlier penning and pending; the word appears in Ger. Pfennig and Du. penning; it has been connected with Du. pand, Ger. Pfand, and Eng. " pawn,". the word meaning a little pledge or token, or with G
• PENNY, GIANFRANCESCO (1488–1528)

penny stamp, bearing a See also:

• PROFILE

profile of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria, was coloured See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, and the twopenny stamp See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue, with check-letters in the See also:

• LOWER

lower angles (in all four angles from See also:

• APRIL

April 1858) . Up to the 28th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 18 J4 the stamps were not officially perforated, except in the session of 1851, when stamps, perforated by a Mr See also:

• ARCHER, WILLIAM (1856— )

Archer, were issued at the House of Commons post office . In 1853 the government See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased Archer's patent for £4000 . The stamps were first See also:

• WATER

water-marked in April 184o . The See also:

• CANTON
• CANTON (borrowed from the Ital. cantone, a corner or angle)
• CANTON (more correctly KWANG-CHOW Fu)
• CANTON, JOHN (1718-1772)

canton of See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich was the first See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state to adopt postage stamps, in 1843 . The stamps reached See also:

• AMERICA

America in the same year, being introduced by the government of See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil . That of the United States did not adopt them until 1847; but a tentative issue was made by the post office of New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York in 1845 . An adhesive stamp was also issued at St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis in the same year, and in Rhode See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island in the next . In See also:

• EUROPE

Europe the Swiss cantons of See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva (1844) and of See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel (1845) soon followed the example set by Zurich . In the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire the use of postage stamps became See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general in 1848 (after preliminary issues at St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg and in See also:

• FINLAND (Finnish, Suomi or Suomenmaa)

Finland in 1845) .

See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France issued them in 1849 . The same year witnessed their introduction into See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany, See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium and See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, and also into New See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales . See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, followed in 185o . The use of postage stamps seems to have extended to the Hawaiian Islands (1851?) a year before it reached the Dutch See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands (1852) . Within twenty-five years of the first issue of a postage stamp in London, the known varieties, issued in all parts of the See also:

• WORLD

world, amounted to 1391 . Of these 841 were of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European origin, 333 were See also:

• AMERICAN

American, 59 See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic, 55 See also:

• AFRICAN

African . The varieties of stamp issued in the several countries of See also:

• OCEANIA

Oceania were 103 . Of the whole 1391 stamps no less than 811 were already obsolete in 1865, leaving 58o still in currency .