See also:

• PRAETOR (Lat. prae-itor, " he who goes before," "a leader")

PRAETOR (See also:

• LAT

Lat. prae-itor, " he who goes before," "a See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader")  , originally a military See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, was in classical times the designation of the highest magistrates in the Latin towns . The See also:

• ROMAN

Roman consuls were at first called praetors; in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of the Twelve Tables (45o B.C.) they appear to have had no other title . By the Licinian See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of 367, which abolished the military tribunes with consular See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and enacted that the supreme executive should henceforward be in the hands of the two consuls, a new See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate was at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time created who was to be a colleague of the consuls, though with See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank and lesser • See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers . This new magistrate was entrusted with the exclusive See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction in See also:

• CIVIL

civil cases; in other respects his powers resembled those of the consuls . His distinctive title was the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city See also:

• PRAETOR (Lat. prae-itor, " he who goes before," "a leader")

praetor (praetor urbanus), and in aftertime, when the number of praetors was increased, the city praetor always ranked first . To this new magistrate the title of " praetor " was thenceforward properly restricted.' About 242 the increase of a See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome necessitated the creation of a second praetor for the decision of suits between foreigners (peregrini) or between citizens and foreigners . This praetor was known at a later time as the " foreign praetor " (praetor peregrinus) 2 About 227 two more praetors were added to administer the recently acquired provinces of See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily and See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia . The See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain occasioned the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of two more in 197, of whom one governed Hither and the other Further Spain . The number of praetors, thus augmented to six, remained stationary till See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

Sulla's time (82) . But in the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval their duties vastly multiplied . On the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, five new provinces were added to the Roman dominions—See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia and Achaia in 146, See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa in the same See also:

• YEAR

year, See also:

• ASIA

Asia in 134, Gallia Narbonensis in 118, See also:

• CILICIA

Cilicia probably in 102 . On the other hand, new and permanent See also:

• JURY

jury courts (quaestiones per petuae) were instituted at Rome, over which the praetors were called on to preside .

To meet this increase of business the See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure of See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of the praetors and also of the consuls was practically prolonged from one to two years, with the distinction that in their second year of office they See also:

• BORE

bore the titles of propraetor and proconsul instead of praetor and See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul . The prolongation of office, together with the participation of the proconsuls in duties which properly See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to the praetors, formed the basis of Sulla's arrangements . He increased the number of the praetors from six to eight, and ordained that henceforward all the eight should in their first year administer See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice at Rome and in their second should as propraetors undertake the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of provinces . The courts over which the praetors presided, in addition to those of the city praetor and the foreign praetor, dealt with the following offences: oppression of the provincials by See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors (repetundarum), See also:

• BRIBERY (from the O. Fr. briberie, begging or vagrancy, bribe, Mid. Lat. briba, signifying a piece of bread given to beggars; the Eng. " bribe " has passed through the meanings of alms, blackmail and extortion, to gifts received or given in order to influ

bribery (ambitus), See also:

• EMBEZZLEMENT (A.-Fr. embesilement, from beseler or besillier, to destroy)

embezzlement (peculatus), See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason (majestatis), See also:

• MURDER

murder (de sicariis et veneficis), and probably See also:

• FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin fabricare, to construct)

forgery (falsi) . A tenth See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province 1 Some writers, following See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy vi . 42, assert that at first the praetorship was open to See also:

• PATRICIANS (Lat. patricius, an adjectival form from pater, father; not, as some say, from pater and ciere, to call)

patricians only, but See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen (Rom . Staatsrecht ii . 195 [204] shows that this is probably a See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake . The See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of a plebeian to the office for the first time in 337 was certainly opposed by the consul who presided at the election, but there appears to have been no legal obstacle to it . 2 [His See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official title in republican times was Praetor qui inter peregrinos See also:

• JUS

jus dicit, under the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire Praetor qui inter Gives peregrinos jus dicit, until the time of See also:

• VESPASIAN

Vespasian, when the abbreviated title praetor peregrinus came into use.] (Gallia cisalpina) was added to the previous nine, and thus the praetorship) some lasted into the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and were copied in the constitution of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople . Besides their judicial functions, the praetors, as colleagues of the consuls, possessed, though in a less degree, all the consular powers, which they regularly exercised in the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of the consuls; but in the presence of a consul they exercised them only at the See also:

• SPECIAL

special command either of the consul or, more usually, of the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate . Thus the praetor possessed military power (imperium); even the city praetor, though attached by his office to Rome, could not only See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy troops but also in certain cir-, cumstances take the command in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person .

As provincial governors the praetors had frequent occasion to exercise their military powers, and they were often accorded a See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph . The city praetor presided over popular assemblies for the election of certain inferior magistrates, but all the praetors officiating in Rome had the right to summon assemblies for the purpose of legislation . In the absence of the consuls the city praetor, and in See also:

• DEFAULT (Fr. defaut, from defailler, to fail, Lat. fallere)

default of him the other praetors, were empowered to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call meetings of the senate . Public religious duties, such as the fulfilment of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state vows, the celebration of sacrifices and See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games, and the fixing of the See also:

• DATES

dates of movable feasts, probably only fell to the praetors in the absence of the consuls . But since in the early times the consuls as a See also:

• RULE

rule spent only the first months of their year of office in Rome, it is probable that a consider-able See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share of religious business devolved on the city praetor; this was certainly the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case with the Festival of the See also:

• CROSS

Cross-roads (compitalia), and he directed the games in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo from their institution in 212 . See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus in 22 placed the direction of all the popular festivals in the hands of the praetors, and it is not without significance that the praetors continued thus to See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister to the pleasures of the Roman See also:

• MOB

mob for centuries after they had ceased almost entirely to transact the business of the state .