See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)  ,-the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the Bohemian See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of an See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop and an Imperial See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, and the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the Bohemian See also:

• DIET

Diet . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the See also:

• TOWN

town, including the suburbs that have not yet been incorporated with it, was 460,849 in 1906 . Somewhat under a fifth of the population are Germans, the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest belong to the Bohemian (See also:

• CZECH (in Bohemian, Cech)

Czech) See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality . See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague is situated on both See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the See also:

• RIVER

river Vltava (Ger . Moldau) in 50°5' N., 14°25' E., 150 M . N.W. of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna and 75 S.S.E. of See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city is divided into eight districts, which are numbered thus: I . Stare mesto (the old town), II . Nove mesto (the new town); III . See also:

• MALA

Mala strana (the small See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side " See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter "); IV . Hradeany; V . Josefske mesto (See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph's, formerly the Jewish, town); VI .

Vysehrad; VII . Holesovic-Bubna; VIII. the suburbs Karlin (Ger . Karolinenthal), Vinohrady and Smichov are not yet incorporated with the city . Prague was by its See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical situation naturally destined to become the capital of Bohemia, as it lies in the centre of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . The origin of Prague goes back to a very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early date, though, as is the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case with most very ancient cities, the tales connected with its origin are no doubt legendary . The earliest inhabited spot within the precincts of the See also:

• PRESENT

present city was the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill named Vysehrad (higher See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, See also:

• ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

acropolis) on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the Vltava . Here the semi-mythical See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince Krok, his daughter Libusa, and her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband the See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant Premysl are stated to have resided . To Libusa is attributed also the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement on the opposite bank of the Vltava on the Hradcany hill . The ancient Bohemian chronicler See also:

• COSMAS

Cosmas of Prague gives a very picturesque See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of this semi-mythical occurrence . It is probable that at an early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period buildings sprang up in those parts of the present Stare mesto and Mala strana that are situated nearest to the banks of the river . These banks were from a very remote period connected by a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge . This bridge was probably situated very near the spot where See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles IV. afterwards built the famed " bridge of Prague." It is probable that independently of the Hradcany and Vysehrad settlements a certain number of buildings existed as early as 993 on the site of the present Pofic See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street (near the station of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state railway) .

The city continued to increase, and during the reign of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Vratislav (1o6r–ro92) many Germans were attracted to Prague . In 1235 King See also:

• WENCESLAUS (1361-1419)

Wenceslaus I. surrounded the old town—that is to say, the buildings on the right bank of the Vltava—with a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall and ditch . These fortifications, starting from the river, followed the See also:

• LINE

line of the present Elisabeth Street, the Pfikopy or Graben—which therefrom derives its name, signifying ditch or See also:

• TRENCH, RICHARD CHENEVIX (1807-1886)

trench—and then that of the Ovocna and Ferdinandova Streets . The Jewish quarter was included in the fortifications, but it was divided by See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates and a wall from the old town . King Ottakar II. also contributed greatly to the enlargement of Prague . The still extant fortified towers of the Hradcany belong to his reign . The See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign, however, to whom Prague is most indebted is the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Charles IV . (Charles I., as king of Bohemia) . He has rightly been called the second founder of Prague . He founded the university, one of the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent . It immediately became famous all over See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and students flocked to it from all countries . The town soon became too small, and it is probably in consequence of this that Charles determined to found the " new town." This, which includes the greater See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• MODERN

modern city, was surrounded by walls, which starting from the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the Vysehrad included the small already-existing settlement of Po?ic and then adjoined the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the old town from the beginning of the present Pfikopy Street up to the river .

During the Hussite See also:

• WARS

wars Prague suffered greatly . Two of the greatest battles of the Hussite wars, that of the Lihkov and that of the Vysehrad (both 1420), were fought on the outskirts of Prague, and after the last-named See also:

• BATTLE

battle the ancient Vysehrad castle was entirely destroyed . The Bohemian nobles in See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with the citizens of the old town attacked and conquered the new town, which for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time lost its privileges and became subject to the old town . Prague gradually recovered during the reign of King See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George of See also:

• PODEBRAD, GEORGE OF (1420-1471)

Podebrad, and became yet more prosperous during that of King Vladislay . During the reign of See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand I. of See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg (;526–1564) Prague played a considerable part in the opposition to that prince caused in Bohemia by his endeavour to reduce both the See also:

• POLITICAL

political and religious See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of the country . When the antagonism between the Romanist See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty and the Bohemian Protestants culminated in the troubles of 1546 and 1547 and the Bohemians, after a weak and unsuccessful See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to assert their liberties, were obliged to submit unconditionally to the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Habsburg, Prague was deprived of many of its liberties and privileges . The burgomaster of the old town was one of those who were decapitated in the Hradcany Square (Aug . 20, 1547) . Ferdinand had summoned a meeting of the estates on that See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day at the adjoining Hradcany See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, and it became known as the " bloody diet " (Krvavy snhm) . The importance of the city of Prague greatly increased during the reign of See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

Rudolph II . That sovereign See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose Prague as his permanent residence and it thus became—as Rudolph, besides being king of Bohemia, was also See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German emperor, king of See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary and ruler of the hereditary Habsburg lands—the centre of his vast domains . It was in Prague that the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out .

On the 23rd of May 1618 the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant nobles of Bohemia threw from the windows of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council chamber of the Hradeany palace two of the Imperial councillors who were accused of having influenced in a manner unfavourable to the Bohemians the emperor See also:

• MATTHIAS
• MATTHIAS (1557-1619)

Matthias, who was also king of Bohemia . War broke out and continued when in 1619 Matthias was succeeded by Ferdinand . In the same See also:

• YEAR

year the Bohemians elected as their king See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick of the See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

Palatinate, and both he and his wife See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England were crowned in St See also:

• VITUS, ST (German, Veit; French, Guy)

Vitus's See also:

• CATHEDRAL

Cathedral . On the 8th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1620 the Bohemian forces were decisively defeated by the Imperialists on the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

Mountain at the outskirts of Prague . The town submitted on the following day and the whole country was quickly subdued by the Imperialist armies . On the 21st of See also:

• JUNE

June 1621 the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal leaders of the rising against the house of Habsburg were beheaded in the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market of the old town near the town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall . In 1631 Prague was occupied for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time by the Saxon See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies of Gustavus See also:

• ADOLPHUS, JOHN LEYCESTER (1795-1862)

Adolphus, king of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, but the Imperial See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army led been greatly exaggerated. by See also:

• WALLENSTEIN (properly WALDSTEIN), ALBRECHT WENZEL EUSEBIUS VON

Wallenstein soon obliged them to retire . In 1648 a See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish army stormed the Mal& strana and Hradcany . The citizens, now entirely Romanists, bravely defended the bridge, and the Swedes were unable to obtain See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the part of Prague situated on the right bank of the Vltava . • In November the See also:

• NEWS

news of the conclusion of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia reached Prague and put a stop to hostilities . Henceforth the See also:

• HISTORY

history of Prague continues uneventful for a considerable period . During the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian War of See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession it again became the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of important events .

On the 26th of November 1741 Prague was stormed by an army consisting of Bavarians, See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons which upheld the cause of Charles, elector of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, who claimed the succession to the Bohemian See also:

• THRONE

throne and to the other domains of the house of Habsburg . A large part of the Bohemian See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility did See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage to Charles, and he was crowned king of Bohemia in St Vitus's Cathedral on the 17th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1741 . The See also:

• RULE

rule of the Bavarian prince lasted, however, but a very short time . On the 27th of June 1742 the armies of the empress Maria See also:

• THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa began to besiege the French army of See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal Belle-Isle in Prague, and the French See also:

• COMMANDER

commander was obliged to evacuate the city in December 1742 . In the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of the following year Maria Theresa arrived at Prague and was crowned there, but in 1744 the city was again the scene of warfare . In that year Frederick the See also:

• GREAT

Great of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia invaded Bohemia and obtained possession of Prague after a severe and prolonged See also:

• BOMBARDMENT

bombardment, in the course of which a large part of the town was destroyed . The Prussian occupation was, however, of short duration . At the beginning of the Seven Years' War Prague was—in 1757—again besieged by Frederick the Great after he had defeated the Austrians in a battle between the Giikov and Pocernic (commonly called the battle of Prague, see SEVEN YEARS' WAR) . In June of the same year the Austrian victory at See also:

• KOLIN

Kolin obliged the Prussians to raise the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege . Prague, which had suffered even more during the second bombardment, now enjoyed a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long period of quiet . In the beginning of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century Prague, which had become almost a German city, became the centre of a See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement that endeavoured to revive the almost See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct Bohemian nationality . This movement was greatly aided by the foundation of the " Society of the Bohemian Museum " in 1822 .

Several patriotic Bohemian noblemen founded this association . The collections belonging to it and its library were at first housed in the Mali strana, then in a somewhat larger See also:

• BUILDING

building in the Pi=ikopy . They are now in a large handsome building at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the Vaclayske Namesti . In connexion with the Bohemian museum a society named Malice (See also:

• TREASURY

treasury) was founded, which published See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of the ancient Bohemian See also:

• WORKS

works, as well as writings of modern Bohemian authors . This movement was at first purely See also:

• LITERARY

literary, and only in 1848 assumed a political See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . It was determined to hold at Prague a " Slavic See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress " at which all Slavic countries were to be represented . During the sittings of the congress troubles broke out which originated in an insignificant conflict between students and soldiers of the See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison . Barricades were erected and the town finally surrendered unconditionally after a severe bombardment (June 1848) . In 1866 the Prussians, who had invaded Bohemia, occupied Prague (See also:

• JULY

July 8) without encountering any resistance . At the " See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue See also:

• STAR

Star " hotel in Prague also was signed the treaty which ended the war between See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria and Prussia (Aug . 23) . 249 In the years of peace that followed, the development of Prague was See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant and vast .

The removal of the fortifications greatly assisted this development . The communities of Vygehrad (1883), Holesovic-Bubna (1884) and Libeh (1901) were consecutively included in the city . Occasional riots, such as in 1897, when the Bohemians were exasperated by the See also:

• ACTION

action of the Vienna See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government which restricted the use of the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language in the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law courts; and in 1905, when the See also:

• PEOPLE

people demanded an See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage, have not interfered with the increasing prosperity of the city, and their importance has Though numerous ancient monuments at Prague have been destroyed in consequence of See also:

• INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

intestine strife and See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign warfare, the city still contains many of great value and may be considered one of the most interesting cities of central Europe . The natural situation of the town has also at all periods been greatly admired . The centre of the old town and indeed of the entire community of Prague is the town hall (staromestska radnice), which is surrounded by the market-place, the scene of the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of the Bohemian patriots in 1621 . The buildings of the town hall date from various periods . Its oldest parts are the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower and the See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel of St See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence, built in 1381 . The adjoining ancient council chamber See also:

• DATES

dates from the reign of King Vladislav (1471-1516) . The modern hall that is now used for the meetings of the town council is decorated by two paintings of the Bohemian artist Wenceslaus Brozik, which represent Hus before the council of See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance, and the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of George of Podebrad as king of Bohemia . In the market-place opposite the town hall is situated the ancient Ty-n See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, memorable as having been the religious centre of the Hussite movement . A chapel connected with the so-called Tyn or market-place of the German traders stood here from the earliest times, but the present building was begun in the 14th century, and completed in the 15th during the reign of George of Podebrad . The See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• FACADE

facade built by that king was formerly adorned with a statue of King George, who was represented as holding a See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword pointing upward to a See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of the See also:

• CHALICE (through a central O. Fr. form of the Lat. calix, calicis, cup)

chalice, the See also:

• EMBLEM (Gr. Eµ3Xysa, something put in or inserted, from EµfiiXAew, to throw in)

emblem of the Hussite Church .

Both statue and chalice were removed by the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits in 1623 . In the interior of the church the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of the astronomer Tycho See also:

• BRAHE, PER, COUNT (1602-1680)
• BRAHE, TYCHO (1546-1601)

Brahe is notable, as is the very ancient See also:

• PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit from which the Hussite archbishop See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of Rokycan preached . In earlier days the Church reformers Milic and Hus also preached here . See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Close to the town hall is the Joseph-Stadt, the ancient See also:

• GHETTO

ghetto of Prague . The See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue is one of the oldest in Europe, and the adjoining See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery—part of which has unfortunately been destroyed in the course of the modern sanitary improvement of this part of Prague—has great See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• INTEREST

interest . The university founded by Charles IV. in 1348 played a great part in the history of Bohemia during the Hussite wars . The lecture-rooms and other institutions connected with the two See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities—in 1881 and 1882 a Bohemian university was founded though the German one continued to exist—are now housed in two vast buildings known as the Carolinum and the Clementinum . The Carolinum, first built about the year 1383 but frequently altered, has a closer connexion with Hus and the Hussite movement than any other building at Prague . It was the scene of many religious discussions, and it was here also that the Bohemian nobles met before the uprising of 1618 . The large part of the lecture-rooms, the See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory and the very valuable library are in the Clementinum . This building was formerly a See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of the Jesuits, who established themselves in Prague in 1556 and erected these extensive buildings at various periods between 1578 and 1715 . The Celetna ulice, which leads from the town hall to the limits of the old town contains at its extremity the so-called See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder tower (prasna brana) .

It occupies the spot where one of the old town gates was situated, and was built by King Vladislav in that elaborate See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture which is known as the style of Vladislay . The building was very skilfully restored in 1880-1883 . The powder tower stands at the corner of the Pfikopy (in Ger . Graben) which with its continuations, the Ovocna ulice and the Ferdinandova ulice, is the most animated part of modern Prague . At the extreme end of the Ferdinandova ulice is the modern Bohemian national See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre . The " new town " of Prague, though not equal in interest to the " old town," is also well See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth See also:

• NOTICE

notice . At the extremity of the place of Wenceslaus (Vaclayske Nafnesti) is situated the handsome building that contains the collections and library of the Bohemian museum . The museum was opened by the See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

Archduke Charles See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis of Austria on the 18th of May 1891 . Of the many interesting churches in the " new town " the Karlov deserves See also:

• SPECIAL

special mention . It was built by Charles IV. in 135o in the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic style, but was restored in the 18th century . The monastery that formerly ad- joined this church has been suppressed and its buildings are now used as a See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital . Near the Karlov church is the Karlovo Namesti (place of Charles), in which is situated the former town hall of the " new town," from the windows of which the councillors were thrown at the beginning of the Hussite wars .

The Vysehrad, now a part of Prague, adjoins the " new town." It has preserved but slight traces of its ancient splendour . It contains, however, the Romanesque chapel of S See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin, the Church of SS See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter and See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, and .the adjoining cemetery where many of the leaders of the Bohemian national movement are buried . The districts of Prague situated on the See also:

• LEFT

left bank of the Vltava are connected with the other parts of the city by See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges, of which the oldest is the Karlovo most (bridge of Charles) . The present structure was begun by Charles IV. in 1357, but in consequence of frequent storms and inundations it was only completed in 1503 . The statues on the bridge are of an even later date . Not far from the bridge in the centre of the Mali strana is the See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to See also:

• RADETZKY, JOSEF, COUNT OF RADETZ (1766-1858)

Radetzky, erected in 1858 out of captured Piedmontese See also:

• CANNON (a word common to Romance languages, from the Lat. canna, a reed, tube, with the addition of the augmentative termination -on, -one)

cannon . Near here are the palaces of the governor of Bohemia and that in which the Bohemian diet (snem) now meets . At the extreme end of the Mali strana is the extensive Strahov monastery, from the terraces of which the finest view of the city of Prague can be obtained . The monastery possesses one of the most valuable See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries in Prague and a small picture See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery . The church of the monastery contains the tomb of the famous See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• PAPPENHEIM, GOTTFRIED HEINRICH, COUNT OF (1594—1632)

Pappenheim . In the Mali strana and the adjoining Hradcany are situated the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter residences of the wealthy Bohemian nobility . Of the many palaces, the Waldstein, See also:

• SCHWARZENBERG
• SCHWARZENBERG, KARL PHILIPP, PRINCE ZU (1771-1820)

Schwarzenberg—formerly Rosenberg--palaces, the two palaces of the See also:

• COUNTS

counts See also:

• THUN (Fr. Thoune)
• THUN, LAKE OF

Thun and that of Prince Lobkowitz are the most interesting, On the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the Hrad&ny is the vast palace of the ancient See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of Bohemia, which also contains the hall where the estates of Bohemia formerly met .

During the Hussite wars most of the buildings on the Hradcany hill were destroyed, and a large part of the castle still known as the halls of Vladislav was rebuilt by the kings of that name . The handsome halls known as the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and German halls were erected by Ferdinand I., and additions were made by other sovereigns also . The Hradcany was for a time the residence of Rudolph, See also:

• CROWN

crown prince of Austria, and it is also occupied by the emperor of Austria during his visits to Prague . Adjoining the Hradcany palace is the famed Cathedral of St Vitus, where the kings of Bohemia were crowned . The earliest church on this spot was built by St Wenceslaus, and the present building was begun by Charles IV. and has as yet remained unfinished . The cathedral contains the chapel of St Wenceslaus, where the insignia of the Bohemian kings are preserved, the tomb of St John of See also:

• NEPOMUK (or Pollux), JOHN OF

Nepomuk, and a monument to the Bohemian sovereigns who are buried here, the See also:

• WORK

work of See also:

• COLIN, ALEXANDRE (1526-1612)

Colin of See also:

• MALINES (Flemish, Mechelen, called in the middle ages by the Latin name Mechlinia, whence the spelling Mechlin)

Malines . On the slope of the Hradea.ny hill are the ancient towers named Mikulka, Daliborka, the white tower and the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black tower, which formed part of the fortified works erected by Ottakar II . (1253-1278) . The suburbs of Prague contain few See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of interest, but they are centres of the rapidly increasing See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade and See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry of Prague . See See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Ltitzow, Prague, in "Mediaeval Towns" See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1902) ; Tomek, Dejepis Mesta Prahy (History of the town of Prague), the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard work on Prague, which the author only continued up to the year 1608 .