PRAM (Du. praam)  , the name of a flat-bottomed boat or barge used as a " lighter " for discharging and loading cargo in the ports of the Baltic and North Sea . The word, which is common in various forms to all the languages bordering on those seas, is originally Slavonic; its ultimate etymology connects it with the words found in all Indo-European languages which are to be traced to the root par-, to go through, travel; cf . " fare," " ferry," " far," Gr. w6pos, way, Lat. port are, carry, &c . born at Landsberg on the Lech on the 28th of January 182o, and died on the 14th of September 1888 at Oberstdorf . In 1843 he became doctor of philosophy at Munich Observatory, where he was made professor in 1859 . He was also a member of the Academies of Berlin and Munich . Strongly in agreement with the Hegelian tradition, he defended and amplified it in Die gegenwkrtige Aufgabe der Philosophic (1852) and Versteken and Beurteilen (1877) . In these works he emphasized the identity of the subjective and the objective for consciousness, and the fact that the perception of this unity is peculiar to man . He is more important, however, as a commentator and scholar, and made valuable contributions to the study of Aristotle . He published Aristoteles uber die Farben (1849), Aristoteles' acht Bucher der Physik (1857), and numerous minor articles on smaller points, such as the authenticity of the thirty-eight books of the Problems . The work by which he is best known is the Geschichte der Logik im Abendland (Leipzig, 1855–1870) . Chr .

Sigwart, in the preface to the first edition of his Logic, makes " special mention " of the assistance he obtained from this book .