PRATO  , a See also:

• TOWN

town and episcopal see of See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, 11 m. by See also:

• RAIL

rail N.W. of Florence, 207 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level . Pop . (1906), 20,197 (town); 55,298 (See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune) . It is situated on the Bisenzio, and is dominated by a See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle and surrounded by walls of the 11th and 14th centuries . The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen was begun in the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century in the Tuscan Romanesque See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style; to this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period belongs the narrow See also:

• NAVE

nave with its wide See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches; the raised transepts and the chapels were added by Giovanni See also:

• PISANO, A
• PISANO, ANDREA
• PISANO, GIOVANNI (c. 1250-1330)
• PISANO, NICCOLA (c. 1206-1278)
• PISANO, VITTORE (c. 1380-1456)

Pisano in 1317–1320; the campanile See also:

• DATES

dates from 1340 (it is a much smaller and less elaborate version of See also:

• GIOTTO

Giotto's campanile at Florence), while the See also:

• FACADE

facade, also of alternate See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone and See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green See also:

• SERPENTINE

serpentine, belongs to 1413 . It has a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. Iran, Lat. porte)

doorway with a bas-See also:

• RELIEF

relief by See also:

• ANDREA, GIOVANNI (1275-1348)

Andrea della Robbia over it; but the most striking See also:

• EXTERNAL

external feature is the lovely open-See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air See also:

• PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit at an See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of the See also:

• BUILDING

building, erected by See also:

• DONATELLO (diminutive of Donato) (c. 1386-1466)

Donatello and Michelozzo for displaying to the See also:

• PEOPLE

people without See also:

• RISK

risk the Virgin's See also:

• GIRDLE (O. Eng. gyrdel, from gyrdan, to gird; cf. Ger. Gurtel, Dutch gordel, from giirten and gorden; "gird" and its doublet " girth " together with the other Teutonic cognates have been referred by some to the root ghar—to seize, enclose, seen in Gr. )(s

girdle, brought from the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• LAND

Land by a See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight of Prato in 1130 . The pulpit itself has beautiful reliefs of dancing See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children; beneath it is a splendid See also:

• BRONZE

bronze See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . The See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract was given out in 1428, but the See also:

• WORK

work was seriously begun only in 1434 and finished in 1438 . The See also:

• CHAPEL

Chapel of the Girdle has See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good frescoes by Agnolo See also:

• GADDI

Gaddi (1365), a statue of the Virgin by Giovanni Pisano, and a handsome bronze open-work See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen . The frescoes in the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir, with scenes from the See also:

• LIFE

life of St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John the Baptist and St Stephen, are by Fra Filippo See also:

• LIPPI

Lippi (1456–1466) and are his best work; the See also:

• DANCE
• DANCE (Fr. danse; of obscure origin, connected with Old High Ger. danson, to stretch)

dance of See also:

• SALOME

Salome and the lying in See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of St Stephen are the finest of the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series . Among other See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• ART

art may be mentioned the See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay statue of the Madonna dell' Ulivo by Benedetto da Maiano . The massive old Palazzo Pretorio (13th century) has been somewhat modified in details; the adjacent Palazzo Comunale contains a small picture See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery 1 This See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of characters for many years led systematizers astray, though some of them were from the first correct in their notions as to the See also:

• PRATINCOLE

Pratincole's position .

See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus, even in his latest publication, placed it in the genus Hirundo; but the interleaved and annotated copies of his Systema naturae in the Linnean Society's library show the See also:

• SPECIES

species marked for separation and insertion in the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order Grallae—Pratincola trachelia being the name by which he had meant to designate it in any future edition . He seems to have been induced to this See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of view mainly through a specimen of the See also:

• BIRD

bird sent to him by John White, the See also:

• BROTHER

brother of See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert White; but the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion published in 1769 by Scopoli (See also:

• ANN

Ann . I. hilt. naturalis, p. i io) had doubtless contributed thereto, though the earlier See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment to the same effect of See also:

• BRISSON, EUGENE HENRI (1835– )
• BRISSON, MATHURIN JACQUES (1723-1806)

Brisson, as mentioned above, had been disregarded . Different erroneous assignments of the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form have been made even by See also:

• RECENT

recent authors, who neglected the clear See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence afforded by the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal structure of the Pratincole . For instance, Sundevall in 1813 (Tentamen, p . 86) placed Glareola among the Caprimulgidae, a position which See also:

• OSTEOLOGY (Gr. ovTeov, bone)

osteology shows cannot be maintained for a moment.with works by Filippo and Filippino Lippi . A beautiful Madonna by the latter (1497) is in a small See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine at the corner of the Via S . Margherita . The See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church of S . Domenico is a See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic edifice of 1281; that of S . See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco has an almost See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance facade, fine cloisters with a good 15th-century See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb, and a See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house with Giottesque frescoes . The Madonna del Buon Consiglio has some good reliefs by Andrea della Robbia, by whom is also the beautiful See also:

• FRIEZE

frieze in the Madonna delle Carceri .

This church, by Giuliano da See also:

• SANGALLO

Sangallo (1485–1491), is a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CROSS

cross, with See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel vaults over the arms, and a See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome; it is a fine work, and the decoration of the exterior in See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble of different See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours (unfinished) is of a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble simplicity . Some remains exist of the 13th-century fortress, and the large Piazza Mercatale is picturesque . The works of art visible in Prato are due, as will be seen, entirely to Florentine artists . As a whole the town has a somewhat See also:

• MODERN

modern aspect . The See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of Prato embrace the manufacture of woollens (the most important), See also:

• STRAW

straw-plaiting, biscuits, hats, See also:

• MACARONI (from dialectic Ital. maccare, to bruise or crush)

macaroni, candles, See also:

• SILK

silk, See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive oil, clothing and See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture, also See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron works, and See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing . Prato is said to be first mentioned by name in 1107, but the cathedral appears as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1048 as the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish church of Borgo Cornio or Santo Stefano . It was subject to the See also:

• ALBERTI, DOMENICO (c. 1710–1740)
• ALBERTI, LEONE BATTISTA (1404–1472)

Alberti until 118o, and was then under the Imperial supremacy . It appears to have freed itself from this at the end of the 13th century . In 1313 the town acknowledged the authority of See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, and in 135o Niccola Acciajoli, See also:

• SENESCHAL (the O. Fr. form, mod. senechal, of the Low Lat. senescalcus, a word of Teutonic origin, meaning " old or senior servant," Goth. sini- old; cf. Lat. senex and stalks, servant; Du Cange's derivation from seneste, flock, herd, must be rejected)

seneschal of See also:

• JOANNA (1479-1555)

Joanna, sold it to the Florentines for 17,500 florins of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold . In 1512 it was sacked by the Spaniards under See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• CARDONA (perhaps the anc. Udura)

Cardona . In 1653 it obtained the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . See E .

Corradini, Prato (See also:

• BERGAMO
• BERGAMO (anc. Bergomum)

Bergamo, 1905) .