See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from See also:

• LAT

Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)  , the See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of a Divine See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message both to those who have not heard it, and to those who, having heard it, have not accepted it, and the See also:

• REGULAR

regular instruction of the converted in the doctrines and duties of the faith, is a distinctive though not a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar feature of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . The Mahommedans exerciseit freely, and it is not unknown among the Buddhists . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of Christian See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching with which alone this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article is concerned has its roots (I) in the activity of the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew prophets and See also:

• SCRIBES

scribes, the former representing the broader See also:

• APPEAL

appeal, the latter the edification of the faithful, (2) in the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of Jesus See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ and His apostles, where again we have both the evangelical invitation and the teaching of truth and See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty . Which-ever See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element is emphasized in preaching, the preacher is one who believes himself to be the See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador of See also:

• GOD

God, charged with a message which it is his duty to deliver . 1 . The Patristic See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age, to the See also:

• DEATH

Death of St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, A.D . 430.—Of the first two centuries we have very little See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information . From the Acts of the Apostles we gather something as to the methods adopted. by St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter and St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, and these we may believe were more or less See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general . The Apostles who had known the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord would naturally recall the facts of His See also:

• LIFE

life, and the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of His words and See also:

• WORKS

works would See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DEAL

deal of their preaching . After they had passed away and before the Christian Scriptures were canonically sifted and collected there was a See also:

• GAP

gap which for us is only slenderly filled by such productions as the so-called 2nd See also:

• EPISTLE

Epistle of See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement, really a rambling See also:

• HOMILY

homily on repentance and See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession (see CLEMENTINE LITERATURE), and by what we can imagine was the practice of men like See also:

• IGNATIUS ('Iyvfrior)

Ignatius and, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the Apologists . Most of these were primarily writers, but See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

Martyr has See also:

• LEFT

left a reputation for speaking, especially in debate, as well . Some of the writings of See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian (c .

200), e.g. those on See also:

• PATIENCE

Patience and Penitence, read as though they had been spoken, and it is hard to believe that this brilliant rhetorician did not consecrate his See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of address to his new faith . See also:

• CYPRIAN, SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus, called THASCIUS] (c. 200–258)

Cyprian (d . 258), too, was a finished See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker; his Epistle to See also:

• DONATUS, AELIUS

Donatus emphasizes the need of a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple and undecorated See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style in the proclamation of the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

gospel . None of his sermons, however, unless we regard his See also:

• BOOK

book on the Lord's See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

Prayer as a homily, has come down to us . By this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the See also:

• CANON

canon of New Testament Scripture was fairly settled, and with See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen (d . 254),we find the beginning of preaching as an explanation and application of definite texts . Origen was pre-eminently a teacher, and the didactic See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of preaching is thus more conspicuous in his See also:

• WORK

work . When we allow for his excessive use of the allegorical method, there is still left a great deal of See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and suggestiveness . In his hands, as may be seen from the 19 homilies on See also:

• JEREMIAH

Jeremiah that have been preserved in the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek (and others in the Latin of See also:

• RUFINUS, TYRANNIUS

Rufinus), the crude homily of his predecessors began to take a more dignified, orderly and impressive form . Alongside Origen we may See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank See also:

• HIPPOLYTUS
• HIPPOLYTUS, THE CANONS OF

Hippolytus of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome on the strength of the one See also:

• SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

sermon of his which is extant, a See also:

• PANEGYRIC

panegyric on See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism based on the theophany which marked the baptism of Jesus . The 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century marks the See also:

• CULMINATION (from Lat. culmen, summit)

culmination of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Christian preaching . The imperial patronage had made See also:

• EDUCATION

education and social distinctions a greater possibility for the preacher, and the decline of See also:

• POLITICAL

political eloquence furnished an opening for See also:

• PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory .

The didactic element was no longer in See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, for the inrush of multitudes to the Christian faith and the See also:

• BUILDING

building of large churches necessitated a return to the evangelical or proclamatory type of sermon . It was the age of doctrinal controversy, and the intellectual presentation of the Christian position was thus sharpened and See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed . The Antiochene school had set a worthy example of careful exegesis of scripture . It was in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East especially that preaching flourished: See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

Eusebius of Caesarea, Eusebius of Emesa, See also:

• ATHANASIUS (293-373)

Athanasius, Macarius, See also:

• CYRIL (376-444)
• CYRIL (827-869)
• CYRIL (c. 315–386)

Cyril of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, Ephraem Syrus among the orthodox; and of the Arians, See also:

• ARIUS ("Apews)

Arius himself and See also:

• ULFILAS (c. 311-383)

Ulfilas the great See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic missionary, are all of high quality; but above even these stand out the three Cappadocians,See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil (q.v.) of Caesarea,cultured, devout and See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical; his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory (q.v.) of Nyssa, more inclined to the speculative and metaphysical, and Gregory (q.v.) of Nazianzus, richly endowed with poetic and oratorial gifts, the finest preacher of the three . At the See also:

• APEX

apex of the See also:

• PYRAMID

pyramid stands See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch, See also:

• CHRYSOSTOM

Chrysostom (q.v.), who in 387, at the age of 40, began his 12 years' ministry in his native See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and in 399, the six memorable years in See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, where he loved the poor, withstood tyranny and preached with amazing power . 3 . The Later See also:

• MEDIEVAL

Medieval Age, rxoo-.r 5oo.—In the r2th century His sermons, says Dr E . C . Dargan, " show the native oratorical See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct highly trained by study and practice, a careful and sensible (not greatly allegorical) See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of Scripture, a deep concern for the spiritual welfare of his See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge, and a thorough See also:

• CONSECRATION (Lat. consecrallo, from con and sacrare, " to make sacred ")

consecration to his work . His style is impetuous, See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich, torrential at times; his thought is practical and imaginative rather than deeply philosophical . His knowledge of human nature is keen and ample, and his sermons are a remarkable reflection of the See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners and customs of his age . His ethical appeal is See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant and stimulating." In the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West the allegorical method of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander had more See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence than the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical exegesis of Antioch .

This is seen in See also:

• AMBROSE (AMBROISE), AUTPERT (d.' 778)
• AMBROSE (ANDREY SERTIS-KAMENSKIY) (1708-1771)
• AMBROSE (fl. 119o)
• AMBROSE, ISAAC (1604-1663/4)
• AMBROSE, SAINT (c. 340-307)

Ambrose of See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, with whom may be named Hilary of See also:

• POITIERS

Poitiers and Gaudentius of See also:

• BRESCIA
• BRESCIA (anc. Brixia)

Brescia, the friend of Chrysostom, and a See also:

• LINK

link between him and Ambrose . But the only name of first rank in preaching is that of Augustine, and even he is curiously unequal . His fondness for the allegorical and his See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest carelessness of preparation disappoint as often as his profundity, his devout mysticisms, his practical application attract and satisfy . Augustine's De doctrina Christiana, bk. iv., is the first See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to formulate the principles of See also:

• HOMILETICS (Gr. oµi)Vrr oc6s, from O uXe1v, to assemble together)

homiletics . 2 . The Early See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Ages, 4,3o-trop.—After the days of Chrysostom and Augustine there was a great decline of preaching . With the poor exceptions of one or two names like those of See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore of Mopsuestia and John of See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus, the Eastern See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church produced no preachers of distinction . The causes of the ebb were both See also:

• INTERNAL

internal and See also:

• EXTERNAL

external . Within the Church there was a departure from the great experimental truths of the Gospel, their See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place being taken by the preaching of nature and morality on a theistic basis . To this we may add a fantastic and absurd allegorization, the indiscriminate laudation of See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints and martyrs, polemical strife, the hardening of the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine into See also:

• DOGMA (Gr. Sbypa, from b6aeiv, to seem; literally " that which seems, sc. good or true or useful " to any one)

dogma, the development of a narrow ecclesiasticism, and the failure of the missionary spirit in the orthodox See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the Eastern Church (as contrasted with the marvellous evangelistic activity of the See also:

• NESTORIANS

Nestorians (q.v.) . Outside the Church the break-up of old civilizations, the confused beginnings of medieval kingdoms, with the attendant See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war and rapine, the inroads of the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens and the rise of See also:

• ISLAM

Islam, were all effective silencers of the pulpit . Yet the See also:

• NIGHT

night was not without its stars; at Rome See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo the Great and Gregory the Great could preach, and the missionaries See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick, See also:

• COLUMBA, SAINT (Irish, Colum)

Columba, Columbanus, Augustine, See also:

• WILFRID (c. 634-709)

Wilfrid, See also:

• WILLIBRORD (or WILBRORD), ST (d. 738)

Willibrord, See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

Gall and See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

Boniface are known by their fruits .

The homilies of Beda are marked by a See also:

• TENDER

tender devoutness, and here and there rise to glowing eloquence . In the 8th century See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne, through the Capitularies, tried in vain to galvanize preaching; such specimens as we have show the sermons of the times to be marked by superstition, See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance, formality and See also:

• PLAGIARISM

plagiarism . It was the age when the papacy was growing out of the ruins of the old See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, and the best talents were devoted to the organization of ecclesiasticism rather than to the preaching of the Word . Liturgies were taking shape, See also:

• PENANCE (Old Fr. penance, fr. Lat. poenitentia, penitence)

penance was deemed of more importance than repentance, and there was more insistence on discipline than on Christian morality . Towards the end of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period we See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note the beginnings of the triple See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of medieval preaching into cloistral, parochial and missionary or popular preaching, a division based at first on audiences rather than on subject-See also:

• MATTER

matter, the general See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of which—legends and popular stories rather than exposition of Scripture—was much the same everywhere . About this time, no doubt, some preachers began to use the See also:

• VERNACULAR (Lat. verna, dim. vernaculus, a slave horn in his master's house)

vernacular, though no examples of such a practice have been preserved . There are few great names in the 9th, loth and 1rth centuries: See also:

• ANSELM
• ANSELM (c. 1033-1109)

Anselm was a great Churchman, but no great preacher; perhaps the most worthy of mention is Anskar, the missionary to the Scandinavians . Rabanus Maurus published an See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation of Augustine's De doctrina Christiana, bk. iv . But certain forces were at work which were destined to bring about a great revival, viz. the rise of the scholastic See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, the reforms of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• HILDEBRAND, LAY OF (Deis Hildebrandslied)

Hildebrand, and the preaching of the First Crusade by Pope See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban II . (d . 1099) and Peter the See also:

• HERMIT

Hermit . the significant feature is the growing use of the various See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages in competition with the hitherto universal Latin .

The most eminent preacher of the century was See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard of See also:

• CLAIRVAUX

Clairvaux (1091-1153), esteemed alike by See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle and simple, and summing up the popular scholastic and mystical types of preaching . His homilies, though tediously See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute, still breathe a See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm and power (see BERNARD, ST) . Alongside Bernard may be placed the two mystics of St See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor, See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo and See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard, and a little later Peter See also:

• WALDO, SAMUEL LOVETT (1783-1861)

Waldo of See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, who, like See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry of See also:

• LAUSANNE

Lausanne, preached a See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain message to the poor and lowly . The 13th century saw the culmination of medieval preaching, especially in the rise of the two great mendicant orders of See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis and See also:

• DOMINIC, SAINT (1170-1221)

Dominic . Representative Franciscan names are Antony of See also:

• PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua (d . 1231), who travelled and preached through See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe; Berthold of See also:

• REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg (d . 1272), who, with his wit and pathos, See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination and insight, See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew huge crowds all over See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, as in homeliest vernacular he denounced See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin with all the severity of a John the Baptist; and Francis See also:

• BONAVENTURA, SAINT (JOHN OF FIDANZA)

Bonaventura, the schoolman and mystic, who wrote a little book on The See also:

• ART

Art of Preaching . Of the See also:

• DOMINICANS

Dominicans See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• AQUINAS, THOMAS [Thomas of AQUIN or AQUINO], (c 1227--1274)

Aquinas (d . 1274), the theologian, was perhaps also the greatest preacher . With the 14th century a new note, that of See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

reformation, is struck; but on the whole there was a drop from the high level of the 13th . In See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy Bernardino of See also:

• SIENA

Siena on the scholastic side, See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert of See also:

• LECCE (anc. Lupiae)

Lecce and See also:

• GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

Gabriel See also:

• BARLETTA (anc. Barduli)

Barletta on the popular, are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief names; in Germany these phases are represented by John Gritsch and John See also:

• GEILER (or GEYLER) VON KAISERSBERG, JOHANN (1445-gm),

Geiler of Kaiserburg respectively . Among the popular preachers vigour was often blended with coarseness and vulgarity .

See also:

• MYSTICISM (from Or. µuety, to shut the eyes; µuorrts, one initiated into the mysteries)

Mysticism is represented by See also:

• SUSO

Suso, Meister See also:

• ECKHART

Eckhart, above all Johann See also:

• TAULER, JOHANN (c. 1300—1361)

Tauler (q.v.) of See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg (d . 1461), a true See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet in an age of degeneration . Towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the century comes John Wycliffe (q.v.) and his See also:

• ENGLISH

English travelling preachers, who passed the See also:

• TORCH (O. Fr. torche, from Med. Lat. tortia, derived from tortus, twisted, torquere, to twist)

torch to Hus and the Bohemians, and in the next age See also:

• SAVONAROLA, GIROLAMO (1452-1498)

Savonarola, who was to See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence what Jeremiah had been to Jerusalem . 4 . The Reformation Period, r5oo-17oo.—It is here that the story of See also:

• MODERN

modern preaching may be said to begin . The Reformers' gave the sermon a higher place in the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary service than it had previously held, and they laid See also:

• SPECIAL

special stress upon the interpretation and application of Scripture . The controversy with Rome, and the appeal to the See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason and See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience of the individual, together with the spread of the New Learning, gave preaching a new force and influence which reacted upon the old faith, as John See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

Wild (d . 1554), one of the best Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic preachers of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man noted for his " emphasis on Scripture, his grasp of evangelical truth, his See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest piety, amiable character and sustained power in the pulpit," fully admitted: Other famous preachers on the same side were the Spaniards Luiz of See also:

• GRANADA
• GRANADA, LUIS DE (1504-1588)

Granada and Thomas of See also:

• VILLANOVA

Villanova, the Italians Cornelio Musso, Egidio of See also:

• VITERBO

Viterbo and Carlo See also:

• BORROMEO, CARLO (1538–1584)

Borromeo, and the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Peter Canisius . Among the Reformers were, of course, See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther and most of his German collaborators; the Swiss See also:

• ZWINGLI, HULDREICH (1484—1531)

Zwingli, See also:

• BULLINGER, HEINRICH (1504-1575)

Bullinger, See also:

• FAREL, GUILLAUME (1489-1565)

Farel and See also:

• CALVIN, JOHN (1509-1564)

Calvin; the English See also:

• LATIMER, HUGH (c. 1490-1555)

Latimer, John See also:

• BRADFORD
• BRADFORD, JOHN (1510?—1555)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1590—1657)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1663—1752)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1827—1892)

Bradford, John See also:

• JEWEL, JOHN (1522-1571)

Jewel; the See also:

• SCOT, MICHAEL (? 1175-1232)

Scot John See also:

• KNOX, HENRY (1750-1806)
• KNOX, JOHN (c. 1505–1572)
• KNOX, PHILANDER CHASE (1853– )

Knox . Nor can even so cursory a See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch omit to mention Bernardino See also:

• OCHINO, BERNARDINO (1487-1564)

Ochino and the Anabaptist Hubmaier . In all these cases See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

fuller details will be found in the articles bearing their names . Most of the Reformation preachers read their sermons, in contrast to the practice of earlier ages .

The English Book of Homilies was compiled because competent preachers were comparatively rare . The 17th-century preaching was, generally speaking, a continuation of that of the 16th century, the See also:

• PATTERN

pattern having been set by the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent and by the principles and practice of the Reformers . In See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and Germany, however, there was a decline of power, in marked contrast to the vigour manifested in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . In France, indeed, the Catholic pulpit now came to its perfection, stimulated, no doubt, by the See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration accorded to the See also:

• HUGUENOTS

Huguenots up to 1685 and by the patronage of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV . The names of See also:

• BOSSUET, JAQUES BENIGNE (1627-1704)

Bossuet, Flechier, See also:

• BOURDALOUE, LOUIS (1632-1704)

Bourdaloue, See also:

• FENELON, BERTRAND DE SALIGNAC

Fenelon and See also:

• MASSILLON
• MASSILLON, JEAN BAPTISTE (1663-1742)

Massillon, all supreme preachers, despite a certain artificial pompousness, belong here, and on the reformed side are See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687)

Claude (d . 1687), author of the See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

Essay on the Sermon, and Jacques Saurin (d . 1730) . In England the rivalry was not between Catholic and Reformer, but between See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican and See also:

• NONCONFORMIST

Nonconformist, or, if we may use the wide but less correct See also:

• TERM

term, Puritan . On the one hand are See also:

• ANDREWES, LANCELOT (1555-1626)

Andrewes, See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, See also:

• CHILLINGWORTH, WILLIAM (1602-1644)

Chillingworth, See also:

• JEREMY, EPISTLE OF

Jeremy See also:

• TAYLOR
• TAYLOR, ANN (1782-1866)
• TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825–1878)
• TAYLOR, BROOK (1685–1731)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1829-1901)
• TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (158o-1653)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (1704-1766)
• TAYLOR, JOSEPH (c. 1586-c. 1653)
• TAYLOR, MICHAEL ANGELO (1757–1834)
• TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1786-1858)
• TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808–1876)
• TAYLOR, ROWLAND (d. 1555)
• TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886)
• TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835)
• TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880)
• TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836)
• TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)

Taylor, See also:

• BARROW
• BARROW (from A.S. beorh, a mount or hillock)
• BARROW, ISAAC (1630-1677)
• BARROW, SIR JOHN (1764-1848)

Barrow and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South; on the other See also:

• BAXTER, ANDREW (1686-1750)
• BAXTER, RICHARD (1615-1691)
• BAXTER, ROBERT DUDLEY (1827-1875)
• BAXTER, WILLIAM (1650-1723)

Baxter, See also:

• CALAMY, EDMUND
• CALAMY, EDMUND (1671-1732)

Calamy, the Goodwins, See also:

• HOWE
• HOWE, EIJAS (1819 — 1867)
• HOWE, JOHN (1630-17o6)
• HOWE, JOSEPH (1804–1873)
• HOWE, JULIA WARD (1819–1910)
• HOWE, RICHARD HOWE, EARL (1726-1799)
• HOWE, SAMUEL GRIDLEY (1801-1876)
• HOWE, WILLIAM HOWE, 5TH VISCOUNT (1729-1814)

Howe, See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen, See also:

• BUNYAN, JOHN (1628-1688)

Bunyan, in each See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case but a few names out of many . The sermons of these men were largely scriptural, the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal evangelical truths being emphasized with reality and vigour, but with a tendency to abstract theology rather than See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete religion . The danger was See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt by the university of See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, which in 1674 passed a See also:

• STATUTE

statute for-bidding its preachers to read their sermons . Germany, harassed by the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' War and deadened by a rigid Lutheranism, can show little besides See also:

• ANDREA, GIOVANNI (1275-1348)

Andrea and Johann See also:

• ARNDT, ERNST MORITZ (1769-1860)
• ARNDT, JOHANN (1555-1621)

Arndt until the coming of the Pietists (see See also:

• PIETISM

PIETISM), A .

H . See also:

• FRANCKE, AUGUST HERMANN (1663-1727)

Francke and Philipp See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer, with Paul See also:

• GERHARDT, CHARLES FREDERIC (1816-1856)
• GERHARDT, PAUL (c. 1606–1676)

Gerhardt and his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin Johann . The early years of the 18th century were a time of deadness as regards preaching . The See also:

• ILLUMINATION

Illumination in Germany and See also:

• DEISM (Lat. dens, god)

Deism in England were largely responsible for this, though the names of J . A . See also:

• BENGEL, JOHANN ALBRECHT (1687-1752)

Bengel (better known as a commentator), See also:

• ZINZENDORF, NICOLAUS LUDWIG, COUNT OF ZINZENDORF AND POTTENDORF (1700-1760)

Zinzendorf, See also:

• BUTLER
• BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
• BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
• BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
• BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
• BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
• BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
• BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
• BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
• BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
• BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)

Butler and the Erskines helped to redeem the time from the reproach of being the dark age of Protestantism . In the Roman Catholic Church the greatest force was See also:

• BRIDAINE (or BRYDAYNE), JACQUES (1701-1767)

Bridaine in France, a popular preacher of high See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth . But, generally speaking, there was no See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart in preaching, sermons were unimpassioned, See also:

• STILTED

stilted and formal presentations of See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

ethics and See also:

• APOLOGETICS

apologetics, seldorii delivered extempore . 5 . The Modern Period may be said to begin in 1738, the See also:

• YEAR

year in which John See also:

• WESLEY (FAMILY)
• WESLEY, JOHN (1703-1791)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL (1766-1837)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL SEBASTIAN (1810–1876)

Wesley began his memorable work . Preaching once more was based on the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, which was expounded with force and earnestness, and though throughout the century there remained a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good many pulpiteers who produced nothing but See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn fudge, the example and stimulus given by Wesley and See also:

• WHITEFIELD,

Whitefield were almost immeasurably productive . Whitefield was the greater orator, Wesley the better thinker; but, diverse in temperament as they were, they alike laid emphasis on open-See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air preaching .

In their See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train came the great field preachers of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, like John See also:

• ELIAS, JOHN (1774-1841)

Elias and See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas See also:

• EVANS, CHRISTMAS (1766-1838)
• EVANS, EVAN HERBER (1836-1896)
• EVANS, OLIVER (1755–1819)
• EVANS, SIR GEORGE DE LACY (1787–1870)
• EVANS, SIR JOHN (1823-1908)

Evans, and later the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

Primitive Methodists, who by their See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp meetings and itinerancies kept religious See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm alive when Wesleyan See also:

• METHODISM

Methodism was in peril of hardening . Meanwhile, in See also:

• AMERICA