See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH See also:

• JOSEPH PRIESTLEY (1733-1804)

PRIESTLEY (1733-1804)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English chemist and See also:

• NONCONFORMIST

Nonconformist See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 13th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1733 at Fieldhead, a See also:

• HAMLET

hamlet near Birstal in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• RIDING

Riding of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York-See also:

• SHIRE

shire . He was the eldest of a See also:

• FAMILY

family of six . His See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• JONAS, JUSTUS (1493–1555)

Jonas See also:

• PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH (1733-1804)

Priestley, a woollen-See also:

• CLOTH

cloth See also:

• DRESSER

dresser of moderate means, was the son of a member of the Established See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, but both he and his wife, the only daughter of a See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer named See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

Swift, were Non-conformists . Three years after the See also:

• DEATH

death of Mrs Priestley in 1739, See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph's father's See also:

• SISTER

sister, Mrs See also:

• KEIGHLEY (locally KEITHLEY)

Keighley, took him to live with her, and sent him at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twelve to a neighbouring See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar school . In his holidays he learned See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew from Mr See also:

• KIRKBY, JOHN (d. 1290)

Kirkby, a dissenting minister at See also:

• HECKMONDWIKE

Heckmondwike, who subsequently took entire See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of his See also:

• EDUCATION

education . From the age of sixteen to nearly twenty his See also:

• HEALTH

health was so unsatisfactory that he attended neither school nor See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, but worked at See also:

• CHALDEE

Chaldee And See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac, began to read Arabic, and mastered 'S Gravesande's Natural See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

Philosophy, together with various textbooks of See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic and See also:

• METAPHYSICS
• METAPHYSICS, or METAPHYSIC (from Gr. /sera, after, d v med, things of nature, lots, i.e. the natural universe)

metaphysics . An See also:

• UNCLE

uncle having promised him a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in a counting-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house at See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon, he also learned See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German and See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian to See also:

• FIT

fit himself for the See also:

• POST

post . But his aunt was anxious for him to be a minister, as he himself desired, and therefore in 1752, when his health had improved, he went to See also:

• DAVENTRY

Daventry to attend the Nonconformist See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy formerly carried on by Dr P . See also:

• DODDRIDGE, PHILIP (1702-1751)

Doddridge at See also:

• NORTHAMPTON
• NORTHAMPTON, ASSIZE OF
• NORTHAMPTON, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Northampton . There he stayed three years, exchanging his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Calvinism for a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of " necessarianism " under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of D . See also:

• HARTLEY, DAVID (1705–1757)
• HARTLEY, JONATHAN SCOTT (1845– )
• HARTLEY, SIR CHARLES AUGUSTUS (1825– )

Hartley's Observations on See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man and A . See also:

• COLLINS, ANTHONY (1676-1729)
• COLLINS, JOHN CHURTON (1848-1908)
• COLLINS, MORTIMER (1827-1876)
• COLLINS, WILLIAM (1721-1759)
• COLLINS, WILLIAM (1787–1847)
• COLLINS, WILLIAM WILKIE (1824–1889)

Collins's Philosophical Enquiry concerning Human See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

Liberty .

In 1755 he was appointed to a small See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation at Needham See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

Market, in See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk, where he was not very successful . In 1758 he obtained a more congenial congregation at See also:

• NANTWICH

Nantwich, where he opened a school at which the elementary lessons were varied with experiments in natural philosophy . Three years later he removed to See also:

• WARRINGTON

Warrington as classical See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor in a new academy, and there he attended lectures on See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry by Dr See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew See also:

• TURNER, CHARLES (1773–1857)
• TURNER, JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM (1775–1851)
• TURNER, NAT (1800-1831)
• TURNER, SHARON (1768-1847)
• TURNER, SIR JAMES (1615–1686)
• TURNER, WILLIAM (d. 1568)

Turner of See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool and pursued those studies in See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity which gained him the fellowship of the Royal Society in 1766 and supplied him with material for his See also:

• HISTORY

History of Electricity . In 1762 he had married the daughter of See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac See also:

• WILKINSON, JAMES (1757–1825)
• WILKINSON, JAMES JOHN GARTH (1812-1899)
• WILKINSON, JOHN (1728-1808)
• WILKINSON, SIR JOHN GARDNER (1797—1875)
• WILKINSON, TATE (1739—1803)

Wilkinson, a See also:

• WREXHAM (Welsh•Gwrecsam, in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Wrighlesham)

Wrexham ironmaster . In 1767 he was appointed to the charge of See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

Mill See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill See also:

• CHAPEL

Chapel at See also:

• LEEDS
• LEEDS, THOMAS OSBORNE

Leeds, where he again changed his religious opinions from a loose Arianism to definite Socinianism and wrote many See also:

• POLITICAL

political tracts hostile to the attitude of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government towards the See also:

• AMERICAN

American colonies . He also began his researches into " different kinds of airs," getting a plentiful See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of " fixed See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air " from a brewery next See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door to his house . By the end of 1771 his scientific reputation was such that he was suggested for the post of " astronomer " to See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook's second expedition to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Seas, but his unorthodox opinions were objectionable to certain members of the See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

longitude and the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment was not ratified . In 1772, the See also:

• YEAR

year in which he was chosen a See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate of the French Academy of Sciences, he accepted the position of librarian and See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion to See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Shelburne (afterwards 1st See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

Marquess of Landsdowne) at See also:

• CALNE

Calne, with a See also:

• SALARY

salary of £25o a year and a house . With that nobleman he travelled on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent; the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1774 he spent in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting See also:

• LAVOISIER, ANTOINE LAURENT (1743-1794)

Lavoisier and his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, gave them an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the experiment by which on the previous 1st of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August he had prepared " dephlogisticated air " (See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen) . In 178o he parted See also:

• COMPANY

company with his See also:

• PATRON

patron, who allowed him an See also:

• ANNUITY (from Lat. annus, a year)

annuity of £15o for See also:

• LIFE

life, and settling at See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham was appointed junior minister of the New Meeting Society . There he continued his literary and scientific labours, enjoying congenial intercourse with such men as Matthew See also:

• BOULTON, MATTHEW (1728-1809)

Boulton, See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Keir, James See also:

• WATT, JAMES (1736-1819)

Watt and See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus See also:

• DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1809-1882)
• DARWIN, ERASMUS (1731-1802)

Darwin at the periodical dinners of the Lunar Society . On the 14th of See also:

• JULY

July 1791 the Constitutional Society of Birmingham arranged a See also:

• DINNER

dinner to celebrate the anniversary of the fall of the See also:

• BASTILLE (from Fr. bastir, now bdtir, to build)

Bastille .

Priestley, according to his own account, " had little to do with it " But his predilections in favour of the revolutionists were notorious, and the See also:

• MOB

mob seized the occasion to See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn his chapel and See also:

• SACK

sack his house at Fairhill . He and his family escaped, but his material possessions were destroyed and the labour of years annihilated . He retreated to See also:

• LONDON

London, where he See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt safe, though he continued to be an See also:

• OBJECT

object of " troublesome See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention," and even the See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows of the Royal Society shunned him . But he received an invitation to become See also:

• MORNING

morning preacher at See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

Gravel See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

Pit Chapel, See also:

• HACKNEY
• HACKNEY (from Fr. haquenee, Lat. equus, an ambling horse or mare, especially for ladies to ride; the English " hack " is simply an abbreviation)

Hackney . This he accepted, and performed the duties of the charge till 1794, when he determined to follow his three sons, who had emigrated to See also:

• AMERICA

America in the previous year . On the 7th of See also:

• APRIL

April he embarked with his wife at See also:

• GRAVESEND

Gravesend and reached New York on the 4th of See also:

• JUNE

June . Finally settling at See also:

• NORTHUMBERLAND
• NORTHUMBERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN DUDLEY, VISCOUNT LISLE, EARL OF WARWICK
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN NEVILLE, EARL OF (c. 1430-1471)

Northumberland, See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania, he lived there for nearly ten years, until on the 6th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1804, after clearly and audibly dictating a few changes he wished made in some of his writings, he quietly expired . Priestley was a most voluminous writer, and his See also:

• WORKS

works (excluding his scientific writings) as collected and edited by his friend J . T . Rutt in 1817–1832 fill 25 See also:

• OCTAVO

octavo volumes . (The first See also:

• VOLUME

volume, containing his life and See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence, was issued separately in two parts, 1831–1832.) His first See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance as an author was in 1761, when he published the Scripture See also:

• DOCTRINE

Doctrine of Remission and the Rudiments of English Grammar . His See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief theological and philosophical works were Institutes of Natural and Revealed See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion (3 vols., 1772-1774) ; History of the Corruption of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity (2 vols., 1782); See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General History of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian Church to the Fall of the Western See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, vols. i. and ii .

(179o), vols. iii. and iv . (1802–1803) ; Disquisitions See also:

• RELATING

relating to See also:

• MATTER

Matter and Spirit (1777), and various essays and letters on necessarianism . But his theological writings are forgotten, and he is chiefly remembered as a scientific investigator who contributed especially to the chemistry of gases . Yet judged by See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• STANDARDS

standards he had an inadequate conception of the meaning of ordered See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research . In reference to his preparation of oxygen he says, " It provides a striking See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration of a remark I have more than once made in my philosophical writings and which can hardly be too often repeated, viz. that more is owing to what we See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance—that is, philosophically speaking, to the observation of events arising from unknown causes—than to any proper See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design or preconceived theory in this business." If in this See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence he scarcely does See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice to the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of logical inference and inductive reasoning displayed in much of his See also:

• WORK

work, it remains true that See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind experiment—See also:

• HEATING

heating a substance, or treating it with some reagent, to see what would happen—was his characteristic method of inquiry . Thus by heating See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits of See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt he obtained " marine See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid air " (hydrochloric acid See also:

• GAS

gas), and he was able to collect it because he happened to use See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury, instead of See also:

• WATER

water, in See also:

• ISIS (Egyptian Ese)

Isis pneumatic trough . Then he treated oil of See also:

• VITRIOL

vitriol in the same way, but got nothing until by See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident he dropped some mercury into the liquid, when " vitriolic acid air " (See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur dioxide) was evolved . Again he heated fluorspar with oil of vitriol, as K . W . See also:

• SCHEELE, KARL WILHELM (1742-1786)

Scheele had done, and because he was employing a See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel he got " fluor acid air " (See also:

• SILICON [symbol Si, atomic weight 28.3 (0= 16)]

silicon fluoride) . Heating spirits of See also:

• HARTSHORN, SPIRITS OF

hartshorn, he was able to collect " alkaline air " (gaseous See also:

• AMMONIA (NH3)

ammonia), again because he was using mercury in his pneumatic trough; then, trying what would happen if he passed electric See also:

• SPARKS, JARED (1789-1866)

sparks through the gas, he decomposed it into See also:

• NITROGEN [symbol N., atomic weight 14.01, 0=16]

nitrogen and See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen, and " having a notion " that mixed with hydrochloric acid gas it would produce a " neutral air," perhaps much the same as See also:

• COMMON

common air, he synthesized sal ammoniac . Dephlogisticated air (oxygen) he prepared in August 1774 by heating red See also:

• OXIDE

oxide of mercury with a burning-glass, and he found that in it a See also:

• CANDLE (Lat. candela, from candere, to glow)

candle burnt with a remarkably vigorous See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame and mice lived well .

He concluded that it was not common air, but the substance, " in much greater perfection," that rendered common air respirable and a supporter of See also:

• COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

combustion . Of the See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy between combustion and respiration—both true phlogistic processes in his view—he had convinced himself three years before, and his See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, " On Different Kinds of Air " (Phil . Trans., 1772) described experiments which showed that growing See also:

• PLANTS

plants are able to " restore air which has been vitiated, whether by being breathed or by having candles burnt in it . Priestley displayed much ingenuity in devising apparatus suited to his requirements and in carrying out and varying his experiments; it was in the See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of results that he was deficient . Had this not been the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case he could scarcely have remained a See also:

• FIRM

firm believer in the phlogistic doctrine . At one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, indeed, he found Lavoisier's views so specious that he was much inclined to accept them, but he overcame this wavering, and so See also:

• LATE

late as 1800 he wrote to the Rev . See also:

• THEOPHILUS

Theophilus See also:

• LINDSEY, THEOPHILUS (1723—1808)

Lindsey (1723-1808), " I have well considered all that my opponents have advanced and feel perfectly confident of the ground I stand upon .... Though nearly alone I am under no See also:

• APPREHENSION (Lat. ad, to; prehendere, to seize)

apprehension of defeat." His chief books on chemistry were six volumes of Experiments and Observations on different Kinds of Air, published between 1774 and 1786; Experiments on the See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

Generation of Air from Water (,793); Experiments and Observations relating to the See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

Analysis of Atmospheric Air, and Considerations on the Doctrine of Phlogiston established and that of the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

Composition of Water refuted (1800) . He also published (1767) a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on the History and See also:

• PRESENT

Present See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State of Electricity, which embodies some See also:

• ORIGINAL

original work, and (1772) a History of Discoveries relating to See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

Vision, See also:

• LIGHT

Light and See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

Colours, which is a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere compilation .