See also:

• PRISCIAN [PRISCIANUS CAESARIENSIS]

PRISCIAN [PRISCIANUS CAESARIENSIS]  , the celebrated Latin grammarian, lived about A.D . 500, i.e. somewhat before Justinian . This is shown by the facts that he addressed to See also:

• ANASTASIUS

Anastasius, See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East (491–518), a laudatory poem, and that the See also:

• MSS

MSS. of his Institutiones grammaticae contain a subscription to the effect that the See also:

• WORK

work was copied (526, 527) by Flavius See also:

• THEODORUS, FLAVIUS MALLIUS

Theodorus, a clerk in the imperial secretariat . Three See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor See also:

• TREATISES

treatises are dedicated to See also:

• SYMMACHUS

Symmachus (the See also:

• FATHER

father-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of See also:

• BOETIUS (or BoETxlus), ANICIUS MANLIUS SEVERINUS (c. A.D. 480–524)

Boetius) . See also:

• CASSIODORUS (not Cassiodorius)

Cassiodorus, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing in the ninety-third See also:

• YEAR

year of his See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age (56o ? 573?), heads some extracts from See also:

• PRISCIAN [PRISCIANUS CAESARIENSIS]

Priscian with the statement that he taught at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople in his (Cassiodorus's) See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time (Keil, Gr . See also:

• LAT

Lat. vii . 207) . His See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Caesariensis points, according to See also:

• NIEBUHR, BARTHOLD GEORG (1776–1831)
• NIEBUHR, KARSTEN (1733-1815)

Niebuhr and others, to Caesarea in See also:

• MAURETANIA

Mauretania . Priscian's teacher was Theoctistus, who also wrote an Institutio artis grammaticae . Priscian was quoted by several writers in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain of the 8th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century—See also:

• ALDHELM (c. 640-709)

Aldhelm, See also:

• BEDE, BEDA, or B
• BEDE, CUTHBERT

Bede, See also:

• ALCUIN (Marmara)

Alcuin—and was abridged or largely used in the next century by Hrabanus Maurus of See also:

• FULDA

Fulda and Servatus See also:

• LUPUS (Lat. lupus, wolf)
• LUPUS, PUBLIUS RUTILIUS

Lupus of Ferrieres . There is hardly a' library in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe that did not and does not contain a copy of his See also:

• GREAT

great work, and there are about a thousand MSS. of it .

The greater See also:

• PART

part of these contain only books i.–xvi . (sometimes called Priscianus See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major); a few contain (with the three books Ad Symmachum) books xvii., xviii . (Priscianus minor); and a few contain both parts . The earliest MSS. are of the 9th century, though a few fragments are somewhat earlier . All are ultimately derived from the copy made by Theodorus . The first printed edition was in' 1470 at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice . The Institutiones grammaticae is a systematic exposition of Latin See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar, dedicated to See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian, See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul and patrician, whom some have identified with the author of a well-known See also:

• EPITOME
• EPITOME (Gr. lircroui, from isrLTEµveW, to cut short)

epitome of Justinian's Novellae, but the lawyer appears to be somewhat later than Priscian . It is divided into eighteen books,of which the first sixteen See also:

• DEAL

deal mainly with sounds, word-formation and inflexions; the last two, which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form from a See also:

• FOURTH

fourth to a third of the whole work, deal with syntax . Priscian informs us in his See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface that he has translated into Latin such precepts of the Greeks Herodian and See also:

• APOLLONIUS

Apollonius as seemed suitable, and added to them from Latin grammarians . He has preserved to us numerous fragments which would otherwise have been lost, e.g. from See also:

• ENNIUS, QUINTUS (239-170 B.c.)

Ennius, See also:

• PACUVIUS, MARCUS (c. 220-130 B.C.)

Pacuvius, See also:

• ACCIUS
• ACCIUS, LUCIUS

Accius, See also:

• LUCILIUS, GAIUS (c. 18o–ro3 B.C.)

Lucilius, See also:

• CATO, DIONYSIUS
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (234—149 B.c.)
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (95-46 B.c.)
• CATO, PUBLIUS VALERIUS

Cato and See also:

• VARRO, MARCUS TERENTIUS (116—27 B.C.)
• VARRO, PUBLIUS TERENTIUS

Varro . But the authors whom he quotes most frequently are See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil, and, next to him, See also:

• TERENCE

Terence, See also:

• CICERO

Cicero, See also:

• PLAUTUS, TITUS MACCIUS (originally perhaps MACCUS; cf. Asin. Prol. 11)

Plautus; then See also:

• LUCAN

Lucan, See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace, See also:

• JUVENAL (DECIMUS JUNIUS JUVENALIS) (c. 60-140)

Juvenal, See also:

• SALLUST [Gams SALLUSTIUS CRlspus] (86–34 B.c.)

Sallust, See also:

• STATIUS, PUBLIUS PAPINIUS (c. A.D. 45-96)

Statius, See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid, See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy and See also:

• PERSIUS

Persius . His See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry in See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting forms and examples is both great and methodical, His See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style is somewhat heavy, but sensible and clear; it is See also:

• FREE

free, not of course from usages of See also:

• LATE

Late Latin, but from anything that can be called barbarism .

Its defects may be referred in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main to four heads . (I) Priscian avowedly treats See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek writers on (Greek) grammar as his supreme authorities; and bears too little in mind that each has a See also:

• HISTORY

history of its own and is a law to itself . (2) There had been no scientific study of See also:

• PHONETICS (Gr. Davit, voice)

phonetics, and consequently the changes and combinations of See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages are treated in a See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical way: e.g. i passes into a, as genus, generis, generatum; into o, as saxi, saxosus; q passes into s, as torqueo, torsi, &c . (3) The See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution of a word into See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root or See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem and inflexional or derivative affixes was an See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea wholly unknown, and the rules of formation are often based on unimportant phenomena; e.g . See also:

• VENUS

Venus, like other names ending in us, ought to have genitive Veni, but, as this might be taken for a verb, it has Veneris . Ador has no genitive because two rules conflict; for neuters in or have a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short penult (e.g. aequor, aequoris), and adoro, from which it is derived, has a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long penult . (4) The See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical meaning of the inflexionsis not realized, and syntactical usages are treated as if they were arbitrary or accidental associations . Thus, after laying down as a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• RULE

rule for declinable words that, when they refer to one and the same See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, they must have the same See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, gender and number, Priscian adds that when there are transitive words we may use different See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, as doceo discipulos, docemus discipulum . He often states a rule too broadly or narrowly, and then, as it were, gropes after restrictions and extensions . His etymologies are of course sometimes very See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild: e.g. caelebs from caelestium vitam ducens, b being put for consonantal u because a consonant cannot be put before another. consonant; deterior from the verb detero, deteris; potior (adj.) from potior, poliris; arbor from robur; verbum from verberatus aeris, &c . Nor is he always right in Greek usages . Priscian's three short treatises dedicated to Symmachus are on weights and See also:

• MEASURES

measures, the metres of Terence, and some rhetorical elements (exercises translated from the Ilpoyvµvavµara of See also:

• HERMOGENES

Hermogenes) .

He also wrote De nomine, pronomine, et verbo (an abridgment of part of his Institutiones), and an interesting specimen of the school teaching of grammar in the shape of See also:

• COMPLETE

complete parsing by question and See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer of the first twelve lines of the Aeneid (Partitiones xii. versuum Aeneidos principalium) . The See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

metre is discussed first, each See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse is scanned, and each word thoroughly and instructively examined . A See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on accents is ascribed to Priscian, but is rejected by See also:

• MODERN

modern writers on the ground of See also:

• MATTER

matter and See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . He also wrote two poems, not in any way remarkable, viz. a See also:

• PANEGYRIC

panegyric on Anastasius in 312 hexameters with a short See also:

• IAMBIC

iambic introduction, and a faithful See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation into 1087 hexameters of See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius's Periegesis or See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical survey of the See also:

• WORLD

world . The best edition of the grammatical See also:

• WORKS

works is by See also:

• HERTZ, HEINRICH RUDOLF (1857-1894)
• HERTZ, HENRIK (1797–1870)

Hertz and Keil, in Keil's Grammatici See also:

• LATINI, BRUNETTO (c. 1210-C. 1294)

latini, vols. ii., iii.; poems in E . Bahrens' Poetae latini minores, the " Periegesis also, in C . W . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, Geographi graeci minores, vol. ii . See J . E . See also:

• SANDYS, FREDERICK (1832-1904)
• SANDYS, GEORGE (1578-1644)
• SANDYS, SIR EDWIN (1561-1629)

Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship (ed . 1906), pp .

272 sqq .