See also:

• PROCLUS, or PROCULUS (A.D. 410-485)

PROCLUS, or PROCULUS (A.D. 410-485)  , the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief representative of the later Neoplatonists, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, but II See also:

• PROCOPIUS

PROCOPIUS brought up at See also:

• XANTHUS (mod. Gunuk)

Xanthus in See also:

• LYCIA

Lycia . Having studied See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar under See also:

• ORION
• ORION (or OARION)

Orion and See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy under See also:

• OLYMPIODORUS

Olympiodorus the Peripatetic, at See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria, he proceeded to See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens . There he attended the lectures of the Neoplatonists See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch and See also:

• SYRIANUS

Syrianus, and about 450 succeeded the latter in the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of philosophy (hence his surname Diadochus, which, however, is referred by others to his being the " successor " of See also:

• PLATO

Plato) . As an ardent upholder of the old See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion See also:

• PROCLUS, or PROCULUS (A.D. 410-485)

Proclus incurred the hatred of the Christians, and was obliged to take See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor . After a See also:

• YEAR

year's See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence he returned to Athens, where he remained until his See also:

• DEATH

death . His See also:

• EPITAPH (Gr. it oa¢cos, sc. X/yos, from bri, upon, and ra¢os, a tomb)

epitaph, written by himself, is to be found in Anthologia palatina, vii . 451 . Although possessed of ample means, Proclus led a most temperate, even ascetic See also:

• LIFE

life, and employed his See also:

• WEALTH

wealth in generous See also:

• RELIEF

relief of the poor . He was supposed to hold communion with the gods, who endowed him with miraculous See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers . He acted up to his famous saying that " the philosopher should be the hierophant of the whole See also:

• WORLD

world " by celebrating See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian and Chaldaean as well as See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek festivals, and on certain days performing sacred See also:

• RITES

rites in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of all the dead . His See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• LITERARY

literary activity was chiefly devoted to the elucidation of the writings of Plato . There are still extant commentaries on the First See also:

• ALCIBIADES (c. 450-404 B.c.)

Alcibiades, Parmenides, See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic, See also:

• TIMAEUS (c. 345—c. 250 B.e.)

Timaeus and Cratylus .

His views are more fully expounded in the IIEpi rits Kara HAaTwva OeoXoyias (In Platonis theologiam) . The FTOLXELWOLS BE0AOyuK17 (Institutio theologica) contains a compendious See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the principles of See also:

• NEOPLATONISM

Neoplatonism and the modifications introduced in it by Proclus himself . The pseudo-Aristotelian De causis is an Arabic See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract from this See also:

• WORK

work, ascribed to Alfarabius (d . 950), circulated in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west by means of a Latin See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation (ed . O . Bardenhewer, See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg, 1882) . It was answered by the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian rhetorician Procopius of See also:

• GAZA (or `AllAH, mod. Ghuzzeh)
• GAZA, THEODORUS (c. 1400-1475)

Gaza in a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise which was deliberately appropriated without See also:

• ACKNOWLEDGMENT (from the old acknow, a compound of on- and know, to know by the senses, which passed through the forms oknow, aknow and acknow; acknowledge is formed on analogy of " knowledge ")

acknowledgment by Nicolaus of Methone, a See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine theologian of the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century (see W . See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ, Gesch. der griechischen Litteratur, 1898, § 692) . Other philosophical See also:

• WORKS

works by Proclus are Th o xELWOIc (See also:

• PIMA

Pima?) Tl IIEpi KLV~70"EWS (Institutio physica sive De motu, a compendium of the last five books of See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle's HEpi ebuau d c aKpoaaecss, De physica auscultatione), and De providentia et fato, Decem dubitaliones circa providentiam, De malorum subsistentia, known only by the Latin translation of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of Moerbeke (See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth, 1277-1281), who also translated the XTOLXELwoLS OEOXO'yLKit into Latin . In addition to the epitaph already mentioned, Proclus was the author of See also:

• HYMNS

hymns, seven of which have been preserved (to Helios, See also:

• APHRODITE

Aphrodite, the See also:

• MUSES, THE (Gr. Mo6o-at, the thinkers)

Muses, the Gods, the Lycian Aphrodite, See also:

• HECATE (Gr. 'EKa-rrl, " she who works from afar "1)

Hecate and See also:

• JANUS

Janus, and See also:

• ATHENA (the Attic form of the Homeric Athene, also called Athenaia, Pallas Athene, Pallas)

Athena), and of an See also:

• EPIGRAM

epigram in the Greek See also:

• ANTHOLOGY

Anthology (Anthol. See also:

• PAL, KRISTO DAS (1839–1884)

pal. iii . 3, 166 in See also:

• DIDOT

Didot edition.) His astronomical and mathematical writings include `TaoTurronr s TWV aOTpovoµLKWV inroOEQEwv (Hypotyposis astronomicarum positionum, ed . C .

Manitius, See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1909); Hept oc/iaipas (De sphaera); Hapackpaols cis TIP HroXemaiou TErpa/30ov, a See also:

• PARAPHRASE (Gr. irapa¢pavis, from rrapa4p4av, to relate something in different words, 'raga, beside, and ¢pai"eav, speak, tell)

paraphrase of the difficult passages in See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy's astrological work Tetrabiblus; Eis Tb apWTOV TWv EbKAEIbov oTTOLXELwv, a commentary on the first See also:

• BOOK

book of See also:

• EUCLID
• EUCLID [EucLEIDES]

Euclid's Elements; a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short treatise on the effect of eclipses (De efectibus eclipsium, only in a Latin translation) . His grammatical works are: a commentary on the Works and Days of See also:

• HESIOD

Hesiod (incomplete); some scholia on See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer; an elementary treatise on the epistolary See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, HEpL brurroXtuaiov XapaKTiipos (Characteres epistolici), attributed in some See also:

• MSS

MSS. to See also:

• LIBANIUS (A.D. 314-393)

Libanius . The X pforoisaOta ypapparu d by a Proclus, who is identified by Suidas with the Neoplatonist, is probably the work of a grammarian of the 2nd or 3rd century, though Wilamowitz-Mbllendorff (Philolog . Untersuch. vii.; supported by O . Immisch in Festschrift Th . See also:

• GOMPERZ, THEODOR (1832– )

Gomperz, pp . 237-274) agrees with Suidas . According to Suidas, he was also the author of 'ErrLXElpitµara Lit Kara XptcrrlavCv (Animadversiones duodeviginti in christianos) . This work, identified by W . Christ with the Institutio theologica, was answered by Joannes See also:

• PHILOPONUS, JOANNES (JOHN THE GRAMMARIAN)

Philoponus (7th century) in his De aeternitate mundi . Some of his commentary on the Chaldaean oracles (AbyLa XaXSaiKa) has been discovered in See also:

• MODERN

modern times . There is no See also:

• COMPLETE

complete edition of the works of Proclus .

The selection of V . See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

Cousin (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1864) contains the See also:

• TREATISES

treatises De providentia et fato, Decem dubitaliones, and De malorum subsistentia, the commentaries on the Alcibiades and Parmenides . The Institutio theologica has been edited by G . F . Creuzer in the Didot edition of See also:

• PLOTINUS (A.D. 204-270)

Plotinus (Paris, 1855); the In Platonis theologiam has not been reprinted since 1618, when it was published by See also:

• AEMILIUS, PAULUS (PAOLO Ea111.io) (d. 1529)

Aemilius See also:

• PORTUS

Portus with a Latin translation . Most See also:

• RECENT

recent See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of individual works are: Commentaries on the Parmenides, See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French translation with notes by A . E . Chaignet (1900-1903) ; Republic, by W . Kroll (1899-1901); Timaeus, by E . Diehl (1903- ); Hymns, by E . See also:

• ABEL (better ABELL), THOMAS (d. 1540)
• ABEL (Hebrew for breath)
• ABEL, KARL FRIEDRICH (1725-1787)
• ABEL, NIELS HENRIK (1802-1829)
• ABEL, SIR FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, BART

Abel (1883) and A . Ludwich (1895); commentary on Euclid by G .

Friedlein (1873) ; Aoyla XaMaisa, by A . See also:

• JAHN, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG (1778-1852)
• JAHN, JOHANN (1750—1816)
• JAHN, OTTO (1813—1869)

Jahn (1891) ; Characteres epistolici, by A . Westermann (1856), Scholia to Hesiod in E . Vollbehr's edition (1844) . See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• TAYLOR
• TAYLOR, ANN (1782-1866)
• TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825–1878)
• TAYLOR, BROOK (1685–1731)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1829-1901)
• TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (158o-1653)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (1704-1766)
• TAYLOR, JOSEPH (c. 1586-c. 1653)
• TAYLOR, MICHAEL ANGELO (1757–1834)
• TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1786-1858)
• TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808–1876)
• TAYLOR, ROWLAND (d. 1555)
• TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886)
• TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835)
• TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880)
• TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836)
• TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)

Taylor, the " Platonist," translated the commentaries on the Timaeus and Euclid, The See also:

• THEOLOGY

Theology of Plato, the Elements of Theology, and the three Latin treatises . On Proclus generally and his works see See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in Suidas; See also:

• MARINUS

Marinus, Vita Procli; J . A . See also:

• FABRICIUS, GAIUS LUSCINUS (i.e. " the one-eyed ")
• FABRICIUS, GEORG (1516-1571)
• FABRICIUS, HIERONYMUS
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN ALBERT (1668-1736)
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1745-18o8)

Fabricius, Bibliotheca graeca (ed . Harles), ix . 363–445; W . Christ, Geschichte der griechischen Litteratur (1898), § 623; J . E .

See also:

• SANDYS, FREDERICK (1832-1904)
• SANDYS, GEORGE (1578-1644)
• SANDYS, SIR EDWIN (1561-1629)

Sandys, Hist. of Classical Scholarship (1906), i . 372; J . B . See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

Bury, Later See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire (1889), i . 13, where Proclus is styled the " See also:

• HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH (1770-1831)

Hegel of Neoplatonism " ; on his philosophy, T . Whittaker, The Neo-Platonists (1901), and NEOPLATONISM . Extracts from the Rpno•ro,aaOia are preserved in See also:

• PHOTIUS
• PHOTIUS (c. 82o-891)

Photius (See also:

• COD

Cod . 239), almost the only source of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information regarding the epic See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle; on the question of authorship, see Christ § 637, and Sandys, p . 379; also D . B . See also:

• MONRO, DAVID BINNING (1836-1905)

Monro's appendix to his ed. of Homer's Odyssey, xiii.–See also:

• XXIV

xxiv . (1901) .