See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, See also:

• LATE

Late. See also:

• LAT

Lat. proba, See also:

• PROBATE

probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, See also:

• PROBUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• PROBUS, MARCUS VALERIUS

probus, See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good)  , a word of which the two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main branches are derived from those of " to prove," viz. to show to be true, to test, to try . Of the first See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief meanings are: that which establishes the truth of a fact or the belief in the truth, demonstration, for the nature of which see See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

LoGic . In See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof " is the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• TERM

term for the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the material facts in issue in a particular See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case by proper legal means to the See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court (see See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

EVIDENCE); specifically, documents so attested as to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form legal evidence, written copies of what a See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness is prepared to support on See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath, and the evidence of any case in the court records are all termed " proofs." In Scots law the term is used of a trial before a See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge alone as opposed to trial by See also:

• JURY

jury . From the general sense of examination, trial or assay derived from " to prove," to test the quality of anything, " proof " is used of that which has succeeded in See also:

• STANDING

standing a trial or test; the commonest form in which this use appears is as a See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound See also:

• ADJECTIVE (from the Lat. adjectives, added)

adjective, thus materials are said to be " waterproof," " See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour-" " See also:

• BULLET (Fr. boulet, diminutive of boule, ball)

bullet-proof," and the like . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal other uses are for a See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of strength for spirit (see See also:

• ALCOHOL

ALCOHOL and See also:

• SPIRITS

SPIRITS) for a trial impression, in See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing, on which corrections and addilpons can be made (see See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article PROOF-See also:

• READING

READING) and, in See also:

• ENGRAVING

engraving and See also:

• ETCHING (Dutch, etsen, to eat)

etching, for one of a limited number of impressions made before the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary issue is printed . In the earlier See also:

• HISTORY

history of engraving a " proof " was an impression during the See also:

• PROCESS

process of printing made for the artist's inspection, approval or correction, whence its name . In the See also:

• MODERN

modern use of the term, where the impression has been taken before the inscription has been added to the See also:

• PLATE

plate, it is called a " proof before See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter." In See also:

• BOOKBINDING

bookbinding, some of the shorter or narrower leaves are See also:

• LEFT

left with rough edges, " uncropped," to show that the See also:

• BOOK

book has not been " cut," these are styled " proofs." PROOF-READING, the See also:

• ART

art or business of correcting for the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press the printed " proofs " of articles or books set in type before publication . The See also:

• SPECIAL

special business of a proof-reader, attached to a printing See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, is to correct these proofs before they are shown to the author; he is an intermediary between the compositor and the author, and as such his functions may vary according to his capacities . Proof-reading as a distinct See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department in the See also:

• WORK

work of a printing See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office does not date from the very earliest days of " the art preservative of all arts." The first products of the printing-press show abundant evidences of the non-existence of any one specially charged with the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of correcting the compositors' mistakes . How much conjectural emendation and consequent controversy would have been avoided if the First See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

Folio See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare had been more typographically correct ! See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin said that the typographical errors alone of that work had been computed to number nearly 20,000, which amounts to 2.25% of the See also:

• TOTAL

total number of words in the See also:

• VOLUME

volume . It was a usual practice in the See also:

• LATH (0. Eng. laett, Mid. Eng. lappe, a form possibly due to the Welsh llath; the word appears in many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch lat, Ger. Latte, and has passed into Romanic, cf. Ital. latta, Fr. latte)

lath and 18th centuries for authors to send the proofs of their See also:

• WORKS

works See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round amongst their See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends for correction; and in the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities and colleges sheets of works passing through the press were frequently hung up in the quadrangles for public inspection and correction .

With the growth of printing gradually came a demand for systematic proof-reading, and the leading printers engaged scholars and men of letters to read proofs for them . Among these may be mentioned See also:

• CRUDEN
• CRUDEN, ALEXANDER (1701-1770)

Cruden, of See also:

• CONCORDANCE (Late Lat. concordantia, harmony, from cum, with, and car, heart)

Concordance fame (" See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander the Corrector "), and See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• MICKLE, WILLIAM JULIUS (1735-1788)

Mickle, poet, and translator of Luiz de See also:

• CAMOENS [CAMOES], LUIS VAZ DE (1524-1580)

Camoens's Lusiads, who was a reader at the See also:

• CLARENDON, CONSTITUTIONS OF
• CLARENDON, EDWARD HYDE, 1ST EARL OF (1609-1674)
• CLARENDON, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK VILLIERS, 4TH EARL OF (in the Villiers line) (1800-r87o)
• CLARENDON, HENRY HYDE

Clarendon Press . See also:

• GOLDSMITH
• GOLDSMITH, LEWIS (c. 1763–1846)
• GOLDSMITH, OLIVER (1728–1774)

Goldsmith and Dr See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson also are credited with having wielded the proof-reader's See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen . Times, however, have changed since, as the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder D'See also:

• ISRAELI, ISAAC BEN SOLOMON (9th—loth centuries)

Israeli wrote, " it became the See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of the learned to be correctors of the press to eminent printers," and to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day in every printing office the proof-reader is found—an unobtrusive functionary, known to publishers, authors, editors and journalists, but for the most See also:

• PART

part unknown to the general reading public; a functionary who yet does useful, often valuable, and always indispensable work . The See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good proof-reading upon the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of book, newspaper and general printing is too often underrated . The celebrated old printing offices and the foremost of the modern ones owe their reputation for good workmanship largely to the excellence and thoroughness of the work done in their reading-rooms, for no perfection of See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, See also:

• INK (from Late Lat. encaustum, Gr. gysavorov, the purple ink used by Greek and Roman emperors, from iyKaiew, to burn in)

ink, machining or binding can atone for See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad or slipshod See also:

• TYPOGRAPHY (i.e. writing by types)

typography . The nature of the proof-reader's work, frequently monotonous and uninteresting, will be made clear by what follows . After the compositor (see TYPOGRAPHY) has set up, by See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand or type-setting See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine, the " copy " supplied to him, a slip or See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page proof is pulled and sent with the See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript to the proof-reader . The manuscript is then read aloud by a copy-holder, while the proof-reader carefully follows the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text before him letter by letter, marking on the margin of the proof all the misspellings, turned letters, " wrong fonts " (letters differing in See also:

• SIZE

size or See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face from those in the immediate context) and other errors, and seeing that the See also:

• PUNCTUATION (Lat. punctum, a point)

punctuation clearly defines the author's meaning . The copy-holder reads rapidly—indeed, an ordinary listener would imagine it to be impossible for the proof-reader to understand him—and as the reader is obliged to keep See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

pace, he goes through the proof again, without the aid of the copy-holder, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark any errors that may have escaped him in the first rapid reading . The proof, called the " first proof," is then sent to the compositor to be corrected . When this has been done, a further proof is submitted to the reader, who, upon satisfying himself by careful revision that it is See also:

• FREE

free from typographical mistakes, passes it as " clean." If the reader, when dealing with the first proof, notices any slips in See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar or errors of fact on the part of the writer, or is in doubt whether any particular word' in the manuscript has been correctly deciphered, he underlines the word or passage, and places " Qy." (query) in the margin .

The proof is then See also:

• DES

des-patched to the author or editor . On the return of the proof, after the writer's corrections and alterations have been carriedout, the type is made up into pages and sheets and another proof pulled . This passes into the hands of the press reader (as distinguished from the " first proof-reader "), who checks the headlines, page See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, and sequence of chapters or sections, and observes that the pages are of See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform length and that a sufficient amount of margin is allowed, before finally reading through the text . When the press-reader's corrections have been effected, the work is ready for the printing machine or the stereotyping foundry . The cost of proof-reading may be said to range from about q2 to 20% of the cost of See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition, varying, of course, with the nature of the work . Many prominent authors have expressed in warm terms their gratitude to the proof-reader for valuable assistance rendered by See also:

• APT

apt queries and pertinent suggestions . Two of these expressions of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion may be given as typical, one from a novelist and one from a poet . See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• DICKENS, CHARLES JOHN HUFFAM (1812-187o)

Dickens said: " I know from some slight See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical experience what the duties of correctors of the press are, and how these duties are usually discharged . And I can testify, and do testify here, that they are not See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical—that they are not See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere matters of manipulation and routine; but that they require from those who perform them much natural intelligence, much super-added cultivation, considerable readiness of reference, quickness of resource, an excellent memory and a clear understanding . And I must gratefully acknowledge that I have never gone through the sheets of any book I have written without having had presented to me by the corrector of the press something I had overlooked—some slight inconsistency into which I had fallen—some little See also:

• LAPSE (Lat. lapses, a slip or departure)

lapse I had made—in See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, without having set down in See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white some unquestionable indication that I had been closely followed in my work by a patient and trained mind, and not merely by a skilful See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye . In this See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration I have not the slightest doubt that the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• BODY

body of my See also:

• BROTHER

brother and See also:

• SISTER

sister writers would, as a See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, heartily concur." See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• BROWNING, ELIZABETH BARRETT (z8o6-r861)
• BROWNING, OSCAR (1837- )
• BROWNING, ROBERT (1812-1889)

Browning thus corroborated Dickens: " I have had every opportunity of becoming acquainted with, and gratefully acknowledging, the extreme service rendered to me; and, if mine be no exceptional case, the qualifications of readers and correctors are important indeed." P . Larousse spoke of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French proof-readers as his " collaborateurs See also:

• LES

les plus chers," and See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo referred to them as those " modestes savants " so well able " lustrer les plumes du genie "; while the Academie Francaise consulted them on points arising in the revision of the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy's See also:

• DICTIONARY

dictionary .

Though much good work is done by readers who have not been practical printers, yet the technical knowledge gained by working as a compositor is essential to the best' proof-reading . The reader must possess a See also:

• QUICK

quick eye, alert to See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note every See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error or mechanical imperfection in the type, and must scrutinize closely every letter of every word, clause and See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence, while keeping a grasp of the sense of the See also:

• MATTER

matter he is dealing with . The more varied his See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information and the wider his knowledge, the better . Though his strict duty is merely to see that the author's copy is properly reproduced, he is always glad to give the author the benefit of the experience and knowledge he has acquired, and, as a consequence, he is constantly See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the See also:

• LINE

line which separates proof-reading from sub-editorial duties . From this last See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration has arisen the plea for the reader, on the daily press especially, being placed under the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of, and made responsible to, the editorial department rather than the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the composing-See also:

• ROOM

room . Proof-readers in Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain have a See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union, and many of them retain membership of the unions to which they belonged when working as compositors; and in some states of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American Union as well as in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland the compositors insist upon readers being also members of their society . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest See also:

• ENGLISH

English organization deyoted entirely to the interests of proof-readers is the Association of Correctors of the Press, founded in 1854 . The chief aim of the association is to give its members information as to vacant situations, so as to keep them in full employment; but it also assists members in See also:

• DISTRESS

distress from its benevolent fund, and provides See also:

• PENSIONS

pensions, as well as a sum of See also:

• MONEY

money at See also:

• DEATH

death . There is in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France the Societe des correcteurs des imprimeries de See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . There are also proof-readers' See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies in several American cities, many of whose members are See also:

• WOMEN

women, for in the See also:

• UNITED

United States women bulk largely in the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of proof-readers . There are very few women proof-readers in See also:

• LONDON

London . In See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, however, women form a considerable proportion of the proof-readers .

(J . A . BL . ; J .