SEXTUS See also:

• SEXTUS PROPERTIUS (ft. 30-15 B.C.)

PROPERTIUS (ft. 30-15 B.C.)  , the greatest of the elegiac poets of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born of a well-to-do Umbrian See also:

• FAMILY

family at or near See also:

• ASISIUM (mod. Assisi)

Asisium (See also:

• ASSISI (anc. Asisium)

Assisi), the birthplace also of the famous St See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis . We learn from See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid that See also:

• PROPERTIUS, SEXTUS (ft. 30-15 B.C.)

Propertius was his See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior, but also his friend and See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion; and that he was third in the sequence of elegiac poets, following See also:

• GALLUS, C
• GALLUS, CORNELIUS (c. 70-26 B.C.)
• GALLUS, GAIUS AELIUS
• GALLUS, GAIUS CESTIUS
• GALLUS, GAIUS SULPICIUS

Gallus, who was born in 69 B.C., and See also:

• TIBULLUS, ALBIUS (c. 54–19 B.c.)

Tibullus, and immediately preceding Ovid himself, who was born in 43 B.C . We shall not then be far wrong in supposing that he was born about 5o B.C . His See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• LIFE

life was full of misfortune . He lost his See also:

• FATHER

father prematurely; and after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• PHILIPPI (Turk. Filibejik)

Philippi and the return of Octavian to Rome, Propertius, like See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil and See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace, was deprived of his See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate to provide See also:

• LAND

land for the veterans, but, unlike them, he had no patrons at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, and he was reduced from opulence to See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative indigence . The widespread discontent which the confiscations caused provoked the insurrection generally known as the bellum perusinum from its only important incident, the fierce and fatal resistance of See also:

• PERUGIA (anc. Perusia)

Perugia, which deprived the poet of another of his relations, who was killed by brigands while making his See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from the lines of Octavian . The loss of his patrimony, however, thanks no doubt to his See also:

• MOTHER

mother's See also:

• PROVIDENCE

providence, did not prevent Propertius from receiving a See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior See also:

• EDUCATION

education . After, or it may be, during its completion he and she See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• UMBRIA
• UMBRIA ('Opj3pucrl)

Umbria for Rome; and there, about the See also:

• YEAR

year 34 B.C., he assumed the garb of manly freedom . He was urged to take up a pleader's profession; but, like Ovid, he found in letters and gallantry a more congenial pursuit . Soon afterwards he made the acquaintance of Lycinna, about whom we know little beyond the fact that she subsequently excited the See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of Cynthia, and was subjected to all her See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of persecution (vexandi) . This passing See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy was succeeded by a serious See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment, the See also:

• OBJECT

object of which was the famous " Cynthia." Her real name was Hostia, and she was a native of See also:

• TIBUR (mod. Tivoli, q.v.)

Tibur . She was a courtesan of the superior class, somewhat older than Propertius, but, as it seems, a woman of singular beauty and varied accomplishments .

Her own predilections led her to literature; and in her society Propertius found the intellectual sympathy and encouragement which were essential for the development of his powers . Her See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, as depicted in the poems, is not an attractive one; but she seems to have entertained a genuine See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection for her See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover . The intimacy began in 28 and lasted till 23 B.C . These six years must not, however, be supposed to have been a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of unbroken felicity . Apart from See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor disagreements an infidelity on Propertius's See also:

• PART

part excited the deepest resentment in Cynthia; and he was banished for a year . The See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel was made up about the beginning of 25 B.C.; and soon after Propertius published his first See also:

• BOOK

book of poems and inscribed it with the name of his See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress . Its publication placed him in the first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• CON

con-temporary poets, and amongst other things procured him ad-See also:

• MISSION

mission to the See also:

• LITERARY

literary circle of See also:

• MAECENAS, GAIUS (CILNIUS)

Maecenas . The intimacy was renewed; but the old enchantment was lost . Neither Cynthia nor Propertius was faithful to the other . The mutual ardour gradually cooled; motives of prudence and decorum urged thediscontinuance of the connexion; and disillusion changed in-sensibly to disgust . Although this separation might have been expected to be final, it is not certain that it was so . It is true that Cynthia, whose See also:

• HEALTH

health appears to have been weak, does not seem to have survived the separation See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long .

But a careful study of the seventh poem of the last book, in which Propertius gives an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of a See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream of her which he had after her See also:

• DEATH

death, leads us to the belief that they were once more reconciled, and that in her last illness Cynthia left to her former lover the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of carrying out her wishes with regard to the disposal of her effects and the arrangements of her funeral . Almost nothing is known of the subsequent See also:

• HISTORY

history of the poet . He was alive in 16 B.C., as some allusions in the last book testify . And two passages in the letters of the younger See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny mention a descendant of the poet, one Passennus Paullus . Now in 18 B.c . See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus carried the Leges Juliae, which offered inducements to See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage and imposed disabilities upon the celibate . Propertius then may have been one of the first to comply with the new enactments . He would thus have married and had at least one See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child, from whom the contemporary of Pliny was descended . Propertius had a large number of See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends and acquaintances, chiefly literary, belonging to the circle of Maecenas . Amongst these may be mentioned Virgil, the epic poet Ponticus, See also:

• BASSUS, AUFIDIUS
• BASSUS, CAESIUS
• BASSUS, CASSIANUS
• BASSUS, SALEIUS

Bassus (probably the See also:

• IAMBIC

iambic poet of the name), and at a later period Ovid . We hear nothing of Tibullus, nor of Horace, who also never mentions Propertius . This reciprocal silence is probably significant .

In See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person Propertius was See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale and thin, as was to be expected in one of a delicate and even sickly constitution . He was very careful about his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, and paid an almost foppish See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress and gait . He was of a some-what voluptuous and self-indulgent temperament, which shrank from danger and active exertion . He was anxiously sensitive about the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of others, eager for their sympathy and regard, and, in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, impressionable to their See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . His over-emotional nature passed rapidly from one phase of feeling to another; but the more See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy moods predominated . A vein of sadness runs through his poems, sometimes breaking out into querulous exclamation, but more frequently venting itself in gloomy reflections and prognostications . He had fits of superstition which in healthier moments he despised . The poems of Propertius, as they have come down to us, consist of four books containing 4046 lines of elegiac See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse . The first book, or Cynthia, was published separately and early in the poet's literary life . It may be assigned to 25 B.C . The See also:

• DATES

dates of the publication of the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest are uncertain, but none of them was published before 24 B.C., and the last not before 16 B.C . The unusual length of the second one (1402 lines) has led See also:

• LACHMANN, KARL KONRAD FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1793-1851)

Lachmann and other critics to suppose that it originally consisted of two books, and they have placed the beginning of the third book at ii. to, a poem addressed to Augustus, thus making five books, and this arrangement has been accepted by several editors .

The subjects of the poems are threefold: (1) amatory and personal, mostly regarding Cynthia—seventy-two (sixty Cynthia elegies), of which the last book contains three; (2) See also:

• POLITICAL

political and social, on events of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day—thirteen, including three in the last book; (3) See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical and antiquarian—six, of which five are in the last book . The writings of Propertius are noted for their difficulty and their disorder . The workmanship is unequal, curtness alternating with redundance, and carelessness with elaboration . A desultory sequence of ideas, an excessive vagueness and in-directness of expression, a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar and abnormal latinity, a See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant tendency to exaggeration, and an immoderate See also:

• INDULGENCE (Lat. indulgentia, indulgere, to grant, concede)

indulgence in learned and literary allusions—all these are obstacles lying in the way of a study of Propertius . But those who have the will and the See also:

• PATIENCE

patience to surmount them will find their trouble well repaid . For See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and range of See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination, for freshness and vividness of conception, for truth and originality of presentation, few See also:

• ROMAN

Roman poets can compare with him when he is at his best . And this is when he is carried out of himself, when the discordant qualities of his See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius are, so to say, fused together by the electric spark of an immediate See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration . His vanity and egotism are undeniable, but they are redeemed by_his fancy and his See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour . Two of his merits seem to have impressed the ancients them-selves . The first is most obvious in the scenes of quiet description and emotion in whose presentation he particularly excels . Softness of outline, warmth of colouring, a See also:

• FINE

fine and almost voluptuous feeling for beauty of every See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, and a See also:

• PLEADING (Fr. plaider, plaidoyer)

pleading and melancholy tenderness—such were the elements of the spell which he threw See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the sympathies of his reader, And which his compatriots expressed by the vague but expressive word blanditia . His poetic facundia, or command of striking and appropriate See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, is more noticeable still .

Not only is his vocabulary very extensive, but his employment of it extra-ordinarily bold and unconventional . New settings of use, See also:

• IDIOM (Gr. t&%wµa, something peculiar and personal; lbws, one's own, personal)

idiom and construction continually surprise us, and, in spite of occasional harshness, secure for his See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style an unusual freshness and freedom . His handling of the elegiac See also:

• COUPLET

couplet, and especially of its second See also:

• LINE

line, deserves especial recognition . It is vigorous, varied and even picturesque . In the See also:

• MATTER

matter of the rhythms, caesuras and elisions which it allows, the metrical treatment is much more severe than that of See also:

• CATULLUS, GAIUS VALERIUS (?84-J4 B.C.)

Catullus, whose elegiacs are comparatively See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude and barbarous; but it is not See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand and See also:

• FOOT

foot, like the Ovidian distich, in a formal and conventional See also:

• SYSTEM

system . An elaborate symmetry is observable in the construction of many of his elegies, and this has tempted critics to See also:

• DIVIDE

divide a number of them into strophes . Propertius's poems See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear evident marks of the study of his predecessors, both See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and Latin, and of the influence of his contemporaries . He tells us himself that See also:

• CALLIMACHUS

Callimachus and See also:

• PHILETAS

Philetas were his masters (iii . 1, seq.), and that it was his ambition to be the Roman Callimachus (iv . I, 64) . But, as See also:

• TEUFFEL, WILHELM SIEGMUND (1820–1878)

Teuffel has said, his See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt to these writers is chiefly a formal one . Even into his mythological learning he breathes a life to which these dry scholars are strangers .

We can trace obligations to See also:

• MELEAGER (Gk. M€X aypos)

Meleager, See also:

• THEOCRITUS

Theocritus, See also:

• APOLLONIUS

Apollonius Rhodius and other Alexandrines, and amongst earlier writers to See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer, See also:

• PINDAR (Gr. HivSapos, c. 522–443 B.c.)

Pindar, See also:

• AESCHYLUS (525–456 B.c.)

Aeschylus and others . Propertius's influence upon his successors was considerable . There is hardly a See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page of Ovid which does not show obligations to his poems, while other writers made a more sparing use of his stories . A just appreciation of the genius and the writings of Propertius is made sensibly more difficult by the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition in which his See also:

• WORKS

works have come down to us . Some poems have been lost; others are fragmentary; and many are more or less disfigured by corruption and disarrangement . The See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts on which we have to rely are both See also:

• LATE

late and deeply interpolated . Thus the restoration and See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of the poems is one of peculiar delicacy and difficulty . On the Propertii see See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen in See also:

• HERMES
• HERMES, GEORG (1775-1831)

Hermes, iv . 370; See also:

• HAUPT, MORITZ (1808—1874)

Haupt, Opusc. i . 282 . See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

Inscriptions of Propertii have been found at Assisi . Propertius's family was not " See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble," ii .

55, 6, and ii . 24, 37 seq . Apart from the question of See also:

• READING

reading in iv . 1, 125 (See also:

• MSS

MSS . As's.), " the climbing walls of his See also:

• TOWN

town " (scandentes arces, scandens murus, iv.I, 65 and loc.cit.) , its nearness to Perugia, and its position See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close above the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain (i . 22, 9, to) are decisive for Asisium as the birthplace of Propertius . Ovid thus assigns Propertius his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place: successor fuit hic (Tibullus), tibi, See also:

• GALLE, or POINT DE GALLE

Galle: Propertius illi (Tibullo): Quartus ab his serie temporis ipse fui (Tr. iv . 10, 53, 54) (cf. ib., u . 467) . For Ovid's friendship with Propertius see below—iv. i, 121 seq. is the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief authority for the earlier events of his life, 127 seq.: "Ossaque legisti non ilia aetate legenda Patris et in tenues cogeris ipse See also:

• LARES (older form Lases)

Lares . Nam tibi cum multi versarent rura iuvenci Abstulit excultas pertica tristis opes." Elsewhere he says that he is " non ita dives " ii . 24, loc. cit.) and that he had " nulla domi See also:

• FORTUNA (FORTUNE)

fortuna relicts.," ii .

34, loc . Cit . His living on the Esquiline, iii . 23, 24, points to a competence . For the death of his kinsman, generally supposed to be the Gallus of i . 21, see i . 22, 5-8 . Propertius's mother is mentioned more than once, in very affectionate terms in i., ii . 21 . She was dead when iii . 13 (11) was written, i.e. six months after the publication of the first book . For the quality of Propertius's education, the poems themselves are the only, but a sufficient, testimony .

For Lycinna see iii . 15, 3-10, 43 . Cynthia (Hostia) was a native of Tibur (iv . 7, 85), and probably a granddaughter (iii . 20, 8) of L . See also:

• HOSTIUS

Hostius, who wrote a poem on the Illyrian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of 178 B.C., of which some fragments are preserved . She was older than Propertius (ii . 18, 20) . That she was a meretrix is clear from many indications—her See also:

• SPECIAL

special accomplishments, herhouse in the Subura, the occurrence of scenes like those in i . 3, ii . 29, the fact that Propertius could not marry her, &c . For references to her beauty see ii .

2, 5 sqq. and 3, 9 sqq . ; ii . 13, 23 . 24 ; to her See also:

• POETRY

poetry, ii . 3, 21; to other accomplishments, i . 2, 27 seq . ; in . 20, 7 seq . She was fickle (i . 15, ii . 6, &c.), avaricious (ii . 16, 11, 12), fond of finery (ii .

3, 15, 16), violent of See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper (iii . 8; i . 4, 18 seq.) . For the five years see iii . 25, 3, " quinque tibi potui servire fideliter annos "; and for the year of estrangement, iii . 16, 9, " peccaram semel, et totum sum pulsus in annum." The second separation is vouched for by the two last elegies of book iii . For the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence which iv . 7 furnishes in favour of a reconciliation see Postgate (Prop . Introd. p. See also:

• XXV

xxv. seq.); iv . 6 commemorates the celebration of the ludi quinquennales, in 16 B.C., and iv. ii, 66 alludes to the See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul-See also:

• SHIP

ship of P . Scipio in the same year . For Passennus Paullus (or as an Assisi inscription calls him C .

Passennus See also:

• SERGIUS, ST

Sergius Paullus Propertius Blaesus), see Pliny (Ep. vi . 15), " municeps Properti atque etiam inter maiores Propertium numerat" ; (9, 22), " in litteris veteres aemulatur exprimit reddit: Propertium in primis a quo genus ducit, See also:

• VERA, AUGUSTO (1813-1885)

vera suboles eoque simillima illi in quo ille praecipuus, si elegos eius in manum sumpseris, leges See also:

• OPUS ('O7rois)

opus tersum molle iucundum et See also:

• PLANE

plane in Properti domo scriptum." ii. i and iii . 9 are addressed to Maecenas, ii.,io to Augustus . Virgil is spoken of in the highest terms in ii . 34, 61 seq . Other poems are addressed to Ponticus (i . 7, 9), Bassus (i . 4), Lynceus, a tragic poet (i . 19, ii . 34) . In Ep. ii . 2, 87 seq., Horace has been thought to make a See also:

• DIRECT

direct attack on Propertius .

On Propertius's personal appearance, see i . 1, 22, 5, 21 . A likeness of him has possibly been preserved in a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double Hermes in the See also:

• VILLA

Villa See also:

• ALBANI
• ALBANI, or ALBANO, FRANCESCO

Albani and the Vatican, which represents a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young beardless Roman, of a See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous and somewhat sickly appearance, together with a Greek poet (See also:

• VISCONTI

Visconti, Iconograph. See also:

• ROMANA

romana, p1 . 14, 3, 4) . See also:

• ILL

Ill health is proved by i . 15 and the frequent references to death and See also:

• BURIAL

burial—i . 19, ii . 1, 71 sqq., ii . 13, 17 sqq . For his care about dress and the like see ii . 4, 5, seq . For want of courage and See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy see ii .

7, 14, ii . 19, 17–24; and for superstitious leanings, ii . 27, ii . 4, 15, iv . 5, 9 seq . The four-book numbering is now the current one and is adopted in this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article though there is little doubt that there were originally four books besides the Cynthia . Few of the poems can be dated with certainty, but those that can, with the exception of iv . 6 and 11, fall between the years 28 and 23 B.C . For See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient references to Propertius as a writer see Quint . X . 1, 93 (where it is stated that some (not See also:

• QUINTILIAN [MARCUS FABIUS QUINTILIANUS] (C. A.D. 35-95)

Quintilian) preferred him to Tibullus), Ov . A .

A. iii . 333; Tr. iii . 465, v . I, 17; Mart. xiv . 189, viii . 73; Pliny, loc. cit. above, Stat . Silv. i . 2, 253 . There is no existing MS. of Propertius older than the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Up till the publication of Bahrens's edition (188o), the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest one, Neapolitanus (N., now at Wolfenbiittel), was universally regarded as the best, and even now critics are found to maintain its See also:

• PARAMOUNT (Anglo-Fr. paramont, up above, par el mont, up or on top of the mountain)

paramount claims . But the more judicious admit the value of the four MSS. collated by Bahrens . Vossianus, c .

1300 (A) ; Laurentianus, end of 14th century (F) ; Ottoboniano-Vaticanus, 15th century (V) ; Daventriensis, 15th century (D), to which has to be added the Holkhamicus, 1421 (L), collated by Postgate, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge Philological Transactions (1894) vol. iv . The editio princeps of Propertius is that of 1472 (See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice) . Among later See also:

• EDITIONS

editions we may mention the following, those with explanatory or See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical notes being marked with an See also:

• ASTERISK (from Gr. oo-repicreos, a little star)

asterisk: * See also:

• SCALIGER

Scaliger (1577, &c.), *Brouldiusius (2nd, ed., 1577), *Passeratius (1608, with See also:

• INDEX

index verborum), *Vulpine, (1755, with index verborum), *P . See also:

• BURMANN, PIETER (1714-1778)

Burmann (and Santen) (178o), *Lachmann (1816), *See also:

• HERTZBERG, EWALD FRIEDRICH, COUNT VON (1725-1795)

Hertzberg (1843–1845 L . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller (187u), Haupt-Vahlen (last ed., 1904), *Bahrens (188o), *A . See also:

• PALMER
• PALMER, EDWARD HENRY (1840-1882)
• PALMER, ERASTUS DOW (1817-1904)
• PALMER, GEORGE (1818-1897)
• PALMER, JOHN
• PALMER, RAY (1808-1887)
• PALMER, SAMUEL (1805-1881)
• PALMER, SIR CHARLES MARK, BART

Palmer (1...8o), *Postgate (1881), selections with introduction (See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text with critical notes in the Corpus poetarum latinorum, 1894, also issued separately), -Rothstein (1898), *H . E . See also:

• BUTLER
• BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
• BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
• BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
• BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
• BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
• BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
• BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
• BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
• BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
• BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)

Butler (1905), indc:, verborum (to ..ic own te: t), J . S . See also:

• PHILLIMORE, SIR ROBERT JOSEPH (1810-1885)

Phillimore (1906), A . E . See also:

• HOUSMAN, LAURENCE (1867– )

Housman (without See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing an edition) has done much to improve and explain the poems .

I or further See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information we may refer to F . Plessis, Etudes critiques sur Properce et ses elegies (188, and the sections on the poet in Teuffel's and Schanz's Histories of Roman Literature . The following See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations into See also:

• ENGLISH

English verse are known: G . F . See also:

• NOTT, ELIPHALET (1773-1866)
• NOTT, SIR WILLIAM (1782-1845)

Nott (1782), bk. i.; C . A . See also:

• ALTON

Alton, selections in his Specimens of the Classic Poets (1814), ii . 215 seq.; C . R . See also:

• MOORE, A
• MOORE, ALBERT JOSEPH (1841–1893)
• MOORE, EDWARD (1712–1757)
• MOORE, GEORGE (1853– )
• MOORE, GEORGE FOOT (1851– )
• MOORE, HENRY (1831–1895)
• MOORE, JOHN (1729-1802)
• MOORE, SIR JOHN (1761-1809)
• MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852)

Moore (187o) ; J . Cranstoun (1875); F . A .

See also:

• PALEY, FREDERICK APTHORP (1815-1888)
• PALEY, WILLIAM (1743-1805)

Paley (1866), verse translations from bk. v. with notes; also a few translations by the poet See also:

• GRAY
• GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
• GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
• GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
• GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
• GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
• GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
• GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
• GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
• GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
• GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
• GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
• GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)

Gray, vol. i . (See also:

• GOSSE, EDMUND (1849– )
• GOSSE, PHILIP HENRY (1810–r888)

Gosse, 1884); S . G . Tremenheere (1899), bk. i . See also:

• PROSE

Prose translations: P . J . F . Gantillon (with Nott's and See also:

• ELTON, CHARLES ISAAC (1839–1900)

Elton's versions, See also:

• BOHN, HENRY GEORGE (1796-1884)

Bohn, 1848); J . S . Phillimore (1906) . (J . P .