See also:

• PROSTITUTION (from Lat. prostituere, to expose publicly)

PROSTITUTION (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. prostituere, to expose publicly)  , a word which may best be defined as promiscuous unchastity for gain . In See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law it is described as Gewerbsmtissige Unzucht . It has always been distinguished in law and See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom from See also:

• CONCUBINAGE
• CONCUBINAGE (Lat. concubina, a concubine; from con-, with, and cubare, to lie)

concubinage, which is an inferior See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, and from See also:

• ADULTERY (from Lat. adulterium)

adultery and other irregular sexual relations, in which the See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive is See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion . See also:

• PROSTITUTION (from Lat. prostituere, to expose publicly)

Prostitution has existed in all civilized countries from the earliest times, and has always been subject to regulation by law or by custom . In See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian countries attempts have repeatedly been made to suppress it, but without success . Its ultimate basis lies in the two most elementary attributes of living things, namely, the will to live and the See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct of See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction . The one represents the See also:

• INTEREST

interest of the individual, the other that of the See also:

• RACE

race; and the essential See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of prostitution is that it utilizes the latter to satisfy the former, whereas in true sexual passion, as See also:

• SCHOPENHAUER, ARTHUR (1788-186o)

Schopenhauer has pointed out, the See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of the individual is subordinated to the needs of the race . In See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, prostitution offers, through abuse of the sexual instinct, a means of livelihood which a certain proportion of See also:

• WOMEN

women prefer to other means . It is often assumed by philanthropic moralists that no other means are open to them . That may be so in cases in which deception or constraint has been used, and adverse circumstances—such as lack of See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends and a harsh social See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code—See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door to other occupations; but to suppose that such cases See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for prostitution is to misapprehend the problem . The detailed investigations of various observers and the experience of See also:

• RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

rescue See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies prove that the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of prostitutes prefer that means of livelihood to others entailing See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• WORK

work, discipline and self-See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control . When they really cease to prefer the See also:

• LIFE

life, they leave it voluntarily.' Otherwise there is extreme difficulty in reclaiming even the few who will consent to try, and permanent success is only attained with a small proportion of them .

The earliest See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt at reclamation met with the same result . It was carried out by the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman empress See also:

• THEODORA
• THEODORA (d. 1057)

Theodora, wife of Justinian, herself a prostitute in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early life . She established a See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home for 50o women on the See also:

• BOSPORUS, or BOSPHORUS (Gr. Boo-iopos=ox-ford, tradition-ally connected with Io, daughter of Inachus, who, in the form of a heifer, crossed the Thracian Bosporus on her wanderings)

Bosporus, but after a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time they could not See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint; some threw themselves into the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, and eventually the See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme was abandoned . The preference is due to several causes, of which indolence is the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief . Prostitutes are See also:

• DRAWN

drawn mainly from the See also:

• LOWER

lower classes; the life offers them an See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from the toil which would otherwise be their See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot . Women who See also:

• PRESENT

present themselves to the See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police for inscription on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe frequently give as their See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for embracing the life, that they do not intend to work any more . Other causes are love of excitement and dislike of restraint . The same qualities make the criminal and the wastrel . In addition, a large proportion have the sexual appetite See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in an abnormal degree . Of 3505 women interrogated by M . Buls in See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, 1118 admitted le See also:

• GOUT

gout pour l'homme . The foregoing are See also:

• PRIMARY

primary causes .

See also:

• EXTERNAL

External conditions which See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

foster any of these tendencies, or destroy the self-respect and sense of modesty which are their natural antidotes, are secondary causes of prostitution . The more important are: (I) difficulty of finding employment; (2) excessively laborious and See also:

• ILL

ill-paid work; (3) harsh treatment of girls at home; (4) promiscuous and indecent mode of living among the overcrowded poor; (5) the See also:

• AGGREGATION (from the Lat. ad, to, gregare, to collect together)

aggregation of See also:

• PEOPLE

people together in large communities and factories, whereby the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young are brought into See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant contact with demoralized companions; (6) the example of luxury, self-See also:

• INDULGENCE (Lat. indulgentia, indulgere, to grant, concede)

indulgence and loose See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners set by the wealthier classes; (7) demoralizing literature and amusements; (8) the arts of profligate men and their agents . See also:

• ALCOHOL

Alcohol is often an aid to prostitution, but it can hardly be called a cause, for the practice flourishes even more in the most abstemious than in the most drunken countries . These observations apply to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West . In See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental countries girls are commonly See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born into or brought up to the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, and in that See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case have no choice . Among the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient nations of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, with the exception of the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, prostitution appears to have been connected with See also:

• HISTORY

History. religious See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship, and to have been not merely tolerated but encouraged . From the See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

Mosaic ordinances and the narrative of the Old Testament it is clear that the separation of the Jews as the chosen people, and the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of their faith, were always See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt by See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses and by the later prophets to be chiefly endangered by the vicious attractions of the religious See also:

• RITES

rites practised around them . The code of sexual morality laid down in the See also:

• BOOK

Book of See also:

• LEVITICUS

Leviticus is prefaced by the See also:

• INJUNCTION (from Lat. injungere, to fasten, or attach to, to lay a burden or charge on, to enjoin)

injunction not to do after the doings of the See also:

• LAND

land of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, nor after the doings of the land of See also:

• CANAAN, CANAANITES

Canaan, where all the abominations forbidden to the Jews were practised; and whenever the Israelites lapsed from their faith and " went a-whoring after See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange gods," the transgression was always associated with licentious conduct . In Egypt, See also:

• PHOENICIA

Phoenicia, See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria, Chaldea, Canaan and See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, the worship of See also:

• ISIS (Egyptian Ese)

Isis, See also:

• MOLOCH, or MOLECH (in Hebrew, with the doubtful exception of i Kings xi. 7, always " the Molech ")

Moloch, See also:

• BAAL

Baal, See also:

• ASTARTE

Astarte, Mylitta and other deities consisted of the most extravagant sensual orgies, and the temples were merely centres of See also:

• VICE

vice . In See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon some degree of prostitution appears to have been even compulsory and imposed upon all women in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the goddess 1blylitta . In See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India the ancient connexion between See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and prostitution still sur- f The number of those who do so is considerable . In See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen, from 1871 to 1896, 33% of the registered prostitutes were removed from the See also:

• REGISTER

register by marriage and by returning to their friends .

Many women resort to prostitution occasionally in See also:

• ALTERNATION (from Lat. alternare, to do by turns)

alternation with work.See also:

• VIVES, JUAN LUIS (1492-1540)

vives; but that is not the case in See also:

• CHINA

China, a most licentious See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country; and, considering the antiquity of its See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization, and its conservatism, we may perhaps conclude that it formed an exception in this respect among the ancient nations . Among the Jews, who stood apart from the surrounding peoples, the See also:

• OBJECT

object of the Mosaic law was clearly to preserve the purity of the race and the religion . Prostitution in itself was not forbidden, but it was to be confined to See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign women . Jewish fathers were forbidden to turn their daughters into prostitutes (Lev. xix . 29), and the daughters of See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel were forbidden to become prostitutes (Deut. See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . 17), but no See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty was attached to disobedience, except in the case of a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest's daughter, who was to be burnt (Lev. xxi . 9) . This distinction is significant of the attitude cf Moses, because the See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen " priestesses " were nothing but prostitutes . Similarly, he forbade groves, a See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• ADJUNCT (from Lat. ad, to, and jungere, to join)

adjunct of heathen temples and a convenient See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover for debauchery . Again, his purpose is shown by the severe penalties imposed on adultery (See also:

• DEATH

death) and on unchastity in a betrothed damsel (death by stoning), as contrasted with the mild See also:

• PROHIBITION (Lat. prohibere, to prevent)

prohibition of prostitution . So See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as it did not See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch the race or the religion, he tolerated it; and even this degree of disapproval was not maintained, for See also:

• JEPHTHAH

Jephthah was the son of a harlot2 (Judg. xi . 1) .

There is abundant See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence in the Old Testament that prostitution prevailed extensively in See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine, even in the earlier and more puritan days . The women were forbidden See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem and places of worship; they infested the waysides, and there is some evidence of a distinctive See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress or bearing, which was a marked feature of the trade among the Greeks and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans . In the later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of aggrandisement that increase of licentious indulgence which Moses had foreseen took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, associated with infidelity . The people plunged into debauchery, the invariable sign of See also:

• NATIONAL

national decadence, which has always accompanied over-prosperity and See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security, and has always heralded national destruction . Before leaving the Jews, it may be noted as an interesting fact that the remarkable See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of ordinances laid down by Moses in the interest of public See also:

• HEALTH

health contains unmistakable recognition of venereal disease and its contagious character (Lev. xv.) . Passing on to the ancient Greeks, we find prostitution treated at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens on a new principle . The regulations of See also:

• SOLON (7th and 6th century n.c.)

Solon were designed to preserve public See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and decency . He established houses of prostitution (dicteria), which were a state See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly and confined to certain quarters . The dicteriades were forbidden the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior parts of the See also:

• TOWN

town, and were placed under various disabilities . They were compelled to See also:

• WEAR

wear a distinctive dress, and, so far from. being connected with religion, they were not allowed to take See also:

• PART

part in religious services . These See also:

• LAWS

laws do not seem to have been carried out at all effectually, and were 2 Neither " harlot " nor " whore " is the Anglo-Saxon for a prostitute, for which the word is miltestre (so in Matt. xxi . 31) .

" Whore " came into See also:

• ENGLISH

English from Scandinavian See also:

• SOURCES

sources . It was not spelled with the initial w till the beginning of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The earlier forms are See also:

• BORE

bore or hoore . The word appears in many See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, See also:

• DAN

Dan. hore, Swed. hora, Du. hoer, Ger . Hure . The ultimate origin has been taken to be the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root meaning " to love," seen in See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• CARUS, KARL GUSTAV (1789–1869)
• CARUS, MARCUS AURELIUS

carus, dear . In its earliest usages the word means " adulterer " or " adulteress." It is frequent in the early version of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible in the sense of prostitute . " Harlot," possibly, as the New English See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary points out, as a less offensive word, is frequent in 16th-century versions . The word " harlot " first appears without its 'present application and usually of men, in the sense of See also:

• ROGUE

rogue, vagabond, sometimes even with no evil significance at all, much as we use " See also:

• FELLOW

fellow." Thus in the See also:

• PROLOGUE (from Gr. 7rpo, before, and Myer, a word)

prologue to the See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury Tales, 647, where the " Somonour " is called a " gentii harlot and a kynde." The word came from Fr. arlot, masculine, arlotte, feminine . Du Cange (Glossarium) defines med . Lat. arlotus, as Helluo, ventri deditus, and gives the Fr. arlot as an See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent, with the meaning homo nihili, fripon, coquin . The Catholicon anglicum (1483) defines " harlott " as joculator, joculatrix, histrio, histrix, connecting the word with the wandering players, actors, jugglers, of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day .

The ultimate origin of the Romanic word is unknown . See also:

• SKEAT, WALTER WILLIAM (1835– )

Skeat connects it with the Teutonic word, which appears in Ger. kerl, Eng . " See also:

• CHURL (A.S. ceorl, cognate with the Ger. Kerl and with similar words in other Teutonic languages)

churl," which means " See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man," " fellow." Like " See also:

• BIGOT

bigot " (q.v.), the word has been fancifully derived from the name of a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, viz . Arletta or Arlotta, the See also:

• MOTHER

mother of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William the Conqueror (William Lambarde, 1536-1601, Perambulation of See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent, pub . 1576) . presently relaxed . After the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• WARS

wars more stringent regulations were again introduced . The dicteriades were placed under police control, and were liable to See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution for various offences, such as ruining youths, committing See also:

• SACRILEGE

sacrilege and See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason against the state . It is clear, however, that as time went on the Athenian authorities experienced the difficulties encountered by See also:

• MODERN

modern administrations in carrying out state regulation . There were grades of prostitution, socially though not legally recognized, and women of a superior order were too powerful for the law, which failed to maintain the See also:

• BAN

ban against them . The See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek hetaerae, who were prostitutes, not " mistresses," and the most gifted and brilliant members of their class known to history, wielded great and open See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . The test case of See also:

• PHRYNE

Phryne, in which the stern attitude previously maintained by the See also:

• AREOPAGUS ("Apews Ilayos)

Areopagus See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke down, established their See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph over the law, deprived virtuous women of their See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole advantage, and opened the door to See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general laxity .

In later times any one could set up a dicterion on See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of the tax . In other Greek cities extreme See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence prevailed . At See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth, which was famous for sensual practices, a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple, with a huge See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of common prostitutes for attendants, was established in honour of See also:

• APHRODITE

Aphrodite and for the See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation of the sailors frequenting the See also:

• PORT

port . The worship of this goddess became generally debased into an excuse for sexual excesses . The Romans See also:

• UNITED

united the Jewish See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride of race with the Greek regard for public decency, and in addition upheld a See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of austerity all their own . In early days See also:

• FEMALE

female virtue was highly honoured and strenuously maintained among them, of which the institution of the vestal virgins was a visible sign . Their attitude towards prostitution differed, accordingly, from that of other ancient nations . Among them, alone, it was considered disgraceful to a man to frequent the See also:

• COMPANY

company of prostitutes; and this traditional standard of social conduct, which markedly distinguished them from the Greeks, retained sufficient force down to the later days of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic to furnish See also:

• CICERO

Cicero with a weapon of rhetorical attack against his See also:

• POLITICAL

political opponents, whom he denounced as scortatores . Prostituti%n was more severely regulated by them than by any other ancient race . They introduced the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of police See also:

• REGISTRATION

registration, which is the leading feature of See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration in most See also:

• EUROPEAN

European countries to-day . From the earliest days of the Republic prostitutes were required to register at the aediles' See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, where licences were issued to them on payment of a tax . They were placed under stringent control, had to wear a distinctive dress, dye their See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair or wear yellow wigs, and were subject to various See also:

• CIVIL

civil disabilities; but the severest feature of the system was that, once registered, their names were never erased, and consequently remained for ever under an indelible stain .

As in our times, registration became ineffective, and neither law nor tradition could check the demoralizing influence of ease and luxury when once external See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest See also:

• LEFT

left the Romans See also:

• FREE

free to devote their energies to the pursuit of See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure . An attempt was made, by the enactment of severer laws against prostitution, to See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem the rising See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide of immorality, which threatened to taint the best See also:

• BLOOD

blood in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome with the basest elements in the later days of the Republic . Citizens were prohibited from marrying the descend-ants or relatives of prostitutes, daughters of equestrians were forbidden to become prostitutes, and married women who did so were liable to penalties . More stringent regulations were also imposed on prostitutes themselves, in addition to the old disabilities and police system, which remained in force . If these laws had any effect at all, it was to promote the general prevalence of immorality; they certainly did not diminish prostitution . The profligacy of imperial Rome has never been surpassed for See also:

• GROSS

gross and obscene sensuality . The greatest See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change introduced by See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity with regard to prostitution was the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of a more charitable attitude towards these social and legal outcasts . The Roman state tax, which had descended to the emperors and had been further regulated under Caligula, was partly given up in the 4th century by See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius, on the representations of Florentius, a wealthy patrician, who offered to make See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good the loss of See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue out of hisown See also:

• POCKET

pocket . It was fully and finally abolished by See also:

• ANASTASIUS

Anastasius I. in the next century, and the old registers were destroyed . Then some of the civil disabilities of prostitutes were removed by Justinian in the 6th century . See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

Gibbon, who never gave See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit for a good motive when a See also:

• BASE

base one could be found, attributes Justinian's See also:

• ACTION

action solely to his See also:

• DESIRE

desire to marry Theodora, whose life had been notorious; and no doubt she influenced him in the See also:

• MATTER

matter, but it is permissible to assume a good motive . Even Gibbon is constrained to admit her virtue after marriage, and to give her credit for " the most benevolent institution " of Justinian's reign, the rescue home for fallen women in See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, which was at any See also:

• RATE

rate disinterested .

Though it did not succeed, it marks a turning-point in the treatment of a class which had never met with public sympathy before . At the same time See also:

• PROCURATION (Lat. procurare, to take care of)

procuration and connivance' were severely punished, which is in keeping with the Christian attitude . The early Christian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church laid great stress on chastity, which probably suggested to its Roman persecutors the horrible See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment of forcibly prostituting Christian maidens . Such malignity enhanced the See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of martyrdom without shaking the constancy of its victims; and the triumph of purity in an See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of unbounded licence was conspicuously recognized by See also:

• ALARIC (Ala-reiks, " All-ruler "), (c. 370-410)

Alaric, the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic conqueror, who gave strict orders in the See also:

• SACK

sack of Rome that the virtue of Christian women was to be respected . The church, however, was not severe upon prostitutes, to whom the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar was open upon repentance, and some of the fathers explicity recognized their trade as a necessary evil . Among them was St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, a man of the See also:

• WORLD

world, who saw that its suppression would stimulate more destructive forms of immorality . Gradually charity degenerated into patronage . Rome, conquered spiritually by Christianity and materially by the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern barbarians, sapped the virtue of both . Before the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages the institutions and ministers of the Church became a by-word for vice . See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne made an effort to suppress the prevailing disorder, but his private life was licentious, and his capitularies, which ordained the scourging of prostitutes and panders, were not inspired by any regard for morality . A period of reform followed . The rise of See also:

• CHIVALRY (O. Fr. chevalerie, from Late Lat. caballerius)

chivalry, with its lofty idealization of women, and the See also:

• WAVE

wave of Christian fervour connected with the See also:

• CRUSADES

Crusades, inspired a vigorous and high-minded See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign against an all-prevalent evil .

The Church became exceedingly active in prevention and rescue work, and was assisted by a devout and zealous laity . Rescue See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions were organized, convents were founded everywhere for the reception of penitents, and dowries were subscribed to procure them husbands . See also:

• FULKE, WILLIAM (1538-1589)

Fulke de Neuilly was a conspicuous figure in this work . He held missions, preached, and collected large sums for marriage dowries . See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent III . (1198—1216) pronounced it a praiseworthy See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act to marry a prostitute; and See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory IX., a few years later, wrote to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany that brothel-keepers were not to prevent prostitutes from attending missions, and that See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy and laity who See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew profit from prostitution were banned . " Urge bachelors," he wrote, " to marry repentant girls, or induce the latter to enter the See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister." In spite of such efforts, and of occasional spasms of severity by individual rulers, prostitution flourished everywhere throughout the middle ages . It was not merely tolerated, but licensed and regulated by law . In See also:

• LONDON

London there was a See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of " bordells " (brothels) or " stews " in the See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

Borough near London See also:

• BRIDGE

Bridge . They were originally licensed by the bishops of See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester, according to See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Noorthouck, and subsequently sanctioned by See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . See also:

• STOW, JOHN (c. 1525-1605)

Stow quotes the regulations enacted in the See also:

• YEAR

year 1161, during the reign of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II . These were rather protective than repressive, as they settled the See also:

• RENT

rent which women had to pay for the rooms, and forbade their compulsory detention .

The act was afterwards confirmed in the reigns of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward III. and See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard II . In 1383 the bordells belonged to William See also:

• WALWORTH, SIR WILLIAM (d. 1385)

Walworth, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor of London, who farmed them out, probably on behalf of the See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

Corporation, according to See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy in other parts of Europe . They were closed in 1506, but reopened until 1546, when they were abolished by Henry VIII . In London we get the earliest known regulations directed against the spread of venereal disease . The act of I161 forbade the bordell-keepers to have women suffering from the " perilous infirmity of burning"; and by an order of 1430 they were forbidden to admit men suffering from an infirmitas nefanda . Probably it was by virtue of this order that in 1439 two keepers were condemned to eleven days' imprisonment and banishment from the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . In 1473, again, it is recorded that bawds and strumpets were severely handled by Lord Mayor See also:

• HAMPTON
• HAMPTON, WADE (1818-1902)

Hampton . Elsewhere in Europe much the same state of things prevailed during the same period . Prostitution was both protected and regulated, and in many places it constituted a source of public revenue . In See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France prostitutes were distinguished by a badge, and forbidden to wear jewels and See also:

• FINE

fine stuffs and to frequent certain parts of the town . Public brothels on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale were established at See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse, See also:

• AVIGNON

Avignon and See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier . At Toulouse the profits were shared between the city and the university; at Montpellier and Avignon the trade was a municipal monopoly, and farmed out to individuals; at Avignon, where the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment was kept up during the whole period of the popes' See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, the inmates were subjected to a weekly examination .

In 1254 See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis IX. issued an See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict exiling prostitutes and brothel-keepers; but it was repealed two years later, though in this and the succeeding century procuration was punished with extreme severity . In some parts of France prostitutes paid a tax to the seigneur . In Germany, according to Fiducin, the public See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of Lust-Dirnen was a regular thing in all the large towns during the middle ages . "Frauenhauser," similar to those in London and in France, existed in many places . They are mentioned in See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg in 1292; and from later records it appears that they were built by the corporation, which farmed them . So also in See also:

• ULM

Ulm, where See also:

• SPECIAL

special regulations were issued in 1430 . We find them existing at See also:

• REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg in 1306, at See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich in 1314, at See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel in 1356 and See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna in 1384 . According to Henne-am-Rhyn, See also:

• ADMISSION

admission to these houses was forbidden to married men, clergy and Jews, and on Sundays and See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints' days they were closed . The laws of the empero- See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II. in the 13th century contain some curious provisions . Any one convicted of a criminal See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault on a prostitute against her will was liable to be beheaded; if she made a false See also:

• ACCUSATION (Lat. accusatio, accusare, to challenge to a causa, a suit or trial at law)

accusation she was subject to the same penalty . Any one not going to the assistance of a woman calling for help was liable to a heavy fine . In these ordinances the influence of chivalry may be detected .

At the same time prostitutes were forbidden to live among respectable women or go to the See also:

• BATHS

baths with them . Hospitality to important guests included placing the public Frauenhauser at their disposal . So See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King (afterwards See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

Emperor) See also:

• SIGISMUND (1368-1437)

Sigismund was treated at See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern in 1414 and at Ulm in 1434, so much to his See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction that he publicly complimented his hosts on it . Besides the municipal Frauenhauser, there were " Winkelhauser," which were regarded as irregular competitors . In 1492 the licensed women of See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg complained to the mayor of this unfair competition, and in 15o8 they received his permission to See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm the See also:

• OBNOXIOUS (Lat. obnoxiosus, from ob, over, against, and noxa, harm)

obnoxious Winkelhaus, which they actually did . In See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain the system appears to have been very much the same . At See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna prostitutes had to wear a distinctive dress, in See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice they were forbidden to frequent the See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine-See also:

• SHOP

shop, and in See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna they were compelled to leave a neighbourhood on the complaint of other residents . At See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of prostitutes was established, having See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction over everything connected with prostitution . It led to great abuses, was reformed in 1589, and abolished about a century later . Such was the state of things in the middle ages . In the 15th and 16th centuries a great change took place . It was due to two very different causes: (r) fear of disease; (2) the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation .

With regard to the first, there can be little doubt that both the slighter and graver forms of venereal disease existed in very remote times, but until the 15th century they attracted comparatively little