PROTESILAUS  , in

Greek legend, son of Iphiclus, and husband of Laodameia . In command of the Greek contingent from Phylace in Thessaly, he was the first to spring ashore on Trojan soil, although he knew it meant instant death . His wife be-sought the gods below that he might be permitted to return to earth for the space of three hours . Her prayer was granted, and on the expiration of the time allotted she returned with him to the nether world . According to Hyginus (Fab . 103, 104), Laodameia made a waxen image of her husband . A slave, having detected her in the act of embracing it and supposing it to be a lover, informed her father, who ordered her to burn the image; whereupon she threw herself with it into the flames . In another account (Conon, Narrationes, 13) Protesilaus survived the fall of Troy and carried off Aethilla, the sister of Priam . During a halt on the peninsula of Pallene, Aethilla and the other captive women set fire to the ships . Protesilaus, unable to continue his voyage, remained and built the city of Scione . His tomb and temple were to be seen near Eleus in the Thracian Chersonese . Nymphs had planted elm-trees, facing towards Troy, which withered away as soon as they had grown high enough to see the captured city .

Protesilaus was the subject of a tragedy by

Euripides, of which some fragments remain . Iliad, ii . 698; Lucian, Dial mort. xxiii . 1; Ovid, Heroides, xiii.; Philostratus, Heroica, iii . " Monera " of Haeckel, supposed (erroneously in most if not all species adequately studied) to possess no nucleus in the protoplasm . The following are the characteristics of the group . Pseudopods usually granular, fine flexible, tapering generally, not freely branching; reproducing sometimes by simple fission, but more frequently by multiple fission in a brood-cyst whose walls may be multiple . Plasmodium formation occasional, but never leading to the formation of a massive fructification: other syngamic processes unknown, and probably non-existent . Encystment, or at least a resting stage at full growth, is very characteristic, and frequently an excretion of granules takes place into the first-formed cyst, whereupon a second inner cyst is formed which may be followed by a third . These brood-cysts, in which multiple fission takes place, may be of two kinds, ordinary and resting, the latter being distinguished by a firm, and usually ornamented and cuticularized cell-wall, and only producing its zoospores after an interval . Besides, an individual at any age may under unfavourable conditions surround itself with a " hypnocyst," to pass the time until matters are more suitable to active life, when it emerges unchanged . From the initial character of the brood-cell on leaving the sporocyst the dividing character of the two orders is taken .

1 . Zoosporeae, Zopf . The brood-cells leave the cyst as " Monads " (with one or two flagella) . Genera : Pseudospora, Cienk . ; Protomonas, Cienk.; Diplophysalis, Zopf.; Gymnococcus, Z.; Aphelidium, Z.; Pseudosporidium, Z.; Plasmodiophora, Woronin; Tetramyxa, Goebel . 2 . Azoosporeae, Zopf . Genera: Endyonema, Z.;

Vampyrella, Cienk . (figs . 1, 2, 3) ; Leptophrys, Hertw. and Less . ; Bursulla, Sorokin; Protogenes, Haeck . (fig .

8) ; A rcherina, Lank . (figs . 4–7) ; Serosporidium, L .

Pfeiffer; Lymphosporidium, Calkins . Many of the species are endoparasites in living cells, mostly of Algae or Fungi, but not exclusively . At least two species of Pseudospora have been taken for reproductive stages in the life history of their hosts—whence indeed the generic name . Plasmodiophora brassicae gives rise to the disease known as " Hanburies " or " fingers and toes " in Cruciferae ; Lymphosporidium causes a virulent epidemic among the American brook-trout, Salvelinus fontinalis . Archerina boltoni is remarkable for containing a pair of chlorophyll corpuscles in each cell; no nucleus has been made out, but the chlorophyll bodies divide previous to fission . It is a fresh-water form . The .cells of this species form loose aggregates or filoplasmodia, like those of Mikrogromia (Foraminifera, q.v.) or Leydenia (Labyrinthuloidea, q.v.), &c . Vampyrella (figs . 1–3) and Enteromyxa also form a compact plasmodium which separates into I-nucleate cells, which then encyst and divide into a brood of four .

(M .