See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

PROVOST (through O. Fr. See also:

• PREVOST, ANTOINE FRANCOIS (1697–1763)
• PREVOST, CONSTANT (1787-1856)
• PREVOST, EUGENE MARCEL (1862- )
• PREVOST, PIERRE (1751-1839)

prevost, mod. prevot, See also:

• LAT

Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in front)  , a See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title attached to various ecclesiastical and See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular offices . In ecclesiastical usage the word praepositus See also:

• WAI

wai at first applied by the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church fathers to any ecclesiastical ruler or dignitary . It See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early, how-ever, gained a more specific sense as applied to the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official next in dignity to the See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of a monastery, or to the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior of a single See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell . Thus in the See also:

• RULE

rule of St See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict the See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost (praepositus) is the superior of the monastery immediately subordinate to the abbot, the See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

dean (decanus) being associated with him . From the See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine rule this arrangement was taken over by Chrodegang of See also:

• METZ

Metz when he introduced the monastic organization of See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral chapters . In these the provostship (praepositura) was normally held by the See also:

• ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

archdeacon, while the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of dean See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to the See also:

• ARCHPRIEST (Lat. archipresbyter, Gr. apxtirpec/3urepos)

archpriest . In many cathedrals the temporalduties of the archdeacons made it impossible for them to fulfil those of the provostship, and the headship of the See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter thus fell to the dean . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the title " provost " has thus everywhere given way to that of " dean "; in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand; " Probst" is still the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of the heads of certain chapters . The title has also been preserved in certain dioceses of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Evangelical Church as the See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent of See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

Superintendent, and both the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic and See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant chaplains-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of the forces have sometimes, e.g. in See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, the title Feldprobst . The 'heads of Augustinian and Dominican friaries are termed " provost or See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior " (praepositus vel prior), those of Cistercian monasteries " provost or See also:

• WARDEN

warden " (praepositus vel custos) . Finally the name praepositus was sometimes used for the secular advocatus of a monastery . With the ecclesiastical use of the title is connected its See also:

• ENGLISH

English application to the heads of certain colleges; " provost" is still the style of the principals of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen's, See also:

• ORIEL
• ORIEL, JOHN FOSTER, BARON (1740-1828)

Oriel and See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester Colleges at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College at See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, of Trinity College at See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin and of See also:

• ETON

Eton College.' As a secular title praepositus is also very old; we need only instance the praepositus sacri cubiculi of the See also:

• LATE

late Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, and the praepositus palatii of the Carolingian See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court .

The important developments of the title in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France are dealt with below . From France the title found its way into See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, where it sprvives in the style (provost) of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal magistrates of the royal boroughs (" See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord provost " in See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow, See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen, See also:

• PERTH
• PERTH, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Perth and See also:

• DUNDEE
• DUNDEE, JOHN GRAHAM OF CLAVERHOUSE, VISCOUNT (c. 1649-1689)

Dundee), and into England, where it is applied to certain See also:

• OFFICERS

officers charged with the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of military discipline . A provost-See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal is an officer of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army appointed when troops are on service abroad for the prompt repression of all offences . He may at any See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest and detain for trial persons subject to military See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law committing offences, and may also carry into See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution any punishments to be inflicted in pursuance of a court See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial (Army See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act 1881, § 74) . A provost-sergeant is an officer responsible for the maintenance of See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order when soldiers are in the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom . A provost-sergeant may be either See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison or regimental, and he has under his superintendence the garrison or regimental See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police . (W . A . P.) The Provost in France.—The word prevot (provost) in old See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French law had many applications . In conformity with its See also:

• ETYMOLOGY (Gr. grvµos, true, and X6yos, "account)

etymology (praepositus) it could be applied to any See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person placed at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the public service, a position which, according to the old principles, habitually carried with it a right of See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction . It is thus that there was at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris the " provost of Paris," who was a royal See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge, and the " provost of the merchants " (prevot See also:

• DES

des marchands), the head of the Paris See also:

• MUNICIPALITY

municipality ? There were besides—to mention only the principal provosts—the "provosts of the marshals of France " (prevots des marechaux de France), of whom more below; the " provost of the royal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace " (prevot de ''hotel du roi) or " See also:

• GRAND

grand provost of France " (grand prevot de France), and the " provost general " (prevot general) or "grand provost of the See also:

• MINT
• MINT (Lat. moneta; Mid. Eng. mynt)

mint" (grand prevot des monnaies) .

But the most important and best known provosts, who formed See also:

• PART

part of a general and comprehensive organization, were the " royal provosts " (prevots royaux), the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• CATEGORY (Gr. Karrlyopia, " accusation ")

category of the royal See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges . It must be See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne in mind, however, that the magistrates belonging to the inferior category of royal judges (juges subalternes) had different designations in many parts of France . In See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy and See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy they were called cheltelains, and elsewhere—especially in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south—viguiers . These were titles which had established themselves in the See also:

• GREAT

great fiefs before their See also:

• REUNION

reunion with the See also:

• CROWN

Crown and had survived this . The royal provosts, on the other hand, were a creation of the Capetian See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy . The date of this creation is uncertain, but was without doubt some time in the 11th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The provosts replaced the viscounts wherever the viscounty had not become a See also:

• FIEF

fief, and ' Where, however, the head-See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, though technically sub-See also:

• ORDINATE

ordinate to the provost, is the effective head of the school . 2 Thus in a See also:

• REGISTER

register of the See also:

• CHATELET (from Med. Lat. castella)

Chatelet of Paris in the 14th century, we read : " a Paris est la prev8te de Paris et See also:

• CELLE

celle des marchands." it is possible that in creating them the Crown was imitating the ecclesiastical organization in which the provost figured, notably in the chapters . The royal provosts had at first a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . In the first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place they fulfilled all the functions which answered locally to the royal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . They collected all the revenues of the domain and all the taxes and dues payable to the king within the limits of their jurisdiction . Doubtless, too, they had certain military functions, being charged with the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of calling out certain contingents for the royal service; there survived until the end of the ancien regime certain military provosts prevots d'See also:

• EPEE

epee (provosts of the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword) who were re-placed in the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice by a See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant .

Finally, the provosts administered justice, though certainly their competence in this See also:

• MATTER

matter was restricted . They had no jurisdiction over noblemen, or over feudal tenants (hommes de fief ) ,who claimed the jurisdiction of the court of their over-lord, where they were judged by their peers—the other vassals of the same lord . Neither had they jurisdiction over the open See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, the plat pays, where this belonged to See also:

• LOCAL

local seigneurs; and even in the towns over which they were set their jurisdiction was often limited by that of the municipal courts established for the benefit of the burgesses . The second characteristic of the old provosts was that their office was farmed for a limited time to the highest See also:

• BIDDER, GEORGE PARKER (1806-1878)

bidder . It was simply an application of the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of farming the taxes . The provost thus received the speculative right to collect the revenues of the royal domain in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district under his jurisdiction; this was his principal concern, and his judicial functions were merely See also:

• ACCESSORY

accessory . By these See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short appointments the Crown guaranteed itself against another danger: the possible See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion by the functionary of the See also:

• FUNCTION

function into a See also:

• PROPERTY

property . Very early, however, certain provostships were bestowed en garde, i.e. the provost had to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account to the king for all he collected . The prevotes en ferme were naturally a source of abuses and oppression, the former seeking to make the most of the concession he had bought . Naturally, too, the See also:

• PEOPLE

people complained . From See also:

• JOINVILLE
• JOINVILLE, FRANCOIS FERDINAND PHILIPPE LOUIS MARIE, PRINCE DE (1818-1900)
• JOINVILLE, JEAN, SIRE DE (1224-1319)

Joinville we learn how under St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis the provostship of Paris became a prevote en garde . At the See also:

• DEATH

death of Louis XI. the prevotes en ferme were still numerous and provoked a remonstrance from the States-general of 1484 .

Their suppression was promised by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles VIII. in 1493, but they are again referred to in the grande ordonnance of 1498 . They disappeared in the 16th century, by which time the provosts become See also:

• REGULAR

regular officials, their office being purchasable . Other transformations had previously taken place . The creation of the royal baillis reduced the provosts to a subaltern See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank . Each bailli had in his district a certain number of provosts, who became his inferiors in the official See also:

• HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy . When appeals were instituted (and this was one of the earliest instances of their introduction) the provost, the See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of whose competency was limited, was subject to an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the bailli, though his See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment had hitherto been without appeal . Moreover, in the 14th century they had ceased to collect the revenues of the royal domain, except where the prevote was en ferme, and royal collectors (receveurs royaux) had been appointed for this purpose . The summoning of the feudal contingents, the See also:

• BAN

ban and arriere-ban, had passed into the hands of the baillis . Thus the provosts were See also:

• LEFT

left for their See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole function as inferior judges for non-nobles, the appeals from their sentences going to the baillis, who also had jurisdiction in the first instance over actions brought against nobles and in cases reserved for the crown judges (cas royaux) . This corresponded to a principle which had also applied in the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief feudal courts in the 13th and 14th centuries, where a distinction was made between judicial acts which could be per-formed en prevote, and those which had to be performed in a See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn See also:

• ASSIZE

assize (See also:

• ASSISE (from the Fr., derived from Lat. assidere, to sit beside)

assise); this did not, however, always imply the existence of a superior and an inferior official, a provost and a bailli . The provost in the exercise of his legal functions sat alone as judge, and he alone exercised the judicial authority at his tribunal; but he had to consult with certain lawyers (avocats or procureurs) chosen by himself, whom, to use the technical phrase, he " summoned to his See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council " (appelait d son conseil) . In 1578 official counsellors (conseillers-magistrats) were created, butwere suppressed by the ordonnance of See also:

• BLOIS

Blois of 1579 .

The office was restored in 1609 by a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of the royal council, but it was opposed by the parlements, and it seems to have been conferred in but few cases . The " provosts of the marshals of France," mentioned above, were non-legal officials (officiers de la robe courte) forming part of the See also:

• BODY

body of the marechaussee which was under the ancien regime what the See also:

• GENDARMERIE

gendarmerie was after the Revolution . Their See also:

• ORIGINAL

original function was to judge offences committed by persons following the army, but in the course of the 14th and 15th centuries they acquired the right of judging certain crimes and misdemeanours, by whomsoever committed . They became stationary, with fixed See also:

• SPHERES, MUSIC OF THE

spheres of authority, and the offences falling within their competency came to be called cas prevotaux . These were, the worst crimes of violence, and all crimes and misdemeanours committed by old offenders (repris de justice), who were familiarly known as the gibier des prevots des marechaux (See also:

• GAOL, or JAIL

gaol-birds) . Theirs was really a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of military jurisdiction, from which there was no appeal; but the provost was See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate with himself a certain number of See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary judges or graduates in law . The provost of the marshals did not himself judge what was a cas prevotal; this had in each See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case to be decided by the nearest bailliage or presidial court . The presidial judges also dealt with cas prevOtaux in concurrence with the provosts of the marshals . (J . P . E.) .