See also:

• PROXY (short for " procuracy ")

PROXY (See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short for " procuracy ")  , a See also:

• TERM

term denoting either (1) a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person who is authorized to stand in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of another, (2) the legal See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument by which the authority is conferred . Proxies are now principally employed for certain voting purposes . A See also:

• PROXY (short for " procuracy ")

proxy may in See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law be either See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general or See also:

• SPECIAL

special . A general proxy authorizes the person to whom it is entrusted to exercise a general discretion throughout the See also:

• MATTER

matter in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, while a special proxy limits the authority to some special proposal or See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution . Formerly a peer could give his See also:

• VOTE

vote in the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament by proxy, by getting another peer to vote for him in his See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence, temporal peers only being privileged to vote for temporal, and spiritual peers for spiritual . This voting by proxy in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Lords was an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom, often abused . In See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II.'s reign the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BUCKINGHAM
• BUCKINGHAM, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• BUCKINGHAM, FIRST DUKE
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 1ST DUKE 0E1
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 2ND DUKE 0E1 (1628-1687)
• BUCKINGHAM, HENRY STAFFORD, 2ND DUKE OF3 (1454-1483)
• BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-1855)

Buckingham used to bring twenty proxies in his See also:

• POCKET

pocket, and the result was that it was ordered that no peer should bring more than two . In 1830 to 1867 inclusive proxies were only called seventy-three times; and on the 31st of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1868, on the recommendation of a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee, a new See also:

• STANDING

standing See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order was adopted by which the practice of calling for proxies on a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division was discontinued . In See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• BANKRUPTCY (from Lat. bancus or Fr. banquet table or counter, and Lat. ruptus, broken)

bankruptcy proceedings creditors may vote by proxy, and every instrument of proxy, which may be either general or special, is issued either by the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• RECEIVER

receiver or trustee . Under the Bankruptcy See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of 1869 very See also:

• GREAT

great abuses of the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of proxies arose (see BANKRUPTCY), and were investigated by a select committee of the House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons . The committee recommended the abolition of general proxies; and though their recommendation was not carried out, the Bankruptcy Acts of 1883 and 1890 put considerable restrictions on the use of general proxies . A See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share-holder in a limited liability See also:

• COMPANY

company may vote by proxy, and regulations to that effect prescribing the requirements, are usually embodied in the articles of association .

A proxy to vote at a See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting must, by the See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

Stamp Act 187o, See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear a See also:

• PENNY (Mid. Eng. peni or peny, from O. Eng. form penig, earlier penning and pending; the word appears in Ger. Pfennig and Du. penning; it has been connected with Du. pand, Ger. Pfand, and Eng. " pawn,". the word meaning a little pledge or token, or with G
• PENNY, GIANFRANCESCO (1488–1528)

penny stamp . In the See also:

• UNITED

United States, proxies are further used for voting purposes in See also:

• POLITICAL

political conventions . In the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early practice of the See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

admiralty courts in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England a proxy was the authority by which the See also:

• PROCTOR
• PROCTOR, ALEXANDER PHIMISTER (1862– )
• PROCTOR, RICHARD ANTHONY (1837-1888)

proctor or See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate appeared for either party to a suit . In the ecclesiastical courts a proxy is the See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant empowering a proctor to act for the party to a suit . Two proxies are usually executed, one authorizing the proctor to See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute, the other to withdraw, proceedings . They are signed by the parties, attested by two witnesses, and deposited in the registry of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court (See also:

• PHILLIMORE, SIR ROBERT JOSEPH (1810-1885)

Phillimore, Ecclesiastical Law) . In the convocations of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church of England those who are absent are allowed to vote by proxy . " Proxies," or " procurations," were also by the See also:

• CANON

canon law certain sums of See also:

• MONEY

money paid yearly by See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish priests to the bishops or See also:

• ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

archdeacon ratione visitationis; originally the visitor demanded a proportion of See also:

• MEAT

meat and drink for his refreshment, and afterwards this was turned into a money " See also:

• PROCURATION (Lat. procurare, to take care of)

procuration "—ad procurandum cibum et potum . See also:

• MARRIAGE

Marriage by proxy or See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy was a custom recognized either for reasons of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state or ceremonial .