AURELIUS CLEMENS See also:

• AURELIUS CLEMENS PRUDENTIUS (348-c. 410)

PRUDENTIUS (348-c. 410)  , the most remarkable of the earlier See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian poets in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, was probably See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Tarraco, though See also:

• SARAGOSSA (Zaragoza)
• SARAGOSSA, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Caesarauguslana)

Saragossa and Calagurris have also been claimed as his birthplace . The meagre autobiographical See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface, which he affixed to the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete edition of his See also:

• WORKS

works when he was fifty-seven years old, makes it clear that he received a liberal See also:

• EDUCATION

education—being of See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• FAMILY

family—practised as a lawyer and entered See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• LIFE

life, and finally held some high See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office under See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fifty-seven he retired to a monastery, but died shortly afterwards . See also:

• BENTLEY, RICHARD (1662-1742)
• BENTLEY, RICHARD (1794-1871)

Bentley calls See also:

• PRUDENTIUS, AURELIUS CLEMENS (348-c. 410)

Prudentius " the See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace and See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil of the Christians," but his diction is See also:

• STILTED

stilted and his See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

metre often faulty . The See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of his works given in the preface mentions the See also:

• HYMNS

hymns, poems against the Priscillianists and against See also:

• SYMMACHUS

Symmachus and Perislephanon . The Diptychon or Dittochaeon is not mentioned . The twelve hymns of the Cathemerinon See also:

• LIBER

liber (" Daily See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round ") consist of six for daily use, five for festivals, and one intended for every See also:

• HOUR

hour of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . Prudentius shows See also:

• AMBROSE (AMBROISE), AUTPERT (d.' 778)
• AMBROSE (ANDREY SERTIS-KAMENSKIY) (1708-1771)
• AMBROSE (fl. 119o)
• AMBROSE, ISAAC (1604-1663/4)
• AMBROSE, SAINT (c. 340-307)

Ambrose as his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master here, but gives to Ambrose's mystic symbolism much clearer expression . The See also:

• APOTHEOSIS (Gr. aaoOeou)

Apotheosis and Hamartigenia are polemic, the first against the disclaimers of the divinity of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ, the latter against the gnostic See also:

• DUALISM (from rare Lat. dualis, containing two, from duo)

dualism of See also:

• MARCION

Marcion and his followers . In them See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian is the source of See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration . Of more See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• INTEREST

interest are the two books Contra Symmachum, of 658 and 1131 See also:

• HEXAMETER

hexameter verses respectively, the first attacking the See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan gods, the second directed against the See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition of Symmachus to the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor for the restoration of the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar and statue of Victory which See also:

• GRATIAN (FLAvrus GRATIANUS AUGUSTUS)

Gratian had See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast down . The Peristephanon consists of fourteen hymns to martyrs .

These were mostly See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish, but some were suggested to Prudentius by sacred images in churches or by the See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions of See also:

• DAMASUS

Damasus . This See also:

• BOOK

book, with the Cathemerinon liber and the Psychomachia, was among the most widely read books of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . Its See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on the iconography of See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• ART

art was See also:

• GREAT

great . The Psychomachia is aesthetically inferior, but had the greatest influence of all of Prudentius's writings . In it he depicts the struggle of Christendom with paganism under the See also:

• ALLEGORY (iXXos, other, and ayopeuav, to speak)

allegory of a struggle between the Christian virtues and the pagan vices . The Dittochaeon is a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of quatrains, probably intended to explain See also:

• FORTY

forty-nine pictures of a See also:

• BASILICA

basilica . The See also:

• WORK

work is more interesting for See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

archaeology than for literature . Prudentius's works were, published by Giselin' at See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp in 1564, and by F . Arevalo at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome in 1788, with complete commentary . This last is the edition reprinted in J . P . See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne's Palrologia See also:

• LATINA, VIA

Latina, vols. lix.–lx .

(See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1847) . More See also:

• RECENT

recent See also:

• EDITIONS

editions are by Obbarius (See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen, 1845) and A . Dressel (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1886), while a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical edition has been undertaken by J . Bergmann . See also J . Bergmann, See also:

• LEXICON

Lexicon prudentianum, fast. i . [a-adscendol (See also:

• UPSALA, or UPPSALA

Upsala, 1894) ; M . Schanz, Gesch. d. rem . Lit . (See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, 1904); A . See also:

• EBERT, FRIEDRICH ADOLF (1791-1834)

Ebert, Allgem . Gesch. d .

Lit. See also:

• DES

des Mittelalters, vol. i . 2nd ed . Leipzig, 1889) ; M . Manitius, Gesch. d. christl. See also:

• LAT

lat . Poesie (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1891; T . R . See also:

• GLOVER, RICHARD (1712-1785)
• GLOVER, SIR JOHN HAWLEY (1829-1885)

Glover, Life and Letters in the See also:

• FOURTH

Fourth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

Century (See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, 1901); C . See also:

• BROCKHAUS, FRIEDRICH ARNOLD (1772-1823)

Brockhaus, Aur . Prud . Clem. in seiner Bedeutung f. d . Kirche seiner Zeit (Leipzig, 1872) ; A . Pnech, Prudence; etude sur la poesie latine chret. au IV' siecle (Paris, 1888) ; F .

St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• THACKERAY, WILLIAM MAKEPEACE (1811-1863)

Thackeray, See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

Translations from Prudentius (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1890) ; F . Maigret, Le Poete chretien Prudentius (Paris, 1903) ; E . O . Winstedt, ' The See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

Double Recension in the Poems of Prudentius," The Classical See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, vol. xvii . (1903) . PRUD'HON, See also:

• PIERRE

PIERRE (1758–1823), See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French painter, born at See also:

• CLUNY, or CLUGNY

Cluny on the 4th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1758, was the third son of a See also:

• MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
• MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
• MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
• MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
• MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
• MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
• MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
• MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
• MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
• MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)

mason . The monks of the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey undertook his education, and by the aid of the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• MACON
• MACON, NATHANIEL (1758-1837)

Macon he was placed with Devosges, director of the art school at See also:

• DIJON

Dijon . In 1778 Prud'hon went to Paris armed with a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to Wille, the celebrated engraver, and three years later he obtained the triennial See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize of the states of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, which enabled him to go to Rome, where he became intimate with See also:

• CANOVA, ANTONIO (1757-1822)

Canova . He returned to Paris in 1787, and led for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time a See also:

• PRECARIOUS

precarious existence . The illustrations which he executed for the See also:

• DAPHNIS

Daphnis and Chloe published by See also:

• DIDOT

Didot brought him into See also:

• NOTICE

notice, and his reputation was extended by the success of his decorations in the Hotel de Landry (now See also:

• ROTHSCHILD

Rothschild), his See also:

• CEILING (from a verb " to ceil," i.e. to line or cover; of disputed etymology, but apparently connected with Fr. ciel, Lat. caelum, sky)

ceiling See also:

• PAINTING

painting of "Truth and See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

Wisdom " for See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles (Louvre), and of " See also:

• DIANA

Diana and See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter " for the See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

Gallery of Antiquities in the Louvre . In 18o8 he exhibited " See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

Crime pursued by Vengeance and See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice " (Louvre, engraved by Royer which had been commissioned for the See also:

• ASSIZE

assize courts, and "See also:

• PSYCHE (//vxi7)

Psyche carried off by Zephyrs " (engraved by Massard) . These two remarkable compositions brought Prud'hon the See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour; and in 1816 he entered the See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute .

Easy as to See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune, and consoled for the misery of his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage by the devoted care of his excellent and charming See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil, Mlle See also:

• MAYER, JOHANN TOBIAS (1723-1762)
• MAYER, JULIUS ROBERT (1814-1878)

Mayer, Prud'hon's situation seemed enviable; but Mlle Mayer's tragical See also:

• SUICIDE (from Lat. sui, of oneself, and cidium, from cued ere, to kill)

suicide on the 26th of May 1821 brought ruin to his See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, and two years later (Feb . 16, 1823) Prud'hon followed her to the See also:

• GRAVE

grave . Mlle Mayer (1778–1821) was his ablest pupil . Her " Abandoned See also:

• MOTHER

Mother " and "Happy Mother " are in the Louvre . Voiart,"Notice historique de la See also:

• VIE

vie et oeuvres de P . Prud'hon, "in See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

Arch. de fart See also:

• FRANCAIS, ANTOINE, COUNT (1756-1836)

francais; Qu. de See also:

• QUINCY
• QUINCY, JOSIAH (1744–1775)

Quincy, Discours prononce sur la tombe de Prud'hon, Fev . 1823 ; See also:

• EUGENE

Eugene See also:

• DELACROIX, FERDINAND VICTOR EUGENE (1798-1863)

Delacroix, Rev. des deux mondes, 1846; See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• BLANC, (JEAN JOSEPH CHARLES) LOUIS (1811-1882)
• BLANC, MONT

Blanc, Hist. des peintres francais .